CIHM 
Microfiche 
Series 
(IMonographs) 


ICMH 

Collection  de 
microfiches 
(monographles) 


Canadian  Inttituta  for  Historical  Microraproductions  /  institut  Canadian  da  microraproductiona  historiquas 


1998 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best  original 
copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this  copy  which 
may  be  biUiographically  unique,  which  may  alter  any  of 
the  images  in  the  reproduction,  or  which  may 
significantly  change  the  usual  method  of  filming  are 
checked  below. 


D 


Coloured  covers  / 
Couverture  de  couteur 


I     I  Covers  damaged  / 


Couvertur  j  endommagte 

□   Covers  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Couverture  restaur^  et/ou  pelliculde 

Cover  title  missing  /  Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps  /  Cartes  g4ographiques  en  couleur 


D 


D 


Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations  / 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material  / 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 

Only  edition  available  / 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion  along 
interior  margin  /  La  reliure  serrte  peut  causer  de 
I'ombre  ou  de  la  distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge 
int^rieure. 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restorations  may  appear 
within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these  have  been 
omitted  from  filming  /  II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages 
blanches  ajout^es  lors  d'une  restauration 
apparaissent  dans  le  texte,  mais,  lorsque  cela  ^tait 
possible,  ces  pages  n'ont  pas  M  f  ilm^es. 

Additional  comments  / 
Commentaires  suppiementaires: 


L'lnstitut  a  microfilm^  le  nrteilleur  exemplaire  qu'il  lui  a 
M  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details  de  cet  exem- 
plaire qui  sent  peut-Mre  unk^ues  du  point  de  vue  bibU- 
ographk^ue.  qui  peuvent  modifier  une  image  reproduite, 
ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une  nr)odifk»tk}n  dans  la  m«tho- 
de  normale  de  filmage  sont  lndk]ute  clnlessous. 

I  Cotoured  pages/ Pages  de  couleur 

I  Pages  damaged  /  Pages  endommagtes 


D 


Pages  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Pages  restaurtes  et/ou  pellkniltes 


0  Pages  discotoured,  stained  or  foxed  / 
Pages  d^colortes,  tachetdes  ou  pk^utes 

f^  Pages  detached/ Pages  d^tach^es 

[yl  Showthrough/ Transparence 

I     I  Quality  of  print  varies  / 


D 
Si 


a 


Oualitd  in^gale  de  I'lmpression 

Includes  supplementary  material  / 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata  slips, 
tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  totalement  ou 
partiellement  obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une 
pelure,  etc.,  ont  6\6  filmies  h  nouveau  de  fa^on  h 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 

Opposing  pages  with  varying  colouration  or 
discoiouratkins  are  filmed  twice  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  s'opposant  ayant  des 
colorations  variables  ou  des  decolorations  sont 
filmees  deux  fois  afin  d'obtenir  la  meilleure  image 
possible. 


This  item  it  filmed  at  tha  raduction  ratio  chackad  balow  / 

Ca  doeumant  att  lilmi  au  taux  da  r<ductlon  lndiqu<  el-dataoua. 


lOX 

14x 

18x 

22x 

26x 

30x 

>/ 

n 

12x 

16x 

20x 

24x 

7fl« 

99» 

Th«  copy  filmed  h«r«  has  bMii  raproducad  thanks 
to  tha  ganaroaity  of: 

HcMaster  University 
HMillton,  Ontario 

Tha  imagaa  appaaring  hara  ara  ttia  baat  quality 
poaaibia  eonsidaring  tha  candition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  apaeif icationa. 


L'aiamplaira  flint*  fut  raproduit  grAca  A  la 
g«n«rosit4  do: 

HcMatt*r  University 
HMillton,  Ontario 

Laa  imagas  tuivantas  ant  *t4  raproduitaa  avac  la 
plua  grand  loin,  eompta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattat*  da  I'axamplaira  film*,  at  an 
conformM  avae  laa  condltiona  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 


Original  copiaa  in  printad  papar  covora  ara  fNmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  laat  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratod  Impraa- 
sion.  or  tho  back  covar  whan  appreprlata.  AN 
othar  original  copiaa  ara  fllmad  baginning  an  tho 
first  paga  wHh  a  printad  or  illustrstsd  Impraa- 
sion,  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  illuatratad  imprassion. 


Tha  laat  racordad  frama  on  aach  microficha 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  ^•^  (maaning  "CON- 
TINUED"!, or  tha  symbol  ▼  (maaning  "END"), 
whichavar  appliaa. 

Mapa.  platas.  charts,  ate.  may  ba  fllmad  at 
diffarant  raduction  ratios.  Thosa  too  larga  to  ba 
antiraly  includsd  in  ona  axposura  an  filmad 
baginning  in  tha  uppar  laft  hand  comar.  laft  to 
right  and  top  to  bonom.  as  many  framas  ss 
raquirad.  Tha  following  diagrams  illustrata  tha 
mathod: 


Laa  axamplalraa  originaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
papiar  aat  ImprimAa  sont  film4s  an  commancant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  an  tarminant  soit  par  Is 
dami^ra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'Imprassion  ou  d'iHustration.  soit  par  la  saeond 
plat,  salon  lo  cas.  Tous  laa  autraa  axamplairss 
originaux  sont  filmds  sn  commancant  par  la 
pramlAra  paga  qui  eomporto  uno  amprainta 
d'Impraaaion  ou  d'illustration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  damlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  talla 
amprainta. 

Un  daa  symbolaa  suivants  spparaitra  sur  la 
avnikn  imaga  da  ehaqua  microficha.  salon  la 
caa:  la  symbols  -^  signifia  "A  SUIVRE".  la 
symbolo  ▼  signifia  "FIN". 

Laa  cartas,  planchas.  tsblaaux.  ate,  pauvant  *tra 
filmds  A  das  taux  da  reduction  diffArants. 
Lorsqus  la  documant  ast  trap  grand  pour  Atra 
raproduit  an  un  saul  elich*.  il  ast  film*  A  psrtir 
da  I'anola  supdriaur  gaucha,  da  gaucha  A  droita. 
at  da  haut  an  bas.  ti  pranant  la  nombra 
d'imagas  ndcaaaaira.  Laa  diagrammas  suivsnts 
illustrant  la  mdthoda. 


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ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


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ANCIENT 
JERUSALEM 


^•^9 


BY 


SELAH   MERRILL 

rOl    UITIIM    TMU    AMUICAN    ComVL    IN    JUVMUM 

«mKM  or  "urLouTiom  iatt  or  tni  ;otD*i.,"  ••oaulu 
m  TM  TiMi  or  cNurr,'-  rrc.,  rrc,  ucrutu  ox  ouintai.  ai. 
•lAican  AMD  DHcoTiun   uroii  tmi  towtu  mmrtrri,  mmtom, 

T»»     riAMOT     imnTUTI,      lALTlMoai,     AND    MAMT    OTUa    WaiTIli 


ILLUSTRATED 


i 


Copyright,  1908,  by 
FLEMING  H.   REVELL  COMPANY 


I 


\ 


New  York  ;  1  s8  Fifth  Avenue 
Chicago :  80  Wabash  Avenue 
Toronto  :  j?  Richmond  Street,  W, 
I  ondon  :  2 1  F'aternostcr  Square 
l:diiibur};h :     100     Princes    Street 


To    the    memory    of    Sir    Charles    W.    Wilson,    who 
repeatedly  urged  me  to  put  my  notes  on  Jerusalem 
into  permanent  form;  to  Sir  Charles  ^Varren, 
irhose  masterly  work  in  ewcaratiny  Jeru-    ' 
salem  cannot  he  too  highly  praised; 
and  to  George  Adam  Smith,  my 
warm   personal   friend   and 
fcUow-irorker,   this  vol- 
ume   is    dedicated. 


1 


In  the  repairing  or  rebuilding  of  cities  in  ancient 
times  tliere  is  no  evidence  that  tliey  were  so  far  reuiod- 
elled  and  enlarged  as  to  be  totally  diflferent  from  the 
original.     At  least  sonic  resemblance  to  the  old  re- 
mained.    There  may  have  been  important  changes,  but, 
except  in  the  rarest  instances,  the  site  was  permanent. 
The  opposite  of  this  rule,  however,  we  are  asketl  to  be- 
lieve of  Jerusalem ;  that  iu  rebuilding  it  its  old  form 
and  size  were  so  entirely  altered  that  they  could  never 
afterwards  be  recognizetl ;  that  with  one  or  two  excep- 
tions all  traces  of  its  public  buildings,  its  castle  and 
palaces,  were  oI)literated;  and  that  even  the  position  and 
course  of  its  walls  were  forgotten.    In  a  word,  that  the 
nation  which  built  one  of  the  most  famous  cities  of 
antiquity  and  occupied  it  continuously  for  several  cen- 
turies, a  nation  that  took  no  snmll  pride  in  its  own 
records  and  memorials,  failed  to  remember  where  Jeru- 
salem stood  and  the  location  of  its  castle,  temple,  pal- 
ace.«,  and  walls.    Surely  this  is  asking  too  much. 

—From  ohr  of  the  Author's  Lcrtitirs  on  Jcntmlcm. 


»'i 


PREFACE 

For  several  reasons  it  has  been  thought  best  in  this 
work  to  omit  bibliographical  details.    A  bibliographical 
work  necessitates  the  expression  of  opinions,  which  in 
many  cases  would  not  be  a  pleasant  task.    One  result  of 
this  method  is  that  a  few  persons  may  not  receive  the 
credit  they  deserve;  and  likewise  certain  wild  theories 
and  rash  statements  do  not  receive  the  condemnation 
which  they  justly  merit.     Something  of  spice  and  per- 
sonal interest  may  be  lacking  in  constHjuence,  but  the 
advantages  far  outweigh  the  loss.     The  author's  ambi- 
tion  has  been  to  be  extremely  fair  in  the  treatment  of 
every  question,  and  for  this  reason,  among  others,  the 
first  personal  pronoun  has  been  eliminated  from  the  text 
Everything  in  his  power  has  been  done  to  avoid  giving 
offence  to  the  reader,  and  everything  done  to  insure  ac- 
curacy of  statement  and  detail.     The  real  amount  of 
helpful  literature  on  tliis  subject  is  small;  but  every- 
thing has  been  carefully  examined,  and  close  relations 
have  been  maintained  witli  excavators  and  engineers 
whose  labors  have  added  greatly  to  our  knowledge  of  Old 
Jerusalem.     The  "recovery  of  Jerusalem"  bcomes  more 
and  more  impossible  with  .'very  passing  year.     Two  gen- 
erations ago  much  might  have  been  done  had  those  who 
have  gone  before  us  been  inspired  with  the  same  zeal 
which  now  exists  in  many  minds.    Every  vear  more  and 
more  acres  are  coven-d  with  modern  structures;  while 
this  work  has  been  going  on  some  important  things  have 
been   found  as  by  accident;  no  <loubt  others  will   be 
hronght  to  light  in  the  same  way;  but  the  fi-.v  ground 
left  for  the  pick  and  spade  of  the  interested  and  educatwl 
explorer  has  almost  entirely  disappeartnl.     This  fact  has 

7 


8 


PREFACE 


a  depressing  effect;  hence  we  should  be  the  more  thank- 
ful for  what  has  been  accomplished ;  that  step  by  step 
so  much  progress  has  been  made  in  the  solution  of 
problems  that  seemed  to  baffle  the  skill  of  Biblical 
archaH)logists. 


Ail 


CONTENTS 


CH.VPTER 


Introduction 
I.     Titus'  Approach  to  Jerusalem,  A.D.  70 

liTI^.l"  ^w""  R^SonnoiTing  Col.imn  Broken  and 
Ketrcnts.     Women's  Towers.     Scopus. 

II.     Tenth  Legion  Arrive.s  from  Jericho 

Its  Camp  on  the  Mount  of  Olin-s.  Military  Road  Con- 
8tructe<i  Three  Legions  with  Titus.  Tw^  Pemanem 
Camps  Formed  and  (Occupied.  ^ruwueni 

III.     Titus'  Plan  for  Capturing  the  City 

«.'e'*"'Fim"''wlll^^7'"''''  .y"."-  '^"  "^'"'^  This  Was 
Wall.  """'■''  "'"""  "'«  ^'="''<^ 


IV.     The  Third  or  Agrippa's  Wall 

Enclosed  the  Xew  Town.     Relation  to  Monuments  of 
Helena  and  the  Royal  SlonumeuU.  •""""»  oi 


The  Tower  Psephinus        •         .         .         . 

hZ^\l"°\    ^1^;  .'^'•J''^'-     Relation  to  Titus' 
lary  Road  and  His  Camp  No.  1. 


Mili- 


VI. 


VII. 


VIII. 


IX. 


X. 


The  Camps  of  Titus 

I.  West  of  Psephinus.     II.  Inside  Agrippas  Wall. 
The  First  or  Old  Wall     . 

Relation  to  Aque- 


Shape  of  Hill  Controls  Its  Course, 
duct.    Siloam  a  Wall  of  Its  Own. 


Bethso    .... 

Hebrew  Bethzur.    Rock  Fortress.     Location. 
Tke  Towers  Hippicus,  Phasaelus,  Mariamne. 

Needed  to  Defend  Jeru 


Rebuilt  by  Herod  the  Great, 
salem  on  North  and  West. 


The  Hills  of  Jerusalem 

Really  Piye  alihongh  Four  I'sually  Mentioned     i  om 
pelle.1  the  Diyjsions  of  the  City,     tv  rowan  a  i.i  !»„„., 
Gate-,  Which  Should  be  Changed  to^"^i"k  Gute."  ""« 


Com 


PAOB 
15 

25 


31 


35 


41 


55 


59 


61 


67 


71 


75 


»1 


10 

CHAPTER 
XI. 


CONTENTS 


The  Xystus 


A    Undmark.    Location.    Relation   to   Hbtorical 
Events. 


PAOB 

83 


XII.    The  Kedron 

Two  Bmnolies.    Northeast  Corner  of  Temple  Area 
Built  over  One  Branch. 

XIII.  IIebod's  Palace  and  Garden 

Great  E.\tent.     Part  Played  in  Siege. 

XIV.  Defknder.s  op  Jerusalem 

Walls  Assigned  to  Each.     Hcaaquarters   of  Simon. 
Cistern  and  Aqueduct.    Connected  with  lllppicus. 


XV.     Different  Factions  in  Jeri-salem. 

Revolutionary  and  Robljcr  Element.     Bloody  Civil 
Struggles.  ' 

XVI.     Location  op  Different  Faction.s  Through- 
out THE  Siege      ..... 

XVII.    Monument  op  High  Priest  John    . 
Set  ved  as  a  Landmark.     Its  Position. 

XVIII.     Monuments  op  Kino  Ale.kander    . 

Rcliilion  to  Second   Wall.     Suburbs  of  Jerusalem 
Adorned  with  Monuments  and  Uiirdens. 

XIX.    The  New  Citv  Partly  Burned      . 

Cestins  and   Titus.     Timber  ilarket     The   Ridge 
Called  Brzelha.  * 

XX.     Methods  op  Siege     .... 

Engines  of  War.    Mounds,  Towers,  the  Ram,  Stone- 
1  hrowing  Machine. 

XXI.  Helena  op  Adiabene 

The  Fan   !y  and  Their  Palaces  Located. 

XXII.  The  Wall  op  Circumvallation    . 

"["["""T""'"'  ^'  '"  ^  "  Jfcc'ssity.    Topographi- 

XXIII.  Extensive  Use  op  Wood  in  Building 

XXIV.  TiiK  Second  Wall 

Three  Theories.     Alike  Incorrect  and  Untenable. 


8» 


9? 
103 

111 

117 
123 

127 
134 
138 

142 

140 

150 
15.5 


cy' 


(X 


CONTENTS 


CHAPTKB 

XXV. 


XXVI. 

XXVII. 
XXVIII. 


The  Second  Wall 

Capture  of  the  Upper  Citt 

Futile  Efforts  of  Jews  to  Es- 


I'oiots  of  Attack, 
cape. 


Destruction  op  Houses  and  I.viiabitants 
Never  Complete.    Occasional  Sally  of  the  Jews. 

Governors  and  Procurators 

Civil  and  Militaty  Aulhorily.    Residences     BesI 

Tr^ns  Vv,T  «.  /.'"P«,'''"''cc  of  Antonia.  Where 
iroops  \Vcre  8taHon«l.  Garrison  Ancient  and 
Modern  Compared.     Beinia,  or  Tribuuaf. 

XXIX.     Permanence  of  Eligible  Sites 

Permanence  of  Xnmes.    Public  Works  of  Kinir 

E^rlv  PI  •''^'•'^''  ^Sons-Work  Characteristic  of 
Early  Phieniciun  and  Hebrew  Periods. 

XXX.    Building  and  Rebuilding 

XXXI.    The  Tower  of  Antonia 

Its  Part  in  Titus'  Plan  of  the  Slope.  Defended  bv 
John.  Kebijilt  bv  IIero<l  the  Great.  I{"nce 
?Ll'""v'""'r  "C  ¥'«'"»  'lo'ii.gtl.el.ife  of  Our 
&.Jfe"ci.r       """'""  '"""^  ^^■'^^'^"^   "° 


XXXII.    AcRA,  or  the  Citadel 


A  Most  Important  Feature  of  Jerusalem.  Rkc  of 
tlie  SlaccalH-an  Family.  Greek  and  Esvpti.m 
Garrisons.  Aera  Destroyed.  Name  iS-iainwi 
and  Applied  to  Lower  City.  «tlamed 


XXXIII.     Ophel 


XXXIV. 


XXXV. 


A  )J'n'j  an<l  a  Tower.     Small  Area.     An  Adjunct 
to  the  Hoyal  Palace.     No  Part  In  Siege    '^''^'"'•^' 


Jerusalem  a  Mountain  Fortress 

The  Name  Millo. 


11 

PAoe 
1-59 


172    I. 


Various  Desljrnations. 
Predecessor  of  Ai  la. 


The 


The    Site    and    the     Building      of     the 
Temple       .         .  _ 

Tenriple  and  Solomon's  Palace  outside  the  Citv 
t2r\  *^"'"'''  "^•""'^■"'fc  I»«tinct  from  li^. 
StXesSr"""-       "'"^"^     ""'     «^"<^'="°"     "f 


180 


195 


204 

208 


220 


2.34 


1/ 


242 


248 


COXTENTH 


niAPTEB 

XXXVI. 


PAGE 

'.'53 


RovAL  liuRiAi.  Places 

Lint  (if  Kings  Biirlid.  Jewish  TombH  Orivnial 
Hurial  I>laei«  Compiirtd  wltb  Cenielerlei)  iii  the 
Western  World. 

XXXVII.    GiiioN 2m 

Biule  Use  of  Wonl.  Water  Supply  of  Jeru- 
Biileni.  Hezekliili's  Work  fSiloam  Tiiuuil. 
Conference  with  Assyrian  Generals.  Anoint- 
ing Solomon  and  Adonijali.  I'lulfo-ni  or 
Mastaljeh  at  Place  of  Water  Supply. 

XXXVIII.     Maktesh— Thb  Market-Place  . 


L  pper  and  Lower  Market.  Importance  of  As- 
coruineil  Levels.  Tliresliold  in  Uusnian  Church 
Examineil  Coni|)are<l  witli  Other  Thresholds. 
Vast  Cliauges  in  Ground  ul  Uoly  Sepulchre. 


XXXIX.     Basilica 


Synonymous  with  Agnrn  and  Forum.  Neces- 
sary andCoiumon  in  All  Ancient  Eastern  Cities. 
History  and  Use.  Survival  of  Pagan  Ideas. 
Conslantine's  Gift  of  a  Rasiliea-Market  to  Jeru- 
salem  His  Lif?;  and  Character.  His  Pagan 
Training.  His  Kelaiion  to  Euscbiu.s.  I'agan 
Idea  Kegarding  Chrisiianily  in  Its  Origin. 
"  Basilica  "  and  "  Prayer  House  "  Totally  Un- 
like in  Meaning  and  Use. 

XL.     Neiiemiaii 

His  Patriotic  Work.  The  IJehuililing  Chapter 
Historical.  Pools  Lo/^ated.  King's  House  and 
(Mty  of  David.  Shifting  of  Names.  Stairs  and 
Wall.  House  of  the  Mighty  Sepulchres  of 
David.  i:videnccs  against  the  Ophel  Hidge 
Theory  of  the  City  of  David.  Manassehs  Wall 
E.xplained.     Gate  between  the  Two  Walls. 

XLl.     Rock  and  Quarbies  about  Jerusalem 

-Mutual  Influence  of  Juilea.  Phirnicia.  and  Eu'vpt 
upon  Each  Other.  .Monolithic  Work.  David. 
Solomon,  and  Hiram  Testimony  of  the  Bible 
and  .loseplais.  Building  Periods  Classilled. 
Decay  of  Stones.  Value  of  Stones.  Ancient 
Ruins  Quarries  for  Later  Builders.  Hebrew 
Stones  in  Present  Wall.    Stone- Work  Classitied. 


201 


308 


338 


307 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 


The  Kedron  Valley         .  j,-.. 

Remains  of  Castle  •         •         •         "         .  '05 

Looking  nohtu  fhom  Castle  to  Fork  of'tiie  Ro4Ds 

Scopus,  where  Titus  camped  with  two  Legions 

Scopus  and  the  Hill  to  the  north  towards  Shafat 

Plan  showing  Region  north  of  Jerusalem 

Oroup  of  Modern  Houses  northeast  of  the  City 

Group  of  modern  Houses  north  of  the  Cm- 

Upper  Portion  of  western  Branch  of  the  Kedron 

Valley  north  of  the  City 
East  Face  of  the  Wall  N.  E.  Corner  of  Temple  Are. 
Northeast  Corner  of  the  Wall  of  the  Temple  Are^4 
View  from  northeast  Corner  of  the  City  Wall 
From  the  northe^vst  Corner  of  Wall,  looking  south 
Second  Tower  and  second  Section  of  north  Wall 
Northeast  Corner  of  the  City 
Russian  Administr.\tion  RriLDiNo 
Hill  occupied  by  Bishop  Oorat's  School,  and  the 

English   Cemetery     .         . 
Iv  the  Moat  south  of  the  Castle  of   Dvyid 
Jewish  Tower  where  Aorippa's  Wall  terminatfd 

IX)0KIN0  south   from  THE  SOUTH   WaLL  OF  THE  CasTLE 

OF  David   . 
Massive  Stones  near  the  Damascus  Ro.d 
A  modern  House  near  Jerusalem 
North  Wall  of  Jerusalem 
Position  of  the  Mounds  erected  „y  Titus  agmnst 

THE  WEST  Wall  of  the  City 
Monolithic  Pillars  at  Deir  el  Kala 
Deiu  el  Kala  in  the  Lebanon  near  Brummanv 
Illustrating  the  "Scarp" 
Remains  of  the  Castle  "Baris-   of  Hyrcanus 

13 


85 
28 
28 
29 
49 
49 

50 
51 
51 
53 
53 
53 
5,3 
59 

09 

ri 

89 

102 
128 
128 
l(i2 

174 
202 
202 
214 
214 


14 


LIHT  OF  ILU'STKATIONS 


The  Village  ok  Siloam  (Silwax) 

The  Uh-eh  I'ool  of  (J.hon,  B.rket  Mamilla.  lookino 

HAMT    . 

The  l'm;H  Pool  of  O.hon.  look.ko  north  and  north^ 

WEST  ... 

Specimen  of  an  ancient  Mortar 

OrOI  XD  t'ONTOlR  OK  THE  CENTRAL   PoRTIONOF  JeRUSaI 
LEM     .  .  _  _ 

TjIE  M.iCCABEAN  WaLL  NORTH  OF  THE  HOLV  SEPULCHRE 

KROM  Measurements  and  Diliwinos 
A  FALLEN  Wall     ... 
Model  of  the  Tvrope..n  Valley,  running  east  and 

SOUTH  FROM  THE  Jaffa  Gate 

Wall  on  the  e.ist  Side  of  Pool  of  Hezekiah 
Ancient  Quarry  of  firm  Rock  at  Rama,  north  of  JeI 

Bl'SALEM 

Ancie.vt  Quarry  near  British  Ophthalmic  Hospital 

SecTIOX  of  an  ancient  (iUARRV.  EAST  OF  Xeby  SaMWIL 

AxciKXT  Quarry  at  Biueh 
North  Wall  ok  the  City 

.VORTII    W.ILL   OF   THE    C.TY    A    LirTLE    TO   THE    EAST   OF 

Herod's  Oate 
Hebrew  axd  Byzantine  .Stones 
South   Wall  of  the  City 

Two  Sections  north  ok  the  southwest  Corner 
Mar  S.\ba 
Hebrew  Stones  .         .  '         ' 


paok 

288 

288 
204 

294 

297 
352 

3.52 
357 

3C8 
368 
371 
371 
397 


397 
398 
398 
400 
402 
402 


Si 


INTRODUCTION 

As  in  a  court  of  juHtice  not  every  jXTHon  in  conHideml  BiMriaia*- 
a  competent  witnesH  althoujjh  he  may  know  Honiething  ^^^JIT^ 
of  the  matter  in  que«tion,  ho  not  every  person  who  writes  o»uJr»!?- 
or  speakH  on  Palestine  is  entitlwl  to  tniual  consi»leration.  ""**"*" 
A  lack  of  proper  discrimination  as  to  authorities  has 
been  and  is  a  jjreat  obstacle  in  the  way  of  successful  in- 
vestigation.    Under  what  conditions  was  this  or  that 
book  produced ;  how  has  this  pi-rson  or  that  one  <iualiflcd 
himself  to  write;  are  <|uesti<»ns  that  should  be  asked  in 
every  case  when  the  matter  of  authority  arises.     More- 
over, it  is  not  enough  to  have  l»een  a  resident  of  a  country 
to  qualify  one  to  speak  on  that  country  with  authority. 
Although  this  principle  may  be  generally  accepted,  it  is 
often  violated. 

On  the  matter  of  discriminating  between  so-called 
"authorities"  the  writer  is  well  aware  that  it  is  a  deliiate 
subject,  especially  if  names  were  to  l)e  mentioned,  which 
it  is  not  now  proposed  to  do;  but  several  examples  may 
make  tolerably  clear  what  is  meant,  the  examples  being 
drawn  from  personal  experience. 

An  intelligent  person  arrives  in  Jerusalem  and  spends 
there  two  or  three  days.  At  last  he  approaches  me  and 
says,  '<I  hear  that  you  have  studietl  Jerusalem  thor- 
oughly, and  may  I  ask  your  opinion  on  such  and  such  a 
point?"  I  reply,  "The  question  is  difficult,  but  cimsider- 
ing  all  the  archa'ological  and  histori<aI  evidence  I  have 
come  to  sucli  and  such  a  conclusion."  The  stranger 
looks  pleawHl  and  responds,  "That  is  exactly  my  view." 
Su<h  an  incident  is  not  of  infreiiuent  occurrence,  and 
such  minds  an-  to  me  a  perfect  marvel.  In  twenty-four 
hours'  observation  they  accomplish  as  much  as  I  have 

IS 


16 


INTHODICTION 


doiu'  in  twonty-flvf  yt-urH  of  Htud.v.  I^iti  r  I  fliid  KiirU 
p<'r»MiUM  qiiotiMl  UK  "aiitliorititt*"  oii  tlie  toiMigruphy  o( 
Pul(>Htine  and  tlu'  un-linM»lony  of  .IcruHultMn. 

Another  exuniph'. — TlM-n*  <oiiu'»«  t«»  JiTUnali'iu  a 
cliTttyuian  who  hax  rw«'iv«il  th»'  umuil  (nlui-atiou  affonled 
by  a  tlitH»lo}jirnl  m'niinary  aud  who  haH  i-ujoywl  thi-  UHual 
reading  of  an  intelligent  l»ut  busy  jMiHtor.  HIh  letters 
to  hiH  iHH»i»le  at  home  are  bright,  interentinn,  hijjhiy 
apprwiatwl,  and  are  whiu  made  up  into  b(H»k  form.  Thin 
18  iH'rfwtly  proper.  It  Ih  when  thiH  writer  beyinH  to  be 
quote«l  aH  an  "authority"  that  harm  in  done. 

Far  more  eommon  and  more  harmful  are  the  inHtancef* 
of  whiih  the  f«dlowinj;  in  a  Mample. — A  man  Ih  eminent 
in  the  M-hoIarly  and  literary  world,  widely  known  and 
highly  reHpi'et<Hl.  He  han  uev«'r  driven  any  npeeial  study 
to  Palentine  or  Jeruxaleiii,  but  the  »>piH»rtunity  eome« 
and  he  vinitH  the  Ihdy  Laud.  He  travelt*  hastily  through 
the  oountry  like  any  ordinary  touriHt.  After  he  reaehes 
home  he  in  per8uade<l  to  write  a  lM»ok,  liin  friends  know- 
ing that  his  naiiie  will  make  it  a  fiuanrial  suocess.  Thus 
fur  no  possible  criticism  can  la*  nuide. 

But  this  man's  opinions  and  utterances  are  sure  to  l>e 
estimated  by  the  high  regard  in  which  he  is  held  iu  the 
circb'  to  which  he  iH'longs.  If  he  makes  remarks  about 
dinputcd  sites,  alM»ut  any  of  the  iMM-uliarities  of  the  «oun- 
try,  about  geological  or  archaHdogical  (luestious.  he  is 
certain  t<>  be  held  up  to  the  world  as  an  "authority"  on 
these  points.  But  being  an  eminent  man  in  his  own  de- 
partment of  study  or  learning  dm's  not  make  him  an 
authority  ui)on  a  subject  which  he  knows  little  about. 
Rehiud  this  supposition  are  prominent  men,  s(mie  of 
tlu'in  eminent  Biblical  scholars,  whow  names,  were 
they  to  be  mentiomMl,  would  oc«asion  great  surprise. 
It  is  certain  that  here  a  clear  distinction  ought  to 
be  made;  but  it  is  no  doubt  true  that  the  great  nuij<»r- 
ity  of  those  who  have  to  do  with  Palestiue  do  not  make 
it.  The  failure  to  discriminate  iK'tween  so-called  au- 
thorities can  be  illustratinl  and  verified  by  reference  to 


-3 


INTKODUCTION 


17 


"3 


I 


any  Dirtionary  of  the  Bible  now  extant,  including  toe 
two  niOHt  Hcholuriy  Dii-tiouarieit  that  have  recently  ap- 
peared in  England. 

A  Mouinitien  niakeH  the  hiHtory  of  Uonie  a  lifc-Htudy. 
Another  portion  atudieti  Uouiau  hiittory  in  ticbool  and  col- 
lege, p«>rhapM  later  in  life  he  readH  a  hintory  of  Uome, 
and,  it  may  be,  viHits  Kome  a8  a  traveller.  All  thia  doea 
not  qualify  biui  to  be  regarded  an  an  authority  on  special 
matters  pertaining  to  that  city.  In  tluM  case  the  dis- 
tinction that  Hhould  be  made  between  thin  man  and 
MommMen  ia  likely  to  be  made.  Why  ahould  it  not  be 
made  between  writers  on  Palestine?  It  Is  made  by  a 
very  few  experts;  but  it  is  not  generally  umde,  and  this 
is  the  ground  of  objection. 

In  the  form  of  published  letters,  magazine  articles, 
and  books  a  vast  auiount  of  literature  on  Jerusalem  and 
Palestine  is  put  forth  every  y  ir,  and  the  crude  state- 
ments, to  say  nothing  of  statetn  ts  that  are  untrue  and 
absurd,  thus  given  to  the  publi.  are  surprising.  Pales- 
tine has  been  particularly  unfortunate  iu  this  respect, 
and  the  amount  of  injustice  that  has  lH>en  done  her  can- 
not l»e  estimated.  Were  London  and  England,  or  Paris 
and  France,  to  l)e  treated  in  a  similar  manner  there 
would  be  a  loud  outcry  against  it. 

Another  important  matter  is  the  advantage  one  has  AdTnupof 
in  studying  the  topography  and  archspology  of  a  place  SJ^pouad" 
on  the  ground  itself.  Two  men  e«iually  careful  and 
studious  write  upon  suc'i  a  topic  as  San  Francisco,  Cali- 
fornia. One  of  them  haw  live<l  in  that  city  ever  since 
gold  was  discoveretl  in  1849.  He  knew  tlie  ground  be- 
fore it  was  built  upon  and  is  intelligently  conversant 
with  all  the  ••hanges  that  have  taken  place  in  the  last 
half-century.  The  other  may  have  made  a  brief  visit 
to  that  city,  and  has  studitMl  the  place  chiefly  from  plans, 
nmps,  and  such  lKH>ks  as  he  could  command.  There  is 
no  question  which  of  these  men  should  be  regarded 
as  the  higher  authority. 


.at 

m 


18 


Traditioa  not 
iaiUUbl* 


INTRODUCTION 


iin»vt'uii'uf.  woriu  in  its  onward 

tlic  fn  h'st  iK'lu'f  ill  flu.  f„„  !•*•  ,  ''     *  ''«^'<' 

.von  .,av,.  ,,„„,,,„  ,,,,,„„,  .„,  ;:X  ,.  wl  ","'" 

amount  of  ('vi(l..n((.  of  thi.       ^ """"P:  t<>  mo.    \\  hatcvor 

'  i-n..,,.  ,„  „„.  ,™;n  1  ;:,:;'■  ,r-n  ';;""•-  "•"""'• 

■n..n.  .l,.|l„il,..     I  „„,  ..|.„    ;.  ,         ,.^""""S-""" o 

"!;■■" ^.h;!.,;':,',  : :  r"V;,r.r,;;;,:r"T " 

rr;:;::"L::;;!;z/::;:;rrr--'«''-'ir 

.■SIM,.,,,,.,!,... ,  I : '        " "'■"' ' ">•>< 

' -- w::::":^:!;:  ■;;:;- ''-■»■ 

-":;.::;.;:x;t;,;:r";t::.::;:r "■" - 

.'•     •<»>  ••xaniplf,  a  vvvtuin  prob- 


-3e, 

'^ 

Jf 

3 

n 

M 

)- 

INTRODUCTION 


19 


leni  arises  which  has  a  certain  and  defln.'  ,  aolution,  Pr«eonertTed 
altlioujjh  not  vet  known.  A  person  tries  one  method,  Sj^ 
then  anotlier,  and  even  a  third  and  a  fourth  before  the 
proper  solution  is  reach«Hl.  This  is  ciuite  different  from 
the  method  of  one  who  approaches  the  problem  with  a 
fixed  noticm  of  wlmt  the  sidution  must  be.  For  a  con- 
crete illustratiim  the  site  of  Calvary  umy  be  taken.  One 
person  tri«'s  this  way,  that  way,  and  still  another  way  in 
his  ettort  to  arrive  at  the  most  probable  location  of  the 
site,  wliich  can  never,  we  believe,  be  detcrminetl  with 
absolute  certainty.  Another  person  starts  with  a  theory, 
a  preconcived  idea  which  has  to  him  the  force  of  indis- 
putable truth.  The  one  person  is  an  investigator;  the 
other  is  a  dogmatist.  The  one  can  argue  and  reason,  the 
other  cannot.  If  he  pretends  to  argue  or  reason  it  is 
breath  wasteil,  for  he  would  sooner  lose  his  right  hand 
than  come  out  at  any  other  point  than  the  one  where  he 
started.  Of  this  class  there  are  nmny  writers  who,  per- 
haps unintentionally,  do  much  harm.  In  the  list  are 
the  names  of  some  prominent  imtsous  who  are  sure  to 
have  a  following.  David  and  Solomon  collected  ma- 
terials before  the  Temple  was  built.  The  class  now 
referred  to  are  bound  that  their  Temple  shall  be  built 
whether  they  have  any  materials  or  not.  The  only  per- 
son worthy  of  resiK'ct  is  the  one  who  collects  slowly, 
and  wild  is  satisfied  with  collecting  slowly  fact  after 
fa<t,  leaving  the  work  of  reconstruction  till  the  last,  or 
it  may  be  to  those  who  come  after  him. 

I  must  be  allowed  to  make  the  personal  statement  that  The  author 

in  my  study  of  .Jerusalem  I  did  not  start  with  a  theorv   ■"•■^y*""- 
11*1  .     >     •  .  ■      cepteitib- 

I  have  for  a  long  ]»eriod  of  years  colle<te(l  facts  and  tried  U»hedfact« 

to  see  whither  they  would  lead  or  point.  I  know  that 
Christ  came  to  this  world  and  lived  and  die<l  for  sinners, 
and  that  the  place  of  his  death  and  burial  was  Jeru- 
salem. Hut  to  me  the  jtarficular  spot  here  or  there  is 
not  essential.  This  iloes  not  affect  in  any  way  Christ's 
gi-eat  work.     This  is  the  position  which  I  occupy  with 


so 


INTKODUt'TlON 


1 


the  moment  the  Di-..of  i«  f.  ,,  "'"'''P*  ""  ™''d 
proof  ha«  .It  ^  IL':^^^^^^^^^^^  '*"*  ^''^  '-  the 
abilities  iHvn  furniHUHTvhr.  ''''*'°  ^'^'^  ?''"''■ 
that  Christians  of   "«.':    ,    ''"'.  '   ''""''''^^y   «««'•   in 

audwinin^ri:^.::^^;:;;;';:;:;;:^,/^''--'^^ 

claims  are  subHtanti.^^i      i       ^  P'a«'t' the  moment  its 

.„..  we  ™n  i^rrrwv,,  is'xi"":? """" 

another  creed  than  m.„«  „.  .. '  Christians  of 

to  ™.v  .•«■,  J^h:;"'r ,  ,rr ,r.  r  "•;'"■« 

in<' "TliiM  {«  fiw  .  •'"•  iiiiinn,    without  sav- 

'"r.       1  HIS   IK   tne  exact   annt  "   .m.|.„^  -^ 

trovers^  would  havjCr^;  j/^  '"""  "'  ''•"-  -- 

I  think  I  liave  made  it  c  •  ar  that  t  „^*      .     ,. 
an,  preeonceive<l  th.H,rv  for  mvM     iT^'  '"r'"'"' 
approve  the  metlio.1  of  ihL  .    '  '  «tronKly  <lis- 

of  importan  u"!-  s  J^ "r  ;!  T'l"  ""'  '"^-*'««»-n 
wards  one  t.u.r/.r  L:  .-  t;;':tn  ""  't  ^"• 
-  to  m,  mind  „o  j.istiti.ation  wliale^r        "  *'"'' 

"=v::;:irr«^'rr---^^^^ 

known.     Pr  ba  ,       .<   :;:  T  '    "'"  *•"•'  "'"'*•"■''  '"^  "->' 

«"-na...;h;::t:;r:;;n^^^ 

usual  exaggeration  oZp^,:.!''7:;'!;"'7'^''  -  "t>- 
andif.rosep,.„..,...,,,^:,„^;;--^-^^^^^^ 
IN  not  too  miicli  *o  n.v  tu«t  t        i  "'  "'* •     ^t 

«"'•  -aliened   ^:n.t^'ZVV^  •""  "'"^^  ""'"'"^ 

«sa,..iaM;:^^toil^liT;:;c'''''-":'''""-''''"^^ 

a-sona..i...pn.::-:v'  ";j;:^-^"''-^ 

has  been  son,,.  ..,,.,,,,,„^,--^-Pa^ 


i. 


IXTKODUCTION 


21 


play  and  every  iudividual  paiaf^raph.  So  far  as  the 
writer  is  aware,  JusepliuH  Las  never  l»een  accorded  the 
.same  fair  aud  houest  treatment.  Competent  scholars 
have  devoted  their  ener{;ies  to  the  text  of  Joscphus  aud 
have  published  it  in  what  they  consider  a  reliable  form; 
and  after  very  careful  stmly  the  present  writer  con- 
siders that  the  iiistorian  lias  ji;iven  us  a  connected  and 
in  the  nmin  a  correct  account  of  the  events  which  he 
records. 


In  studying  the  topo',Mai)liy  of  ancient  Jerusalem  the  Period  of  com- 
point  of  time  at  which  tiie  subject  is  approached  is  of  rtSdy°*""* 
great  importance. 

Som  .vriters  begin  with  the  first  mention  of  the  place 
in  history  and  try  to  follow  its  development  through 
many  centuries  till  its  capture  by  Titus  in  the  year  70 
of  our  era. 

Others  begin  somewhere  in  the  middle,  say  with 
Nehemiah,  and  make  him  a  sort  of  pre-Christian  Bae- 
deker, accepting  his  statt'inents  as  tinal  without  consid- 
ering the  historical  reasons  behind  them. 

Others  still,  who  without  ottence  are  to  be  designated 
as  "trailitionalists,"'  begin  with  a.i».  330,  when  the 
Hasilica-Market  which  Constantine  granted  to  .lerusa- 
Icm  was  being  erected.  The  pre<-eding  as  well  as  the 
subsiHnient  history  of  the  city  they  care  little  for;  but 
when  pressed  for  an  o]>inion  on  any  earlier  or  later 
point  their  reply  is  always  shaiM'd  by  what  they  have 
been  taught  was  "mira<ulously  discoverinl"  three  cen- 
turies after  the  death  of  Christ. 

The  first  an<l  seccmd  of  these  methods  the  present 
writ«'r  has  during  the  i)ast  thirty  years  tried  repeatedly, 
only  to  find  them  lieset  with  difHculties  so  great  that  no 
satisfactory  results  could  be  obtaiiu'd.  In  the  pres«'nt 
work  he  has  made  the  arrival  of  Titns  before  Jerusalem 
in  A.I).  70  his  ])oint  of  dei)arture.  an<l  from  that  date 
has  workiil  backwards  as  far  as  it  has  seemed  possible 

to  JJO. 


22 


INTRODUCTION 


Siforti  t«  in- 
nn  ucuracy 


M 


Every  niinaivt  in  tlic  city,  many  of  the  housetops,  the 
city  wall,  the  Castle,  the  ehurehes,  the  synagogues,  and 
every  elevated  point  that  atTords  a  new  view  or  any  help 
in  understanding  the  «ontour  of  the  city  has  been  visited 
repeatedly.      Some   special    points   have   been   visited 
scores  of  times.    Tlie  plan  has  been  to  make  a  visit  to 
such  or  such  a  point  and  make  notes.    Then  to  go  home 
and  re-examine  Jo.sephus,  the  references  ia  the  Bible, 
and  the  map  of  Levels,  and  as  soon  as  possible  make 
another  visit  to  the  same  point.     As  Jerusalem  com 
prised  hills  and  valleys  it  is  certain  that  the  hills  can- 
not all  have  been  levelletl  nor  all  the  valleys  'illetl.    The 
variations  of  surface  as  tiiey  originally  existed  are  still 
apparent  to  the  eye,  in  spite  of  all  the  changes  that  have 
tuKcu  place  in  twenty  or  more  centuries.     Here  and 
there  a  rise,  here  and  there  a  depression,  all  are  signlfi- 
caut.    The  study  of  the  Levels  of  Jerusalem  as  they  have 
been  ascertaine<l  and  rwordetl  is  most  important;  but 
almost  of  equal  importance  is  the  study  of  the  contour 
of  the  city  from  its  elevated  iH>ints.    The  Levels  give  the 
information  sought  in  the  abstract;  the  views  give  the 
same  information  to  a  degree  in  the  concrete.     This  is 
not  so  perfe«t  or  striking  as  it  would  l»e  were  the  debris 
removal;  still  the  views  illustrate,  confirm,  and  make 
real  to  the  mind  what  the  Levels  teach.     Roth  these 
methods  are  tMiually  necessjiry,  and  the  views  are  of 
such  importance  in  (-nabling  one  to  accept  or  reject  cer- 
tain theories  that  it  is  impossible  for  a  person  who  has 
never  tried  it  to  appreciate  what  is  now  said. 


Qnettiou  of 
priority  of 
diieoTory 


During  the  past  thirty  years  I  have  paid  a  great  deal 
of  attention  to  tlie  Ancient  TojMtgraphy  of  Jernsalein 
and  have  studied  the  subject  from  every  conceivalde 
point  of  view.  I  liave  tri«Ml  to  state  my  conclusions  with 
dignity  and  fairness,  lint  it  has  been  no  part  of  my  work 
to  give  the  precise  date  of  this  or  that  discovery,  nor  have 
T  stopped  to  ascribe  fliis  or  tliiit  discovery  to  any  partic- 
ular person.     If  is  a     cry  ilelicate  matter  to  siH-ak  of 


lis 


INTRODUCTION 


23 


priority  of  claim  to  any  particular  view.    As  an  illus- 
tration I  will  int'ution  that  certain  important  things 
have  been  attributed  to  others  which  in  fairness  should 
be  attributed  to  myself.    The  discovery  of  the  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  feet  of  the  Second  Wall  which  runs 
northward  from  the  Castle  of  David,  is  due  to  myself. 
If  in  all  the  investigations  made  in  Jerusalem  anything 
is  certain,  this  is  certain,  and  yet  it  has  been  assigned  to 
others.     When  1  took  Mr.  Schick  (it  was  in  1885)  to 
^■e  it  he  was  sure  it  was  the  wall  of  a  castle,  and  I  had 
the  greatest  difficulty  in  persuading  him  that  it  was  not 
the  wall  of  a  castle  but  a  city  wall.    He  seemed  deter- 
mimHl  to  publish  it  as  the  wall  of  a  castle,  but  eventually 
did  not  do  so.    In  regard  to  the  remains  of  Acra  near  or 
just  east  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre,  I  spent  hours  with 
Mr.  Schick  trying  to  persuade  him  of  the  existence  there 
of  that  ancient  fortress,  and  at  last  he  was  convinced. 
In  the  (Sernian  ZcitHchrift  he  has  reproduced  it;  but  if 
there  was  any  borrowing  he  borrowed  from  me  and  not 
I   from   him.     My  intercourse  with  him  was  always 
friendly,  and  what  I  have  said  now  is  not  said  in  any 
spirit  of  complaint  or  contention.    There  are  other  mat- 
ters in  regard  to  which  I  can  rightly  claim  priority  of 
discovery;  but  as  this  is  not  a  controversial  work,  I 
trust  that  the  reader  will  not  make  the  question  of 
pri<»rity  in  any  case  a  matter  of  contention.    I  will  also 
remind  the  reader  of  the  length  of  time  that  I  have  bt>en 
<>ngaged  in  this  study,  and  views  which  he  thinks  were 
new  five  or  ten  years  ago  may  have  been  ascertained  and 
publishiHl  by  me  twenty-five  or  thirty  years  ago.— I  have 
■conversed  frwly  with  nmny  persons,  compared  notes 
with  different  investigators,  discusswl  views  and  theo- 
ries with  those  who  apiM-arcd  to  be  competent  to  judge  in 
these  matters,  and  I  have  lived  to  i)'.t  my  notes  and 
observations  into  definite  form,  Iio;iing  they  mav  be  of 
service. 


I 


II  {' 


c 


m 


.-** 


HE.MAIX.S  OF  CASTI  K 


LOOKING  XOUTII  FUOM  CASTLE  TO  FORK  OP  THE  Ho  vr.s 


0»e  .O.U  to  D.™a.c,.  vi.  x.„..„-  ..e    e,  1  T  ""^  "^  - 


CHAPTER  I 

TITUS'  APPROACH  TO  JERUSALEM,  A.D.  70 

Camps  at  Castle-Iieconnoitriny  Ciilnmn  Broken  ami  Retreats- 
Women's  Towerit—Scopiis 

Ox  hi8  march  to  Jcnisjilem  Titus  came  tliroiifili  xunfap. 
Samaria  to  (Sophna  (now  Jifna),  wIktc  lie  rostod  f(»r  «"■»«''»» 
tlu'  nijrlit.    Tlu-  n..xt  <lav  ho  advan.-.Hl  as  far  as  th.-  Val-  *" 

h'V  .>f  Tlioriis,  a.ljaront  to  a  village  iiam.-.l  (Sahat-Saul, 
or  .Saul's  Hill,  ami .  amjud  again.  This  was  ahout  three 
ami  a  half  Enj;lish  miles,  a  little  less  rather  than  more, 
north  of  Jerusalem.  At  this  <listan<e  north  of  the  eitv, 
the  roa.l  lea.linjj;  to  the  .-oast  hy  the  »eth  Horon  Pass 
hranehes  (to  one  lookinji  north)  to  the  left  from  the 
XablouH  road.  Here  are  the  renmins  of  a  small  Konian 
eastie,  or  very  stronj;  fiuard- house,  and  it  was  here  that 
Titns  eamped.     («ee  Illustration.) 

From  this  point  he  started  out  with  fiOO  picked  horse-  il«<»noi. 
men  to  reconnoitre  the  city.  This  att«'m|)t  was  only  *^'=8">"» 
I»artially  suci-  ssful,  and  he  r»>turne<l  to  his  camp  at  the 
fork  of  the  road.  Tlu-nce,  a  little  later,  he  moved  for- 
wanl,  and  with  two  lefjions  formed  anoth<'r  camp  on 
Scopus.  The  remainiiif:  h-ion  lay  in  his  rear  at  a  point 
some  distame  .scmth  of  the  modern  village  of  Shafat, 
which  is  a  little  more  than  two  mih's  north  of  .Jerusjilem.' 

The  Nablous,  or  Dama.scns.  road  .ominR  from  the  kou  from 
north  led,  then  as  now.  directly  to  the  main  jrat<    on  ">•  >«>«»> 
the  north  side  of  .Jerusalem,  hut  at  an  c  ntirelv  dHFerent 
point  from   the  pr.'sent    Damascus  (Sate,  hecanse  the 
walis  have  Iwen  chan-ed.     This  gate  was  nearlv  or 
directly  south  of  the  Tomhs  (.f  the  Kings  and  is  siM)ken 

as 


COUHSE    OF    TITIs    uirrv    ..r.  ■ 


'^li. 


TITUS'  APPHOACU   TO  JERUSALEM        27 

of  a8  "upiMmite  the  MonumentH  of  Helena, "   aa   the 
TouibB  of  the  Kiuga  were  then  tailed  (V.  ii.  2). 

While  Titus  was  paKsing  along  the  XablouM  road,  Tituat- 
headed  apparently  for  this  gate  to  which  the  road  led,  J^jj^"* 
uo  on  •  apiH-an-il  to  tippow  him  (V.  ii.  1').    Since,  how-  brokw 
ever,  hiH  objwt  was  not  to  enter  the  city  then,  but  only  to 
make  obHervatioim  outside  the  walls,  his  pur|)08e  was 
best  accomplishwl  by  filing  otf  from  the  wain  road  to  the 
right  (see  Plan),  and  taking  an  oblique  course  towards 
the  Tower  Psephinus,  which  stood  at  the  northwest  cor- 
ner of  the  city,  i.e.  of  the  Third  or  Agrippa's  Wall. 
This  movement  exposed  his  flank  to  the  wall  and  to  the 
gate  just  mentionwl.     The  Jews  saw  their  advantage, 
rushed  out  of  this  gate  in  great  numbers  (see  the  bent 
arrow)    and  succeeded  in  divi«ling  Titus'  column  so 
that  the  rear  portion  turned  and  retreated.    The  point 
where  the  attack  was  made  which  resulted  in  breaking 
the  column  was  not  far  from  the  pla«'e  now  known  as 
the  Ash  Heaps.     Titus  himself  was  some  distance  be- 
yond this  iM)int,  I>etween  them  and  the  Tower  Psephinus. 
The  region  here  was  highly  cultivatwl  at  that  time, 
being  dividwl  into  gardens  by  hwlges,  stone  fences,  and 
ditches  everywher(>,  clear  to  the  city  wall,  so  that  his 
troops  could  not  n-adily  move  either  way,  and  Titus 
came  near  losing  his  life,  but  finally  succetHliHl  in  escap- 
ing with  his  men  and  returning  to  his  camp.     It  was 
subsequent  to  this  occurrence  that  Titus  niov«Hl  his  camp 
from  the  castle  at  the  fork  of  the  road  to  his  camp  on 
Scopus  (V.  ii.  2;iii.  2). 

This  special  designation,  the  Women's  Towers,  was  Th«w»n»B'. 
given  to  certain  structui  s  conmrted  with  tiu'  gate  in  ^'^•" 
question  (V.  ii.  2;  iii.  3).  The  Creek  word  ;/iin(iikcios, 
yvvaiHfio?,  Kieiins  "belonging  to  women,"  "something 
for  their  special  use."  The  custom  which  led  to  the  <-on" 
strnction  and  designation  of  tliese  towers  we  know  noth- 
ing of;  but  for  women  entering  or  leaving  the  citv  such 


S8 


ANCIENT   .lElU'HALEM 


1    * 


11      II 


At  Mar 


a,H.rt>n.-ntH  w..uhl  Ik-  of  th.  ...kU  -Ht  nor  u  . 
Halm  at  tlu-  pn-K-nt  ti.n.  thm-  In  a  ^  "  ""J;^  J 
a.|jar..nt  to  :!..■  Convnt.  whi.h  ,h  abHoluflj  mH.^«ary 
for  f.'ii.ah'  nilnriiuH  vmitint;  that  Hl.nia-. 

Whore  wbm  8«o|»um  hwatiHl? 

A,Ih     It    w«H  .linHtlv   ..orth    of  .I.ruHahMn   on   the- 

,„  „ot  Hou...  writorn  Imato  .t  on  the  >  "nmt  of  (-  n  h 
Xnn    Y.m;  ».ut  th.n-  is  no  ..via..nr,.  whatev  -r         H«.h 

a  n"l>-.  an.!  it  in  surprinin,  that  it  nhouUl  .'ver  ha>u 

Imhmi  thoiinlit  of. 

Willi t  ilo  v«>u  rail  evidence? 

An^'H^il  nun..  fron.th.  north  a...n.Uu.I>ana.^.H 

,„.  Nahh.ns  roa.l  till  ho  roaHu.l  H.o,n.H  (N  .    .  •»  •    ^>  «■ 
,,,,.„,  ..,,asion  (-ostiuH  an.l  his  army  •-;";'^   "  ,2 

jni.l  rannKfl  at  the  samo  I»la«t'  (  H.  xix.  l.  4  )•       ' 

„.„  '     ov.-r  or  noar  tho  Monnt  of  Ol.vos     lo  haxo 
':.;::  on  tlu.  Monnt  of  Olivos  tla...  p.noraK    Vsuns 

„,.,,  Titns.  n.nst  hav  }.'ono  ono  n.iU'  or  moro  .mt  of  tlu  r 
r  V   and  this  is  an  nnnn.sonal.l..  assn«M.t.on.     In  both 

::;:;;;;:l-..sjns.nan,o,,..distan.o..s.,p»s^^^^ 

,.itv  is  L-ivon  as  sovon  fnrlonjis.     In  N.  •«•  •<•   '"sU'l;"" 
s   '..l^s  o    tla-  vi.-w  «hi.h  S.o„ns  .-onMnandod  o.  <;...  n  J 
, ui  tart Inlarlv  of  tho  'IVMnpl-    Con.in,  fnnn  tho  nor,  , 
1  as-onds  a  littlo  hill  whon,.  aln.ost  tho  who. 
...    .salon,   hnrnts  n,>on  tho  vision.    .T'--"^; 
avUors  hav.-  tostitiod  to  tho  strikin,  v.ow  wlno  It 
•;;a.To..ds.     'f^'<M."sworoahiinu.y«-..      n^ 
„a,.,as.«s  road,  this  wonld  bo  tho  s,M.t.    Th.s  hid 
.  vard  tho  ,.ity  o..  to  a  lovol  so.tb.n  whnh  Josopln 
.  Is  "Sooons."     Tho  viow  ..f  tho  oity  from  th.s  tl.. 
.!^.,.   ;.orly  tho  san.0  as  that  from  tin.  bi.nnst.u.r 
r,      „  was  on  this  flat  land  that  Titns  p.tohod  1 
,.„„,,      Tho  Vth  Losion  oon.ins:  from  Ammans  (o,.  tl 
;    ■    ,,  as  it  was  tirod  with  a  ni.ht  n.anh.  Titns  ordor. 
;;.;.;„„;.  ,hroo  fnnon^s  to  tho  north  of  his  .amp,  win, 


C 


.SfOI'lS,  WIIKUK  TITIS  CAMI'KK  WITH  TWO  I,K(JION.S 

Tin-  llut  land  w»i.  ihtui»h  il  l»y  lln- »  ntni. 


SCOPtS  AXI)  TIIK  IIIM.  TO  TIIK  XOUTII  TOWAIIDS  SHAFAT 


PorkufB.,,,  ||„ro„,„     I)am,.cu.ro..l       .  '"   '"^    ''^"l  ^-^''^'M 


TITUS'  APPROACH   TO  JEKU8ALEM       29 

would  be  town  (In  the  preMent  Hliafat.  In  the  Illustra- 
tion (whifh  we)  Titus'  camp  is  on  the  flat  land,— that 
is,  on  Scopus,— but  the  Vth  Legion  is  lo«ate<l  on  the 
hill  which  has  been  described.  No  doubt  the  hill  was 
guardctl  by  troops,  but  the  camp  must  have  been  a  little 
farther  towards  Shafat.  Had  Titus  gone  eastward  in 
order  to  camp  on  the  Mount  of  Olives,  the  Vth  Legion 
would  have  Ikh'h  left  alone;  moreover,  at  that  very  mo- 
ment the  Xth  Legion  arrived  from  Jericho  and  camped 
on  the  Mount  of  Olives,  which  position  it  held  from  the 
beginning  to  the  end  of  the  siege. 


r 


r  'I 


01-    I  III,   IKNTII  |,i;(i|().\  ox  TlIK  .\I»n  NT  oK  OI.IVKS 


1 


CHAPTER  II 

TENTH  LEGION  ARRIVES  FROM  JERICHO 

Its  Camp  on  tlte  Mount  of  Olives— Military  Road  Constructed 
—  Three  Legions  with  Titus— Two  I'emianent  Camps  Formed 
and  Occupied 

The  Xth  Lej^ion  came  by  way  of  Jerulio  and  (amped  xth Legion 
on  the  Mount  of  Olives,  6  furlonf,'.s  from  tlie  city,  or  ouTt"" 
about   l,'2\'l  yards.     This  was  their  iKTiuanent  camp 
throu$;hout  the  siege.     ( See  Plan. ) 

Soon  after  its  arrival,  at  some  point  between  this 
camp  and  the  city,  the  Jews  made  a  desjK'rate  but  unsuc- 
cessful attack  upon  this  Legion  (V.  ii.  3,  4,  5). 

After  his  camp  was  formed  on  Scopus,  Titus  com-  HiUt»ryro»d 
menced  to  construct  a  military  road  leading  thence  «""•*'"'«' 
around  the  west  side  of  the  city  to  the  Monuments  of 
Herod  sctnthwest  of  Jerusiilem.  The  main  road  leading 
to  ;lie  city,  already  mentioned,  was  utilized  as  far  as 
the  Jlonuments  of  Helena  or  a  little  farther;  thence  the 
military  road  branched  «(tr  to  the  right  or  southwest, 
bent  aroun<l  the  Tower  Psephinus,  and  went  on  to 
the  south  to  the  point  indicated,  i.e.  the  Monuments 
of  IleriMl  (\.  iii.  2,  5). 

Hefore  commencing  the  road,  Titus  stationed  a  body 
of  soldiers  near  the  wall  so  that  the  men  who  were  at 
work  might  not  be  interrupted  by  attacks  from  the  city, 
such  as  he  had  recently  experienced  (V.  iii.  2).  This, 
however,  did  not  prevent  the  Jews  from  making,  by 
means  of  a  cunning  stratagem,  an  assault  upon  the 
Konuins.— that  is,  upon  the  body  of  soldiers  stationed  to 
jtrotect  the  wr>rkmen,— ami  compelling  them  to  retire; 
the  Jews  following  as  far  as  the  .Mcmuments  of  Helena, 
or  Tombs  of  the  Kings  (V.  iii.  3). 

31 


M  Tom  hi  u( 


vAdainjai 


/^  A«Wt 


BUtluo\\ 


CONST.,-.  T,x.  Man.;  ;;;*'^,'^-;;^vwn,,,K 


TENTH   LEGION   ARRIVES   FROM   JERICHO  33 

After  the  road  was  coiupleted,  which  required  four  CaapoieTtd 
days,  and  before  tlie  camp  was  removed  from  Scopus,  |^^^' 
Titus,  as  a  prwaution  against  attack,  stationed  a  very  lonui 
stroiij;  force  near  tlie  north  wall  of  the  city,  extending 
the  line  to  the  west  as  far  as  was  deemed  necessary. 
This  was  a  large  and  powerful  body  of  men  compared 
with  the  small  number  detailed  as  a  guard  to  the  men 
who  were  constri    ring  the  road.     In  front  were  three 
lines  of  infantry,  next  to  them  a  line  of  archers,  anu 
next  thrw  lines  of  cavalry,  making  this  line  seven  men 
deep  (V.  iii.  5).    The  camp  was  moved  without  molesta- 
tion. 

Two  camps  were  then  formed,  one  just  south  of  the 
present  Birket  Mamilla  (Upper  Oihon,  Serpents'  Pool), 
and  one  at  the  northwest  corner  of  the  city  where  the 
wall  turned  from  facing  north  to  facing  west.  Titus 
chose  this  camp  for  himself.  It  was  about,  hosoii,  'oaoy, 
two  furlongs  from  the  wall,  and  the  other  camp  was  the 
same  distance  from  Hippicus  (V.  iii.  3).  Titus  appre- 
ciated the  circumstance  that  Pscphinus  was  on  the  most 
sightly  ground  around  Jerusalem,  and  hence  most  suit- 
able for  his  camp. 

The  Romans  had  four  legions,  the  Vth,  Xth,  Xllth,  ouMand 
and  XVth,  besides  a  largo  numl)er  of  auxiliary  troops,  {JUSSjKI^ 
and  with  our  notions  of  warfare  it  stH'uis  very  strange 
that  when  they  In'gan  the  siege  they  did  not  at  once  place 
strong  guards  at  the  gates  and  at  every  other  possible 
<»ntrance  to  the  city. 

But  the  siege  began  and  continutMl  until  after  the 
IMrst  and  Se<()nd  Walls  were  taken  before  this  was 
<lone.  Even  after  tlie  S«'cond  Wall  was  taken  the 
Jews  could  still  go  out  at  .some  of  the  gates,  esiMvially 
through  the  ravines,  and  thus  obtain  a  few  scanty 
supplies. 

Moreover,  what  is  also  strange  to  us,  during  the  entire 
siege  there  was  fr»H|u«'ut  inter<<mrse  In'tween  the  be- 
sieged and  the  besiegers ;  there  were  conversations,  par- 


i 


34 


an'cie.;t  jeulsalem 


loyB,  jwring,  ami  M]H>(iul  inttTviewH,  ho  that  L-ouiiuuni- 
catioii  wa«  cotiMtant. 

Very  frequently  the  JewH  puhIkhI  «»ut  of  eertain  gates 
and  attacked  the  lionians,  whieh  could  not  have  been 
the  caw  had  the  entrances  l)een  thoroughly  guarded 
(Y.  iil.  3 ;  viii.  1 ;  xl.  1 ;  xli.  1 ;  and  elsewhere). 

In  modern  times  we  cannot  appre<iate  the  conditions 
of  warfare  where  most  of  the  fighting  was  hand-to-hand 
work. 


<\ 


CHAPTEK  III 
TITUS'  PLAN  FOR  CAITLKING  THE  CITY 

Attacks  North  of  AgripixtH  Wall-To  rUus  This  min  the  'First" 
Wall—Jeus  Retire  within  tlie  Seeoiul  Wall 

TiTis  waH  in  «l(»ul)t  wlieiv  t»>  coimiu'nci'  IiiH  attack.  Pint atuA 
There  was  "no  avvvsa  at  an.v  point  tlirou};!i  the  raviui's."  «J|'»n»">' 
"lie  deti-rniincd  to  make  tlie  assault  opposite  to  the 
Monument  of  .lolin  the  llifjh  Priest;  for  at  this  point 
the  outer  bulwark  was  lower,  and  tlie  second  was  not 
eonneetetl,  the  l)uil(h'rs  having  ne{,'lectiHl  to  fortify  those 
places  where  the  New  Town  was  thinly  inhabited;  but 
there  was  easy  access  to  the  Third  Wall,  through  which 
he  designed  to  «apture  the  TpiHT  Town,  and  through 
the  Antonia  the  Temple"  (V.  vi.  2). 

When  everythiu}?  was  ready  therefore,  Titus  made 
his  attack  on  the  north  wall.  The  attacking  force  was 
dividwl  into  thret?  divisions,  each  doing  similar  work. 
One  division  was  near  the  gate  where  the  road  from 
the  north  enteral  the  city,  and  the  other  two  divisions 
at  suitable  intervals  to  the  east  of  that.  It  is  not  neces- 
sary that  the  e.vact  iM)siti(ms  of  these  three  bodies  be 
located,  so  long  as  it  is  certain  tliat  they  were  all  im 
the  north  side  and  wen  making  their  attacks  on  the 
north  wall  (V.  vi.  2). 

In  the  phrase  "Opposite  the  Monument  of  John,"  the 
(■reek  word  for  "opposite"  is  Lata,  H<rTn,\\hUh  means 
ihtini.  (ioinnranls.  and  if  we  say  that  the  line  of  attack 
was  "iloini  hi/  the  Monument  of  John."  it  will  describe 
jirecisely  what  took  pUuc.  ( See  Thapter  XVII.  and  its 
Plan.)  I'roni  the  top  of  the  Tower  Psephinus,  Jerusa- 
lem and  the  surrounding  <<»untry  would  be  spread  out 
before  the  eyes  of  the  Roman  general.  The  .Mtmnt  of 
Olives  and  the  Xth  Legion  on  the  east;  Scopus,  which  he 

35 


36 


AXCIEXT  JEKU8ALEM 


i 


hud  ju«t  li'ft,  on  tlu'  n(»rtli ;  IiIh  own  cunip  aluMwt  k'neatli 
him  to  the  wt'st;  un<I  to  tin-  cuHt  anil  wouth  at  hi8  very 
fwt,  JeruHah'iii  itMolf.    The  Third  or  Ajjripim's  Wall,  the 
New  Town  iM'twwu  it  and  the  Heeond  Wall,  the  Anto- 
nia,  the  Temple,  the  Firnt  Wall  and  the  beautiful  build- 
ings to  the  Houth  of  it  on  modern  Zion,  these  and  still 
other  objwts  end  jioints  of  interest  would,  from  the 
elevation  indicatetl,  be  bronjtht  into  view  at  a  glance. 
Titus  saw  that  the  "outer  bulwark  was  low";  he  saw  the 
poorly  «()nntHt»Hl  or  uni-onne«t«Hl  point  of  the  Second 
Wall  (V.  vi.  2) ;  and  the  Jlonument  of  the  High  Priest 
John  rising  in  the  midst  of  the  city  at  or  near  the  point 
where  the  Holy  Sepulchre  now  stands.     The  writer 
regrets  that  he  cannot  take  his  readers  to  the  highest 
elevation  at  present  accessible  at  iir  near  the  northwest 
corner  of  the  city  and  look  over  with  them  the  ground 
in  question.    Some  jMiints  which,  to  be  made  clear,  now 
require  patient  and  «areful  explanation  would  be  ac- 
cepted at  (mce  as  obvious  truths. 


nr  northernmost  wall  of  the  citv  was  built 


Jcrualtmon       The  outer 

northiidaluid  i       •       .  .  ,  .         -     

tiir««w»ui      '»y  Agripim  !.,  and  was  the  Third  Wall  in  order  of  time. 

In  the  siege  it  is  callcHl  the  fiint  of  the  three  walls  by 
which  Jerusalem  was  defended  on  the  north  side. 

The  Second  Wall  remaininl  the  same  in  designation, 
from  whichevo.'  way  one  counted  or  designated  the 
walls. 

The  Third  Wall,  s<»  far  as  the  siege  was  concernetl, 
was  the  wall  on  the  north  of  the  modern  Zion,  running 
from  tlu-  Jaffa  Gate  to  the  Temple  an-a  at  the  Council 
House,  the  present  .Mahkameli. 

As  the  Third  Wall  defeiide.l  tbe  rpp<>r  Town  or  iikmI- 
ern  Zion,  so  the  Second  Wall  defemb-d  the  Lower  Town; 
while  the  New  Town  or  the  suburbs  north  of  the  Seconil 
Wall,  which  bad  been  enclosed  by  Agrippa,  was  defended 
by  the  First  Wall  (  V.  iv.  '2;  vili.  1). 

The  S«'coiid  Wall  was  iiowbere  accessible  until  after 
the  First  Wall  had  been  taken. 


POSITION    OF  TITLS   WIIK.N    ATTA(  KINO   THE     •  KIUST  "   OH 
AUUll'I'AS  WALL 


88 


AXCIKNT  JEKl'HALEM 


Tho  Third  Wall  wiim  imt  acccHHiliU'  ( rioiii  tin-  north > 
iintll  atU-r  .Im*  KimoiuI  Wall  haul  Imm-ii  taken  (V.  viii.  !•>. 
HlMtm-iiall.v  the  onhr  of  the  walls  wum  exactly  the  re 
ven»e  of  the  order  here  <leNi};iiatnl. 

A|trim'i  Thin  wall  wan  not  eoni|>lete4l  l.y  ARripim  I.;  only  the 

foundntlonh  and  lower  eonrnen  were  lahl  by  him.  The 
ehuraeter  of  AuripimV  work  waH  niaMKive,  more  ho  than 
the  npiK'r  t-ourwH  which  the  .lewH  eum]»letnl  at  a  later 
IM-riiMl  (  V.  iv.  '2).  still,  it  wan  a  wall  of  j;reat  Htren^th 
thoufih  not  of  ureat  height  (V.  vi.  2). 

I'«tr  a  larye  iM»rtion  of  itn  eourw  thiH  wall  wuh  on 
level  ground.  Nothing  Im  wiid  about  ravinex,  emineneeH, 
r«Mky  knollN,  or  little  hills.  This  is  negative  ekideme; 
but  in  this  caw  nejtative  evidence  is  the  best  evidence, 
for  it  is  fully  ccmflrnuHl  by  nn  examination  of  the  t;round 
at  the  prewnt  time.  All  the  rejrion  north  of  Jeruwilem 
(so  far  as  Ajjrippa's  Wall  is  concern«Hn  is  generally 
level,  without  hills  or  hilbn-ks  even,  >  ithout  low  places 
or  small  ravines. 


Monndf  be- 
for*  Fint 
WaU 


Althou);h  the  mounds  here  constructe^l  were  not  of 
ureat  size,  the  towers  that  were  |)hu-ed  uiM)n  them  raised 
tlu'  as.^ailants  so  hifjh  that  the  .lews  couhl  not  reach 
them  from  their  wall  or  from  the  snuill  towers  cou- 
nectcMl  with  it  (V.  vii.  1,  2).  This  is  a  c<mtinnation  of 
the  statement  that  this  wall  was  low  (V.  vi.  li). 


J*wi  rctirt 
from  Fint 
WaU 


In  connection  with  the  taking;  of  this  wall  we  come 
upon  a  most  remarkable  statement,  namely:  "The  Jews 
were  completely  worn  <)ut  with  passin<;  their  nijihts  at 
a  distance  from  the  city,  enjja^eil  in  fijflitiny;  and  watch- 
in};;  moreover,  they  fhoujiht  it  sniM-rtluous  to  «;uard  this 
wall  as  (if  taken)  two  others  would  still  remain;  ac- 
(•ordin^;ly,  the  itreater  part  of  them  slackeneil  their  exer- 
tions and  retired"  (V.  vii.  iM. 

\ow  the  disfiMice.  as  shown  on  the  Plan,  was  at  most 
l,tiO(»  to  1,S((()  feet.    This  was  all  the  distance  necessary 


TITUH-    PLAN    Foil    CAITIKIXO    THE   CI'    '    39 

to  hriiitt  tlH'iii  Hjiff  within  tlif  SccoikI  Wall,— all  tin*  din- 
taiHf  that  tb«»y  would  have  to  travi-l  over. 

ThiK  Htnt.  .iH-nt  tak«'H  our  liniith  away.  Arc  we  deal- 
luK  with  rhildri'ii?  No;  Itiit  with  Jj-winh  warrioPH  who 
•mvf  alwaVH  Ihh'h  praiwil  as  hravc. 

Hohinil  them  was  thtir  Tcmplf,  faiiMil  tlirou>jhont  the 
world;  thHr  city,  with  itn  jjloriouM  history;  thfir  fain- 
ilii'Maiid  hoiiicH.     Wjiat  valor! 

VVtmiiiH  of  (Mir  Civil  War;  vctcraiiK,  Hriton  or  B(K'r, 
from  Houth  African  waxtcH,— what  Nhall  wo  my  of  them? 
ilcfcndcrw  of  country  and  lilM-rty  on  the  walU  of  ancient 
Jcrnsalcni— cifjhtccn  liundri-d  fivt  from  home  and 
^'tiriKl  out"?  Xo  lack  of  Kuppli.*;  no  lack  of  ammuni- 
tion; no  nmrchin>r  to  do;— hut  "tin-d  <mt."  P«M)r 
fellowHl 

8upp«minp  the  Third  Wall  waH  (ui  the  line  of  the  pres- 
♦•nt  wall,  as  has  lieen  allcfjed,  the  diHtance  to  travel  over 
to  hriuK  them  far  within  the  Second  Wall  would  he  tiOO 
to  1,000  feet.  In  that  i-ase,  more  childiHh  still  their  con- 
duct. 


Why  are  you  so  particular  to  say  that  Titus  made  his 
attack  on  the  north  wall? 

Ans.  For  two  reasons;  first,  because  he  did  so.  and 
WH'ondly,  hecjiuse  that  was  the  only  direction  from 
whiih  an  army  <<)nld  approach  the  city. 

Why  could  not  Jerusalem  he  approached  from  some 
other  direction? 

Ans.  llecau-se  of  its  peculiar  situation.  It  was  on  a 
hill  or  hills  whose  slopes  on  the  east,  south,  and 
west  sides  wen-  so  precij)itous  that  soldiers  could  not 
IM>ssil)ly  <;ain  a  foothold  for  carryinf,'  on  sie<;e  oper- 
ation.s.  On  the  north  side  the  c<nintry  was  jjenerally 
level. 

Do  you  mean  it  to  bo  understood  that  all  attacks  of 
hostile  armies  upon  Jeru.salenj  were  made  from  the 
north  ? 

Ans.  Precisely  that.     Titus.  IlenKl  the  Great,  Pom- 


I 


I!  S^ 


\l      I 


tt   ; 
(i  ' 


P  i 


40 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


pey,  the  Egyptian  and  Syrian  kings,  and  the  armies 
from  Babylon  and  Assyi-a,  back  to  the  remotest  times- 
all  approaihed  the  city  from  this  direction. 

For  Plans  illustrating  the  distances,  see  Chapter 

•^L  JV  V  • 


CnAPTER  IV 
THE  THIKD  OR  AGRIPPA'S  WALL 

Enclosed  the  New  Town -Relation  to  Monuments  of  Helena  and 
the  Royal  Monuments 

The  account  of  tho  Third  Wall,  including  the  reason  Tii.iuid 
for  its  construction,  is  very  full.  "It  began  at  the  Tower  '^'" 
Ilippicus,  stretched  thence  towards  the  northern  quar- 
ter as  far  as  the  Tower  Psephinus,  passing  then  opposite 
the  Monuments  of  Helena,  queen  of  Adiabene  and 
mother  of  King  Izates,  and  extending  through  the  Royal 
Caverns  it  was  inflecttnl  at  the  Corner  Tower  near  to 
the  spot  known  by  the  appellation  of  the  Fuller's  Tond» 
and,  conntHting  itself  with  the  Old  Wall,  terminated  at 
the  valley  called  Kedron. 

"This  wall  Agrippa  had  thrown  round  the  new-built 
town,  which  was  (|uite  unprotwtetl ;  for  the  city,  over- 
flowing with  inhabitants,  gradually  crept  beyond  the 
ramparts;  and  the  people,  inccu-porating  with  the  city 
the  quarter  north  of  the  Temple  «lose  to  the  hill,  made 
a  considerable  advance,  insomuch  that  a  fourth  hill, 
which  is  calUnl  Hezetha,  was  also  surmundtnl  with  habi- 
tations. It  lay  «iver  against  the  Antonia,  from  which  it 
was  sei)arated  by  a  dcH'p  fosse  purposely  excavatwl  to 
cut  off  the  communication  between  the  foundations  of 
the  Antonia  and  the  hill,  that  they  might  1h'  at  once 
less  easy  of  a<cess,  and  more  elevate«l." 

In  fhe  same  chapter  there  follows  immediately  after 
what  has  been  (pioted  above,  apparently  another  or  at 
least  a  rewritten  account  of  the  same  matter  as  fol- 
lows:—"The  <|uarter  most  recently  built  was  called  in 
our  language  Hezetha.  which  if  tran.slated  into  the 
Greek  tongue  would  '.(>  (',nioiii,lis.—y,'w  Town.  Those 
who  resided  tliew  re(|Hiriiig  tlefence,  the  father  of  the 

41 


! 


1^  I 


n 


AC.Uil'l'AS  WAIJ. 

Tin.  »«»  ihf  ••  Fir.t  Wall  "  of  Titui,  but  the  Third  in  the  order  of  building. 


THE   TUIKD  OK   AOKIl'l'A'S   WALL        43 

present  sovereigu  and  of  the  same  name,  Agrippa,  tom- 
memed  the  wall  we  have  mentioned.  But,  apprehend- 
ing that  Claudius  Osar  might  suspect  from  the  mag- 
nitude of  the  strmtuie  that  he  entertained  some  designs 
of  innovation  and  insurrection,  he  desisted  when  he 
had  merel.v  laid  the  foundations." 

The  stones  of  which  it  was  constructed  are  described 
as  of  very  great  size,  and  had  it  bwn  completed  upon 
that  scale,  it  was  tlumght  that  it  would  have. been  im- 
pregnable. "Subse<|u«'utl.v,  after  the  enterprising  spirit 
of  its  founder  had  met  with  a  check,  the  work  was  car- 
ried on  with  ardor  by  the  Jews,  still  it  rose  only  to 
the  height  of  twenty  cubits"  (V.  iv.  2). 

In  a  previcms  reference  to  this  nmtter  the  ambition  of 
Agrippa  to  surround  Jerusalem  with  a  wall  of  great 
magnitude  and  strength  is  mentioned,  but  it  is  ssiid  that 
"before  it  reaclie<l  the  intended  elevation  he  expired  at 
Cesarea"  (II.  xi.  «!). 

In  reference  t(.  the  height  of  this  wall,  Titus,  when  he 
was  looking  for  a  suitable  point  for  making  an  attack 
upon  it,  observed  that  at  a  certain  place  "it  was  low" 
(V.  vi.2). 


In  the  paragraph  where  the  Monuments  of  Helena  conruor 
and  the  Koyal  ('averns  are  mentioned,  some  confusion  *"^*»" 
has  arisen  as  to  the  meaning  of  certain  Greek  words  and 
consiHinently  the  .ourse  <»f  the  Third  Wall  has  In-en 
incorrectly  laid  down.  Indeed,  the  line  proposed  for  it, 
and  by  not  a  few  writei-s  even  insisted  upon,  is  simply 
impossible. 

The  starting-point  of  the  Third  Wall  was  near  the 
present  Jaffa  ('.ate.  Its  cour.se  was  in  the  following 
order:  first,  northwesterly,  then  northerly,  easterly,  and 
at  last  southerly  till  it  reached  the  Old  Wall— that  is, 
the  wall  on  the  north  side  of  the  Temple  area.  On  the 
northwest  it  passe.l  the  T(»wer  I\sephinus,  which  stood 
approximately  on  the  ground  now  occupied  by  the  IJus- 
sian  Administration  Huilding.    On  the  north  its  course 


r 


i 

i 

:    ^ 

[' 

' 

I 


44 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


WaU 


is  indii'ated  by  the  reuiuioH  which,  till  rifontlj',  existinl 
north  of  the  prwcnt  Arabic  chunh.  Thence  itH  course 
eastward  is  tlescribwl  as  "oi)i)osit«'  the  Monuments  of 
Helena.''  About  two  hundred  yards  north  of  the  Jere- 
miah Grotto  Hill,  it  turned  in  a  southerly  direction,  run- 
ning a  little  east  of  what  is  known  as  Herod's  Gate,  and 
terminated  in  the  Old  Wall  as  already  indicated. 

l^^,^  Dr.  Robinson  (1838)  came  first  upon  the  remains  of 
or  th*  Third  this  wall  at  a  point  iK-twwn  the  Tombs  of  the  Kinjis  and 
the  northwest  corner  of  the  city.  The  remains  "con- 
sisted of  large  blocks  of  hewn  stone."  The  line  of  sim- 
ilar foundations  and  displaced  stones  was  afterwarus 
traced  by  him  and  his  companion  in  a  westerly  direc- 
tion to  the  top  of  the  high  ground,  where  there  existed 
the  evident  and  extensive  substructions  of  towers  and 
other  fortifications;  thence  to  the  northwest  corner  of 
the  city  the  foundation  of  this  ancient  wall  was  dis- 
tinctly visible.  The  measurements  given  by  Dr.  Robin- 
son would  locate  the  remains  found  on  "the  top  of  the 
high  ground"  precisely  in  the  present  Russian  grounds. 
The  ITjO  or  300  fwt  of  this  wall  which  he  first  observinl 
are  still  indicattnl  on  nmny  maps  as  "ol<l  foundations,'' 
a  little  to  the  n<trth  of  the  present  Arabic  church  (We- 
ararrhrs.  I.  314,  315). 

It  is  fair  to  remind  the  reader  that  in  Dr.  Robinson's 
time,  including  the  time  when  the  map  of  the  English 
engine«'rs  was  made  (1S41),  there  was  not  a  house  nor 
a  structure  of  any  kind  betwc<>n  the  Tombs  of  the  Kings 
and  the  city  wall,  nor  in  the  extensive  region  to  the  west, 
which  is  now  practically  (ovennl  with  buildings,  includ- 
ing those  of  the  Ifnssian  comiMtund.  There  were  no 
landmarks  wliith  would  make  a  word  description  intel- 
ligilile;  but  Dr.  Itobinson's  angles  and  measurements 
fix  the  bxality  intendinl  beyond  dispute. 

The  map  of  the  English  cnginetTs  of  1841,  just  re- 
feiTcd  to,  liiys  down  the  line  of  this  wall  for  about  2,S00 
feet  as  indicated  by  actual  remains,  of  wliidi  about  1,000 


THE   TUIRD   OK   AOKIPPA'8   WALL        45 


feet 


Holid 


unbroken  foundations.    Their  line  and 
that  given  by  I{obin«on  coincide. 

When  the  present  Austrian  Hospice  was  erected  in 
1854  to  185B,  worlvnien  were  allowwl  to  break  up  many 
of  the  large  stones  of  this  wall  for  use  in  the  new  build- 
ing. As  no  one  objtHtiHl  it  was  easier  to  use  these  old 
foundations  as  a  ([uarry  than  to  go  to  a  distance  for 
building  material.  There  is  evidence  that  to  the  east  of 
the  point  nmrked  "olive  grove"  on  Dr.  Kobinson's  map. 
old  foundations  e.\ist«Hl  which  were  utilized  by  the  build- 
ers of  the  new  Austrian  Hospice. 

The  presc'ut  writer  well  reinemlKTs  that  on  his  first 
visit  to  .Teru.saleni  in  18«i9  one  of  the  things  which  his 
friends  sugge«t«Hl  should  be  done  was  a  visit  to  "the 
remains  of  Agrippa's  Wall."    Accordingly  horses  were 
mounud  and  the  party  rcnle  to  a  point  northwest  of 
the  city  where  there  was  a  section  of  about  100  yards 
of  ancient    wall  unbr«)ken   and   compowd   of  massive 
stones,  two  or  thrw  courses  in  height.     During  the 
past    thirty  years   inquiries   have   bwu   made   by   the 
writer  from  a  score  or  more  elderly  residents,  natives 
and  also  foreigners,  as  to  the  existence  and  character 
of   these   old    remains.      The    fact   of    their   existence 
was  well  known  to  all;  all  were  agreinl  as  to  their 
location,  and   some  of  these  individuals  gave  a  very 
intelligent  aciount  of  what  they  had  seen.     They  tes- 
tified that  the  stones  were  large,  some  of  them  very 
hirge;  that  in  some  places  they  formed  bits  of  coi'=-'i- 
ous   wall;   that   at   other  points   they   were  scatle.    1 
about;  that  from  time  to  time  many  of  them  had  been 
broken  up;  an«l  that  here  and  there  cm  tlie  line  the  foun- 
dation of  towers  existed.    Their  testimony  is  fuller  and 
more  uniform  than  we  shoiild  naturally  expect,  consider- 
ing that  the  persons  were  not  scholars  and  that  most 
of  them  did  not  take  a  si»ecial  interest  in  snch  matters. 
A  few  years  since  a  S4'ction  of  this  wall  was  uncoven-il 
during  some  building  o|M'riitions  northwest  of  the  city. 
Tlie  exact  point  where  it  was  found  is  about  200  or  2.">0 


r 


!     I 


40 


ANCIENT  JERISALEM 


f<H't  a  littli'  iK.ith  of  wt'Mt  <.f  tlic  Aialtic  churcli.  The 
Ntout'H  wwi'  lar},'*',  with  iiiarKiual  draft  or  hi'vcl  and 
full  roH<th  fact'H.  Thcw  wt-rc  d«'s«rib«Hl  by  the  writer  iu 
tho  (Quarterly  Stateiiu-nt  of  th«>  1'aK.HtiiK'  Exph»ratioii 
rund,  April  l«K)a,  p.  ir>8,  with  a  Plan. 

Sonu'  niaiwivi'  blocks  lu'loujiinf;  to  thiH  wall,  partly 
buried  but  Htill  viwibh'  on  the  Murfarc,  were  broken  up 
when  the  houw  north  of  the  Arabic  church  now  usetl  m 
a  water-cure  e«tabliHhnient  was  erected  alnnit  the  year 
187-'. 

About  «iOO  feet  north  of  the  north  base  of  the  Jeremiah 
<!rotto  Hill,  an«l  alniut  500  feet  north  and  northeast  of 
the   prewnt    Dominican   MtructnreK,   a   number  of  the 
stones  of  Ajjrippa's  Wall  still  exist.    In  the  summer  of 
1003  the  writer  found  as  nmny  as  twenty  such  stones  in 
this  pla<e  lying  only  a  few  yards  apart.    Two  jjroups  «)f 
thriH'  or  four  stones  in  each  mifjht  be  thoupht  to  In?  in 
position;  but  in  {jeneral  they  w«'re  scattered  about,  some 
had  bwn  broken,  and  others  l(M»ke<l  like  native  rmk 
cropping  out  of  the  gniund.    Only  a  practistnl  eye  would 
have  i)er<-eiv(Hl  their  size,  tht'ir  shape,  tln'ir  Ik'vcI  and  full 
faces,   unmistakalde  evi<!ences  of  their  origin.     They 
were  all  moss-covered,  which  ma«Ie  their  real  character 
less  obvious.    A  number  of  these  stones  have  sin<e  dis- 
apiK-ared,  as  building  oi)erati<ms  are  rapidly  going  on 
in  that  region.     It  was  not  far  from  this  point  that 
Agrippa's  Wall  turned  from  facing  north  to  fa<ing  east 
on  its  way  south  to  jcin  the  old  wall  of  the  T«'mple  an'a. 
At  or  near  this  angle  or  turning  of  Agrippji's  Wall, 
where  was  a  "corner  tower,"  stood  a  landnmrk,  some 
memorial  or  monument  of  a  ilothes  dresser,  the  words 
being   usually   rendered    in    English    by   "the    Fuller's 
.Monument"  ( V.  iv.  2). 

When  Titus'  con(|ucring  army  threw  down  Agrippa's 
Wall  it  d<M's  not  follow  that  its  foundatiims  were  re- 
inovetl  or  that  the  stones  were  scattered  t<»  a  great  dis- 
tance. Such  work  <»f  d<'struction  and  obliteration  might 
go  on  for  ( enturies.    In  case  a  new  wall  was  built  many 


TUE   Tllirtl)  OH  A(5I{IPPA'8   WALL        47 

of  the  stones  of  the  old  wall  would  apiM-.ir  in  <:.e  new- 
one.  In  proet^H  of  time  ver^  nian.v  of  the  stones  would 
Ik.  hroken  up  to  In-  uwmI  in  H<ni.e ..th.T  way, sin.e  it  would 
he  «lifli«ult  to  n move  the  massive  blocks  entire  This 
process  of  hreakinp  up  stones  has  not  infr«iuently  bwu 
witnessetl  in  recent  times.  It  would,  no  d..uht,  happen 
also  that  not  a  few  ston.-s  would  remain  where  they  had 
fallen.  There  is  nothing  strange  in  the  fact  that  at  cer- 
tain points  the  foundations  of  Ajjriprw's  Wall  remained 
intact  and  that  ijuite  a  larjic  number  of  fallen  stones 
escaped  removal  or  destruction. 

It  is  as  certain  as  anythinjj  in  the  history  of  Jerusa- 
lem can  l>e  that  the  foundations  and  fallen  stones  of 
AKripija's  Wall  have  be«.n  tracnl  alouR  a  certain  line. 
Al!  the  testimony,  which  is  ample,  harmonizes  as  to  the 
location  of  this  wall  and  the  piHuIiar  character  of  the 
stones  of  which  it  was  c«)nstructiHl. 

It  is  certain  also  that  these  remains  did  not  <ome 
where  they  have  been  f..und  by  ac.ident.  They  are  no 
myth,  but,  on  the  iontrary,  a  most  tangible  reality. 
What  is  surprisinjj  is  that  thes«-  remains  have  In^en 
ifrnored  by  certain  writers  without  any  reason  whatever; 
some  havins  jjone  s.)  far  as  to  <leny  their  existence. 

As  no  city  wall  runs  in  a  perfectly  straight  line,  we 
can  sjiy  that  A}irii>pa*s  Wall  zifizjijipHi  from  the  Tower 
Psephinus  in  a  northeasterly  and  easterly  direction  till 
the  Corner  Tower,  near  which  sttwd  the  Fuller's  Monu- 
ment, was  reached,  and  that  thence  its  direction  was 
south  or  southerly.      In   this  course   it   passed   "over 
a'rainst"  the  Monnnients  of  Helena,  and  later,  fartlKT 
to  the  east  and  before  it  reacluHl  the  Corner  Tower,  it 
passed   certain   other  monuments   to   which   the  t»'rm 
"basili<on"   was  applLnl.     This  word   means  "roval." 
hut  it  was  not  applied  to  Helena,  nor  was  it  api)lied  to 
a  Jewish  llinh  Priest;  it  was  reserved  and  used  for  a 
IMTsoii  who  bore  to  the  Jews  the  relation  of  sovereign. 
This   person    was    Kln^'   Alexander.— Chapter    XVIH. 
should  be  read  in  (his  connectiim. 


T 


48 


ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


I* 
I    I 


Bojral  Kesa- 
B«au  iaatMd 
«fBar»i 
"Oavwu" 


In  Hpeakin)!  of  the  Monuiut'ots  of  Helena,  JosepbuM 
introduceH  a  parentheHiH  dem-ribini;  who  Hhe  was,  and  if 
we  omit  these  words  the  paragraph  will  read: — "the 
wall  stretched  as  far  us  the  Tower  I'sephinus,  passing 
then  op[M>site  the  Monuments  of  Helena  .  .  .  and  ex- 
tending through  the  Koval  Caverns  it  was  intlet-ted  at 
the  Corner  Tower."  Antikru,  arrtxpv,  may  be  either 
oppositr  or  over  aqaiiint.  I  Ha,  gia,  may  l»e  throuyh, 
through  and  hvyoml,  or  pant.  It  is  i-lear  that  the  wall 
extended  in  a  pretty  dinn-t  line  and  in  an  easterly  direc- 
tion from  the  Tower  I'wphinus  to  the  Corner  Tower  at 
the  extrc  ic  northeast  corner  of  the  city  wall,  where  it 
formed  au  angle  and  turned  south.  The  following  is  the 
exact  sense: — "thence  passing  over  against  the  Monu- 
ments of  Helena  .  .  .  and  continuing  right  along  past, 
the  Royal  nitfelaioon.njTrfXaicoy,  to  the  Corner  Tower 
where  it  turned."  Kathevvon  and  mveciinomcnon, 
MaBrfxov,  firfMvrofieyov,  have  here  practically  the  same 
meaning,  namely,  describing  the  wall  as  continuing  from 
one  point  to  another.  Sprelaioon  means  cave,  or  cavern 
of  some  sort,  and  in  case  the  place  was  used,  as  might  be 
possible,  for  burial,  it  would  mean  a  grave.  But  this 
would  not  be  its  first  or  specific  meaning. 

Some  writers  have  lKH>n  stwnuous  iu  asserting  that 
the  so-called  quarries  under  the  city  to  the  east  of  the 
Damascus  (Sate  were  here  referred  to.  But  itpcclaioon 
is  never  used  of  (|uarry;  and  if  this  theory  is  true  in  any 
sense  it  must  Ik*  so  from  the  use  to  which  the  cave  was 
put.  In  a  limestone  country  caves  an»  of  such  freijuent 
occurrence  that  they  attract  no  attention.  It  is  un- 
thinkable to  suppose  that  a  .lew  would  speak  of  such  a 
coniiiKtn  thing  as  "royal."  MoriH»ver,  it  is  doubtful  if 
tlu'se  particular  (|uarries  or  caves  were  known  in  ancient 
times;  all  the  evitleiice  we  have  seems  to  indicate  that 
the  cutting  throuub  this  hill  (resulting  in  the  ex|>osure 
of  these  caves)  w.is  made  at  dltferent  times  and  loiij; 
sul>sc(|ii(Mit  to  (he  first  centiuy  of  the  Christian  cm.  It 
is  absolutely  certain  that  the  cutting  through  the  next 


lif 
the 
iug 
ex- 

at 
lier 
<jK 
all 
•tf- 

at 
?  it 
the 

DU- 

ast 

\VT 

on, 
me 
oiu 
ern 
be 
hiH 


hat 
the 
wn 
iny 
vaM 
eiit 
un- 
h  a 
I  if 

IMit 

hat 

ure 

>iiH 

It 

I'Xt 


OHOIP  OF  JIODEKN  lIorSES  NOKTHEA8T  OP  THE  CITY 
Illuitntlng  tbe  gnmlli  around  Bvutha,  u  dMcrlbm  by  JoMiihui. 


GUOl  P  OF  MitOF.HN  IIOI  «Esi  XollTII  oK  CITY 


THE   THIRD   OR   AORIPPA'S   WALL        49 

riclRe  at  the  northea»t  torner  of  the  present  city  wall 
wan  made  in  comparatively  «H-ent  timi-s.  See  the  Illus- 
tratioHH  BhowiDK  nioat  on  east  and  north  at  the  north- 
east corner  of  the  present  city. 

It  ig  expressly  state*]  that'the  Bezetha  hill  or  rather 
ridge,  lophog,Xog,of,  in  which  these  caves  are  found  was 
covered  with  dwellings  and  that  dwellings  had  sprung 
up  on  its  west,  north,  and  east  sides,  all  of  which  formed 
a  portion  of  the  New  City  which  needwl  protwtion,  and 
whi«h  therefore  must  be  surrounded  by  the  massive  wall 
which  Agrippa  built.  This  fact  makes  it  impossible 
that  the  wall  should  have  gone  throiiffli  or  over  this 
ridge,  a  supposition  often  nmde  and  even  clain»e<l  as 
fact.  To  have  accomplished  its  purpose  this  wall  must 
have  gone  considerably  to  the  north  and  east  of  this 
Uezetha  ridge  as  we  have  laid  it  down  on  the  Plan. 

The  growth  of  the  city  around  this  hill  or  ridge,  as 
described  by  Josephus,  is  strikingly  illustrated  by  what 
is  taking  place  at  the  present  time.  A  considerable 
number  of  well-to-do  famili.'s,  chiefly  Mohammedans, 
have  left  their  n'sidences  in  the  town  and  lo<ate<l  them- 
selves in  this  very  region— namely,  to  the  north  and 
northeast  of  the  Bezetha  ridge,  now  called  the  Hill 
above  Jeremiah's  Orotto.  In  one  of  the  aciompanying 
photographs  is  shown  the  settlement  to  the  northeast  of 
the  ridge,  where,  in  1904,  there  were  twenty  flrst-tlass 
houses,  while  the  other  photograph  shows  the  group  to 
the  north  of  the  ridge,  where  the  number  of  houses  is 
about  the  same. 

Cave,  cavern,  or  cave  ns«><l  as  a  burial  place,  in  this 
passage,  do  not  meet  the  conditions  rwiuinnl  by  the  word 
"njyal,"  and  ore  out  of  the  question.  The  word  "royal" 
was  use«l  to  institute  a  contrast  lietween  the  Monuments 
of  Helena,  a  iK'tty  foreign  (lutMii,  and  those  of  Alexander, 
who  was  the  king  of  tlic  Jewish  nation.  The  ni<.numents 
of  Helena,  Hero<l  the  (Srent,  and  the  High  Priest  John, 
wen'  (lesignatiHl  by  the  t.'iui  mnrrmrion,  nvt)nfwy,  and 
«)  were  thost-  of  King  Alexander  in  the  only  place  where 


II 


V   I' 


\ 


60 


ANtnEXT  .lERrSALEM 


t\wy  are  certainly  nu'ntiomil.  A  wonl  of  hiw  lmportanc«» 
«-unnot  Im?  thoiiclit  of  hh  proiHT  to  uHWM-iate  with  the 
term  royal;  we  muMt  theref«>re  flmngt'  HiHctauHin  to 
mneemcion,  "cave"  to  "inonuinent."  Topography  and 
archarology  demand  that  the  Monuments  of  King  Alex- 
ander should  be  htcatetl  at  this  jMjiut,  ami  we  feel  con- 
fident that  JooephuH  referred  to  them  when  writing  thi» 
pHiwage : — "thence  pafwing  over  a^uiuHt  the  MonumentH 
of  Helena  .  .  .  and  continuing  right  along  paot  th** 
Royal  Monuments  to  the  Corner  Tower  where  it 
turned." 

This  account  of  the  Third  or  Agrippa's  Wall  needs  to 
be  8upplenjente<l  by  some  reference  to  the  northeast  cor- 
ner of  Jerusalem  and  the  wall  which  bounds  it  on  the 
east.  At  present  the  east  wall  of  the  Temple  area  is  «-on- 
tiuue<l  north  in  a  straight  line  to  the  corner  of  the  city; 
and  the  assumption  often  made  is  that  the  east  wall  of 
the  ancient  city  followed  this  line.  Almost  every  map 
lays  down  the  ancient  east  wall  in  this  manner,  although 
there  is  no  foundation  for  doing  so  and  it  is  certainly 
incorrect.  The  confusion  has  arisen  from  an  elTt»rt  to 
locate  Agrippa's  Wall  where  it  never  existed,  and  from  a 
failure  to  appreciate  Josephus'  stutements  about  the 
Kedron. 

The  following  facts  are  to  be  noted : — 

1.  In  Herwl's  time  the  north  wall  of  the  Temple  area 
and  the  north  wall  of  the  city  were  <me  and  (he  same. 

2.  Anything  projwting  north  of  this  line,  let  us  say 
north  of  an  east  and  west  line  drawn  lH'tw«H'ii  tli«>  Tower 
of  Autonia  and  the  northeast  corner  «)f  the  Temple 
area,  is  a  sul)se<|uent  addition. 

3.  The  valley  coming  down  through  tiie  city  from  the 
northwest,  not  p«'r<('ptil»le  now,  in  the  region  of  St. 
Stejdien'M  <!ate,  ami  running  und«'r  the  northeast  corner 
of  the  Temple  area,  was  called  "Kedi  on."  ( Se«'  Plan  in 
Chapter  XII.) 

4.  IIer«Ml  to  enlarge  the  Temple  arcji  linilt  across  it 
(that  is,  the  Kedron)  a  wall  which  was  raised  to  a  great 


1  i 


j 


\ 


■ 

f- 

7 

i                  ^ 

^  JtL 

EAST  FACE  OF  THE  WALL  N.  E.  CORNEK  OF  TEMPLE  AHEA 

Kooth  of  8t.  Stephen*  (ittr.  Orlxlndly,  there  wm  al  ihia  point  a  drrp  Tallejr,  the  wrstrni 
branch  of  the  Keilntn.  over  which  the  wall  waa  built.  Thi>  valley,  over  lOU  feet  deep, 
came  Uuwn  from  the  noithweat. 


NOUTIIK.VST  C'oUNKIt  <»K  TI!K  WALL  oK  THE  TEMPLE  AREA 

Faclni:  north.  Jui>t  aonlh  of  flt.  Nlrphin'e  (iate. 


ff  f 


THE   TUIUD  OH   AUIJIPPAS   WALL        51 

height  and  filled  in  on  the  inner  or  Temple  area  side. 
The  great  depression  on  the  outside  reniaiued  and  ex- 
isted during  the  siege.  In  that  region  the  ground  is  now- 
level  and  one  cannot  realize  that  the  bottom  of  this  val- 
ley is  over  one  hundnnl  feet  below  the  level  of  the  sur- 
face where  one  is  stau(Mng. 

5.  Agrippa's  Wall,  coming  from  a  northwesterly  direc- 
tion, cut  the  line  of  the  present  city  wall  a  little  east 
of  Herod's  Gate,  followed  the  brow  of  the  hill  (which 
slopes  eastward  towards  the  Kedron,  as  here  explained) 
southwards  to  the  Jewish  Tower,  a  well-known  object 
about  540  feet  west  of  St.  Stephen's  thite.  Agrippa's 
Wall  terminated  at  the  Old  Wall  and  at  the  Kedron. 
(See  Illustration  in  Chapter  XII.) 

G.  It  is  V  -y  necessary  to  bear  in  mind  that  up  to  the 
time  of  the  iege  and  for  many  centuries  subse<]uent  to 
that  event,  1  e  northeast  corner  of  the  city — that  is,  the 
slope  from  t  e  Kedron  (as  just  explained)  up  to  the 
present  city  wall — was  not  enclosed  by  a  wall  and  was 
no  part  of  Jerusalem. 

7.  It  is  a  great  mistake  to  suppose  that  the  entire 
plateau  north  of  the  present  city,  bounded  on  the  east 
and  "firth  by  the  so-calUnl  valley  of  Jehoshaphat,  was 
ever  enclostnl  by  a  wall.  This  was  never  true,  although 
some  writers  have  thought  so  and  have  even  sean-hcil  for 
a  wall  along  the  eastern  and  northern  edge  of  this 
plateau. 

8.  At  the  northeast  corner  of  the  Temple  area  the 
wall  of  Herod  is  still  intact,  both  the  east  face  where 
the  wall  runs  north  and  soutli  and  the  north  face  where 
the  wall  runs  cast  and  west  towanls  the  Tower  of  .\nto- 
nia.  Both  sMtions  api>ear  in  the  Illustrations.  I'rom 
this  point  the  wall  running  north  past  St.  Stepiien'sCiate 
to  the  corner  of  the  present  city  wall  shows  plainly  its 
composite  and  nKMlern  origin.  .\n  examination  of  the 
stones  of  which  it  is  composed  would  have  saved  many 
writers  fnmi  falling  into  serious  error. 

1).  .\fter   its  destruction   the   remains  of  Agrippa's 


■ 


r 


I 


r 


I  m 


53 


ANCIENT   JEKUSALEM 


Wall  lay  scattoretl  where  they  had  fallen,  i.e.  to  the 
west  of  the  present  wall  acroHS  the  Kedron  valley  an 
that  valley  is  deHt-rilieil  in  Chapter  XII.  Had  the  exist- 
ing  wall  been  built  immediately  or  within  a  reasonable 
time  after  its  destruction  we  should  exiHH-t  to  find  in  it 
a  large  proportion  of  Jewish  stones,  which  is  not  the 
case.  In  the  various  buildings  and  rebuildings  that 
went  on  in  that  part  i  the  city  between  the  time  of 
Titus  and  that  of  the  Crusaders  and  Arabs,  these  scat- 
tered stones  would  naturally  have  iK'en  usetl  up  in  dif- 
ferent ways,  and  we  should  not  expect  to  find  them,  or 
many  of  them,  in  a  wall  of  late  origin.  This  is  fully 
conflrme*!  by  the  remains.  When  the  trench  was  made 
the  stones  cut  out  would  at  once  b<'  placed  in  position 
and  we  should  expect  to  find  them  in  the  Iwttom  courses 
of  the  present  wall.  Precisely  this  is  the  case.  The 
trendies  when  excavaa'd  furnished  a  large  part  of  the 
stones  of  which  the  walls  enclosing  the  northeast  angle 
of  the  city  were  built.  Crusading  and  Arab  stones  form 
the  bulk  of  the  material :  there  are  in  the  north  wall  a 
few  examples  of  Hyzantine  work ;  but  the  admixture  of 
8' ones  of  the  Jewish  jXTiod  is  entirely  wanting  in  some 
8ei*tions,  and  very  small  in  others;  while  in  those  sec- 
tions where  any  considerable  number  of  them  exist, 
their  position  affords  a  singularly  striking  explanation 
of  the  reason  why  they  were  placed  as  we  find  them. 

10.  The  matter  of  the  walls  enclosing  the  northeast 
corner  of  the  city  and  the  trench  to  the  east  and  north  of 
the  same,  is  very  important  and  dewrves  a  can'fnl  and 
detailed  explanation.  Some  illustrations  and  measure- 
ments will  sen-e  to  make  it  clear. 

On  the  north  sid«' — that  is,  west  from  the  northeast 
corner — the  width  of  iiouttlng  for  themoa(  varies  from 
25  to  40  feet,  the  wi«lest  jwunt  being  near  the  old  cistern 
in  the  Ke<lron  valley  clos»'  to  tlie  north  wall.  In  the 
bottom  of  this  cistern  the  native  rock  apiM>ars,  showing 
that  it  was  nmde  in  the  sIojm'  facing  west  of  the  ridge 
through  which  the  moat  was  cut. 


VIEW  FROM  NORTHEAST  CORNER  OP  THE  CITY  WALL 

Looking  west,  showing  rock-cutting  and  moat;  now  a  road.  Between  the  towers  rock  scarp 

appears. 


FROM  THE  NOKTHKAST  COI^NKU  OK  WALL.  LooKIMJ  sol  TM 

For  'JOfi-i-t  lii^h  iintivf  nick  formic  tlif  baM>  of  flr»l  lowor.  Km-k-culiin::  Tor  tin-  iihwr  ;^>  ro 
*>  f*»t  wiclr.  Hotttim  itf  tin-  nioHt  ii«  now  ciiUivaCt'd.  Kiuiu  ihe  lop  on  whicU  tlie 
tower  »iaU(l«  thert'  art  ID  (-oiir(>i'i>  lu  Itie  top. 


I  1 


.  I 


t-:i 


h       I 


iin 


k 


il 


If  r 


StXONn  TOWEIl  AM)  SFX'OXn  SECTION  OF  NORTH  WALI, 

Wwt  from  the  N.  K.  cnrniT.    N»llTe  rock,  M-arpcd.  ipufan.    No  J«wiih  •tonn  In  tlw 
inwer,  and  none  In  tliv  lower  cuuraea  of  the  wall ;  a  lew  appear  In  aome  of  the  opper 

rotirpeii. 


NOKTIIKAST  COKNKU  OK  TIIK  CITY 

Part  of  the  tuwt-r  an<l  Hertiut     .(  wall  to  the  itontli.    Wall  renta  nn  native  rock.     Lower 
c>>iir»ix,  rnuill  Monis  rxcavatiil  from  the  niual.    In  llif  elevelilh  cuiirM  larjfe  Jewirli 

hi<ini'». 


TIIE   TUIHD  OK   AUIMPPA'S   WALL        53 

The  lay  of  the  riH.k  Ih  (|uite  uueven;  iK-niiiiiiiijj  with 
the  rorner  tower  underneath  which  tiie  riK-k  on  which  it 
rcHtH  iH  not  now  visilde,  and  guma  west  towanlH  the  (dd 
cistern,  the  outline  of  tlie  nnk  iH  repreuentetl  hy  10,  12, 
18,  12,  and  8  feet  aUive  the  level  of  the  pn'wnt  road. 
The  distance  from  the  «-orner  to  the  oUl  cistern  is  about 
BOO  feet.  In  the  corner  tower  there  are  no  Hebrew 
stones,  with  the  exception  of  ten  or  twelve  in  its  sijuth 
face.  The  towers  to  the  west  have  no  Hebrew  stones. 
The  new  stones  are  plainly  shown  in  the  Illustrations. 
In  the  first  section  of  wall  west  of  the  corner  there  are 
a  few  Hebrew  stones  in  the  bottom  course'  on  the  rock ; 
this  is  the  e.xception;  the  rule  is  that  no  Hebrew  stones 
are  found  in  the  lower  courses  on  the  north  side;  they 
appear,  if  at  all,  in  the  uppermost  courses  as  a  kind  of 
top  dressing. 

The  rock  scarp  and  the  wall  together  make  a  wall 
of  considerable  heipht,  but  in  no  part  are  there  many 
courses  of  stone.  In  the  section  west  of  the  corner  there 
are  twelve,  in  that  just  s<»uth  «>f  the  corner  tliere  are 
fifteen,  and  on  the  rock  where  the  first  tower  south  of 
the  corner  appears  as  in  the  Illustraticm,  there  are  but 
ten  courses.  The  rock  itself  under  that  tower  is  20  feet 
high. 

The  moat  on  the  east  side  from  the  corner  goinj? 
south :  the  first  swtion  app«»ars  in  the  Illustration.  All 
the  lower  coiirses  are  made  of  new  stones  and  tlien'  are 
no  Jewish  stones  till  the  eleventh  course,  the  fifth  from 
tin-  top,  which  is  com]N)s(Hl  of  large  .Tewish  stctnes.  This 
moat  on  the  east  side  varies  from  ;«)  to  40  feet  in  width. 
The  rock  on  which  the  wall  rests  also  varies  much,  being 
represente«l,  going  south  from  the  corner,  by  8.  20,  10, 
1.'),  and  17  feet,  at  the  points  measured,  the  highest  part 
being  shown  in  the  first  tower  on  the  right  in  the  Illus- 
tration of  this  moat.  The  length  of  the  cutting  for  the 
moat  on  the  east  is  not  far  from  400  f(>ct ;  the  depth 
cannot  be  precisely  determined,  as  it  lias  been  tillcHl  to 
s«m»e  extent  with  rubbish.     As  the  moat  goes  south  it 


H 


54 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


becomes  shallower  betause  the  ridge  drops  to  the  sonth- 
east. 

The  stones  in  the  towers  on  the  north  and  east  sides 
are  all  new.  They  are  the  same  kind  of  stone  as  the 
rock  of  the  moat  whence  they  were  cut.  It  is  apparent 
that  the  plan  of  the  wall  was  first  made,  then  the  rock 
was  cleared  and  scarpinl  foundations  cut  on  which  the 
towers  were  to  stand,  and  as  the  stones  were  excavate*! 
the  towers  were  built;  after  that  all  the  bottom  courses 
were  laid  of  the  new  stone,  and  as  the  workmen  neared 
the  top  Jewish  stones  were  brought  across  the  valley 
(from  the  west)  and  placed  in  the  upper  courses  as  we 
now  find  them. 

Bezetha  was  a  ridge,  very  long  from  northwest  to 
southeast.  Curiously  enough  this  ridgo  towards  the 
north  does  not  flatten  out  into  a  plain,  but  ends  abruptly, 
as  everybody  knows  who  remembers  the  shape  of  the 
ground  where  the  Mohammedan  cemetery  now  is. 

East  of  this  ridge  was  a  valley,  the  Kedron  as  already 
described,  and  east  of  that  another  ridge  through  which 
the  moat  was  cut.  This  ridge  starts  from  the  flat  laud 
to  the  north  and  runs  down  to  the  southeast,  ending 
originally  in  a  point  just  east  of  St.  Stephen's  (late. 
The  moat  east  of  the  city  running  north  and  south  cuts 
this  ridge  obliquely.  The  slope  of  this  ridge  facing  the 
west,  now  enclo8e<l  and  forming  the  northeast  part  of 
the  city  as  we  know  it,  iras  no  part  of  Jirumlrm  in 
ancient  timcx. 


CHAPTER  V 


THE  TOWER  PSEPHINU8 

luxation— Form-Olyect—Relati,m  to  Titua'  Military  Road  and 
Hid  Camp  No.  1 

The  Tower  Pwphinim  Ht<MNl  at  the  northwp«t  corner  lurfnr 
of  the  Third  Wall— that  ih,  at  the  extreme  northwest  *»•?"•«• 
corner  of  the  «ity.  The  Thinl  Wall,  oniinencinK  »♦  Hip- 
pIcuH,  extended  in  u  northerly  direction  (not  arktoii, 
arpxroK,  which  might  ni(>an  utraifiht  north,  hut  borvion 
klima.  fiofittoy  MXtfia,  nnrthvrlji  d'tnvtion)  uh  far  as  this 
tower,  and  turned  thence  in  an  «'a8*'jrly  direction 
(V.  iv,  2). 

It  may  he  repeated  that  when  Titus  left  his  camp  at 
the  castle  to  make  his  ret-onnaissii  nee  of  Jerusalem  he 
went  alonji  a  direct  road  leading  to  the  city  on  the 
north  side  till  near  the  Monuments  of  Helena  or  the 
Tomhs  of  the  Kings,  and  turne«l  off  to  the  right  and 
went  towards,  pron,  npoi,  the  Tower  Pst'phinus  (V. 
il.  2). 

After  his  military  road  was  completed,  Titus  moved 
from  Hcopus  and  fornuil  two  other  cjwnps.  as  has  Ikh-u 
mentioned,  in  iM-tti-r  position  for  active  work,  one  of 
which  was  alMiut,  homn.oaor,  two  furlongs  from  Pseph- 
inus,  where  the  wall  turns  from  facing  north  to  facing 
west  (V.  iii.  5). 

The  form  of  this  tower  was  octagonal  (  \.  iv.  3).  We 
do  not  know  that  it  was  built  for  defence,  and  it  phiynl 
no  part  in  the  sic'ge  of  the  city  eitiier  offensively  or 
defensively.  U  served  iis  a  IniHlinark.  and  in  this  re- 
spect it  certainly  was  the  most  conspicuous  ol»j»H't  in 


all 


It 


Judea. 
affordtMl 


an  extensive  view  towanls  .Vrabia  in  the 
59 


:U 


I!    i* 


LOCATION  OF  THE  TOWER  PSEPHINL'S 


THE   TOWER   P8EPHINU8 


67 


«ii»t  and  towardn  the  Meiliterranran  in  the  west,  and 
was  a  Ronrce  of  laudable  pride  to  the  inhabitantH  of 
Jerumlem.  An  has  b^-t-n  naid,  the  highest  available 
ground  was  rhosen  for  itM  site. 

The  tower  at  Ramleh,  the  present  structure  dating 
fnMn  the  Crusading  period,  and  the  Uussian  tower 
on  tlie  Mount  of  Olives  (1886-1890),  are  well-known 
examples  Illustrating  the  purpose  of  the  Tower  Pseph- 
inus  at  Jerusalem  in  the  first  century  o'    nr  era. 


ft 


I 


THE  KIKST  AN'I)  SECOND  CAMI'S  OK  TITIS 


>'-  i 


=  1 


2g 

pi 

<  I 

21 


CHAPTER  VI 

THE  CAMPS  OF  TITUS 
/.   West  of  Paephinm-II.  Inside  Agrippa' a  Wall 

THE  campH  of  Titns  are  well  dofincHl.    F„r  the  first.  c«.p.,f 
he  choHe  the  hiphest  jrniund  around  Jerusalem      This  "'" 
had  long  before  Iw-en  chosen  hj  the  Jews  for  their  eele- 
brattHl    Tower   Psephinus.   and    this    location   at   once 
attractwl  the  attention  of  the  Honian  general.     It  was 
two  furlongs  from  the  corner  <.f  the  First  or  Agrippa's 
^^all,  where  this  bent  from  facing  north  to  facing  west 
From  the  northwest  corner  of  this  wall  its  position  was 
to  the  west,  for  the  re.-.son  that  both  to  the  north  and  to 
the  south  of  that  point  the  ground  is  lower. 

This  was  Titus'  permanent  camp  throughout  the 
siege,  and  may  Ik-  called  Camp  No.  1  (  V.  iii.  »). 

After  the  First  Wall  was  take  ii.  "Titus  transferred  his 
oamp  to  a  place  within  the  wall  .styled  the  'Camp  of  the- 
As.syrian8'  "  (V.  vii.  3).  (For  Tamp  of  the  Assyrians, 
see  Chapter  XII. )  Ills  entire  camp  was  not  transferred 
to  this  new  site,  but  only  his  jwrsonal  part  of  it.     For.— 

(1)  There  was  no  necessity  for  i.ioving  the  entire 
camp. 

(2)  He  had  with  him  at  least  two  legions,  and  the 
great  number  of  men  would  be  a  sericms  obstacle  to  mov- 
ing the  camp  in  a  bcnly. 

(3 )  High  ground  and  a  very  high  tower  are  great  iind 
siM'cial  aidvantages  in  military  operations,  and  these 
Titus  had  in  Psephinus  and  the  high  grcmnd  about  it. 
These  advantages  hc>  woiil.l  not  be  likely  to  abandon. 

(4)  After  the  city  was  captured  and  Titus  wished  to 
c-ompliment  and  reward  bis  soldiers,  he  "had  a  sj.a.ious 
tribumil  erected   in  the  centre  of  his  former  encamp- 


60 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


ment,"  whence  he  delivered  an  address  to  his  army 
(VII.  i.  2).  (For  Tribunal,  see  Chapter  XXVI 1 1.)  This 
was  no  other  than  Camp  No.  1,  on  the  high  ground  near 
Paephinus.  Here  was  ample  space  for  the  whole  army 
to  assemble,  whereas  the  Camp  of  the  Assyrians,  cer- 
tainly the  region  about  it,  was  covered  with  stones  and 
the  d^fbris  of  a  ruined  city. 

(5)  That  Camp  No.  2  was  for  himself  and  not  for 
the  two  legitms  and  all  the  rest  of  the  force  that  com- 
prise<l  Camp  No.  1,  is  confirmed  by  the  statement  in 
V.  xii.  2,  that  Camp  No.  2  was  "where  his  own  tent  was 
pitched." 


■   I 


e      i 


CHAPTEIJ  VII 
THE  FIRST  OR  OLD  WALL 

Shape  of  Hill  Controls  Its  Course— Relation  to  Aqueduct  -Siloam 
a  Wall  of  lia  Own 

"The  First  Wall  Itegan  on  the  north  at  the  tower  ih.rimor 
talle<l  Hippitus  (near  the  present  Jaffa  <lat<'),  ran  ""*'*' 
east  to  the  Xystus,  forniwl  a  junction  there  with  the 
Council  House,  and  terminated  at  the  western  colon- 
nade of  the  Temple.  On  tlie  w«'st  side,  Iteginuiu},'  at  the 
same  tower,  it  stretched  through  Bethso,  as  it  is  styled, 
to  the  tJate  of  the  Essenes.  It  then  turned  and  ad- 
vanced with  a  southern  asiH'ct  abov»'  the  Fountain  of 
Siloam,  whence  it  again  inclincHl  facing  the  east  towards 
Solomon's  Heservoir,  and  extending  to  a  siM)t  designate*! 
Ophla  it  joined  the  eastern  colonnade  of  tlie  Temple" 
(V.  iv.  2). 

Of  the  three  famous  towers,  Ilippicus,  Pluisjielus,  and 
Mariaiiine,  Ilippicus  stood  fartlu-sJ  to  the  west,  nearest 
the  present  Jaffa  (}at«'.  The  north  wall  of  the  Tppi-r 
City  began  at  this  tower  and  terminated  at  the  east 
end  of  the  ancient  Causeway,  as  indicitted  on  the  Plan 
between  the  points  niarkcl  X  and  X.  The  west  wall 
of  the  Upper  City  iM'gan  at  the  ssime  tower  and  ran 
towards  Rishop  (lobafs  Stliool  on  Mimnt  Zion.  Centu- 
ries later  the  Third  or  Agrippa's  Wall  Iw'gau  at  the 
same  tower  and  ran  in  a  northwest  dire«-tiou. 

This  Old  Wall  had  s|K'cial  advantages  in  its  situation, 
l»eing  cm  the  brow  of  a  hiil  which  had  ravines  on  all 
sides.  It  was  also  sirongly  built.  This  is  practically 
the  language  of  Josephus,  and  the  statement  of  a  his- 
torian should  be  accepted  as  true  unless  ther«'  is  jtroof 
that  he  is  in  error.    This  remark  is  made  because  there 

61 


I 


) 


u 


TIIK  Fin-^r  (IK  OLD  WALL 


J 


J 


THE    FIK8T  OK   OLD   WALL  63 

are  writers  who  doubt  or  deny  Iuh  UHMertionH.  For  the 
present  we  nee«l  say  only  that  the  ravines  still  exist,  the 
brow  of  the  bill  can  still  be  pointed  out,  and  portions 
of  the  wall  can  be  traced. 


The  aqueduct  which  runs  around  the  south  side  of  itbtinef 
modern  Zion  may  have  no  actual  relation  to  the  Old  SSJ^IS'* 
Wall  on  that  side  of  Jerusalem,  still  they  sivm  to  follow 
each  other  as  though  it  were  by  design.  The  situation 
of  the  wall  on  the  brow  of  the  hill  and  the  relation  of 
the  aqueduct  to  it  can  hanlly  be  realize«l  by  one  walkinp 
over  this  n^ion.  A  better  way,  therefore,  is  to  go  to 
the  south  side  of  the  Uinuom  valley  and  look  back  to 
this  slope  of  Zion.  For  a  general  view  of  the  eastern 
part  of  this  region  the  best  point  is  the  top  of  the  present 
wall,  a  little  to  the  east  of,  or  dinntly  over,  the  Dang 
Gate. 

Beginning  under  Bishop  (Jobat's  School,  just  below 
the  Lower  1Vm>1  of  Oihon  (Rirket  es  Hultan),  round  to 
the  region  of  Hobinsons  Arch  or  to  the  Causeway,  there 
were  4,000  feet  of  aque<luct. 

The  (}re«-k  of  the  passage  V.  iv.  2  seems  fairly  simple,  Coomtfoid 
still  not  a  little  dep«'nds  ufton  the  translation  of  it.    The  ^uHdJUik"* 
mention  of  SiliMuii  in  it  has  U^l  to  w)me  <-onfusion.    The 
translation  we  have  chiefly  followwl  is  that  of  Traill, 
whose  work  is  generally  excellent. 

Whiston  gives  the  sense  remarkably  well,  in  fart 
exactly.— "having  its  bemling  above  the  fountain  of 
Silojun,  wlnTc  it  also  l)ends  again  towards  the  east." 
Traill's  rendering  of  the  siM<m<l  verb.  "incline«l  facing 
the  cHNt."  must  be  changed.  The  word  n-iiderinl  "In- 
<liiic<r'  nieauN  lo  bend,  io  bend  away  towards  some- 
thing, in  this  case  to  the  <'ast  to  Solomon's  IJesenoir. 

Siloiim  and  the  wall  li.xl  rcjilly  no  connection.  Si- 
loam  is  used  like  the  MonniiK  nts  of  Kinsi  Alexander,  (he 
Tower  P.si'phinus.  and  some  other  ol.j..<ts  about  .lenisa- 
Icm.  sjmjdy  as  a  landmark.     The  wall  was  850  or  400 


64 


ANCIENT  JEUU8ALEM 


yanln  above,  <ivep,  huprr,  virip,  thv  fountain,  and  otber- 
wiHe  than  uh  an  indk-ation  of  liM-ulity  they  had  nothing 
to  do  with  inich  other.  The  wall  be^an  at  HippicuH  and 
ended  at  the  eaHtern  colonnade  of  tlie  Temple.  It  went 
around  by  the  ttouth,  following;  the  brow  of  the  hill. 

At  flrat  it  faeed  the  west  to  a  given  point ;  after  that 
it  did  not  run  in  a  Htraight  line,  but  in  general  it  had 
a  Houtherly  UHpiH-t  until  it  made  the  first  bend  over 
Hiloam ;  from  that  turning  it  practically  faced  the  i>aMt 
for  a  Khort  distance  uh  far  an  the  nrcond  In-nd ;  its  courne 
thence  was  east  to  its  end.  ThiH  Im  the  meaning  of  the 
Greek. 

In  another  paHsage  where  thia  wall  is  mentioned  a8 
being  in  the  control  of  Hiniou,  X.  vi.  1,  it  is  detK-ribe<i  as 
"bending  eastward  from  Hiloam,"  a/to,  ano.  This  is  the 
second  bending,  when»-e  "it  descended  to  the  Palace  of 
MonolmzuH."  A  brief  but  excellent  description  of  the 
wall  in  this  part,  the  two  imssages  confirming  each 
other. 


Wall  of  Pool 

OfUltWB 


All  the  historical  evidence  we  have  shows  that  the 
I'ool  of  Hiloam  had  a  wall  of  its  own.  No  reason  or 
explanation  is  given,  but  it  is  stated  as  a  fact.  This  is 
menti<med  as  early  as  Nehemiah,  who  sptniks  of  "the  wall 
of  Kiloah  where  was  the  King's  Oarden"  (iii.  15).  In 
describing  the  Old  or  First  Wall  in  its  course  south  of 
the  city,  Sibuim  is  uhihI  us  a  landmark.  The  wall  ran 
from  llippicus  round  by  the  south  to  the  Palace  of 
Monobazus,  which  was  situated  lietwt>en  Ophel  and  the 
valley  near  the  pn'wnt  Dung  Gate;  in  one  place  it  is 
said  that  "it  b(>nt  over,  A i(/M>r,u)r«p,  Hiloam,"  and  in 
another  that  "it  iK'nt  eastward  from,  «/»'>,  ano,  Hiloam." 
"Apo"  meanH  from  the  vicinity  of.  There  were  two 
bendings  of  the  wall  alMive  Hiloam,  350  or  40(>  yards  dis- 
tant from  the  fountain.  In  another  place  Josephus,  in 
addressing  the  Jews  on  the  nmtter  of  surrender  to  the 
Uonians,  referring  to  the  abuntlance  of  water  at  <me 
time  and  to  the  scarcitv  of  it  at  aniither,  says,  "Hiloam 


THE    FIK8T   OR   OLD   WALL 


63 


and  all  the  fountainH  outHidv  the  city  faili'd"  (V.  iv.  '2; 
vi.  1 ;  ix.  4).  Khmii  t\wm'  data  two  intcnmtiuK  factn  are 
inad«'  f-ertaia:  (1)  that  tluH  fouutain  waH  out«i<|.'  (he 
cit^-,  and  (2)  that  it  wan  Hui-rouud(Hl  by  n  wall  iiariug 
DO  i-ountH-tion  with  any  «ity  wall. 

Some  writern  nim-wnt  a  wall  runniii;;  down  from 
BiHhop  Oobat'H  HtduMil  towards  Kilouui,  thence  around 
Siloani  to  the  south  and  east  of  it  and  goin;;  north 
towards  the  Temple  area.  If  the  wall  ran  as  this  would 
indicate,  and  after  iKiHHing  Hiloam  on  the  south  turned 
sharply  to  the  n«»rth,  the  words  of  .ToM>phus  "iH'ut  east- 
wards alrove,  over,  or  from  Siloam,"  would  have  no 
meaning;  for  a  wall  that  runs  from  west  to  east  and,  at 
a  given  i)oint,  turns  a  right  angle  and  runs  north  «annot 
Ik*  said  "to  l)end  eastward."  MoriH)ver,  a  wall  from 
Bishop  Oobat's  School  to  Siloam  would  descend  a  very 
Htwp  hill.  In  1,200  feet  the  drop  would  be  400  feet,  or 
one  foot  in  three.  Such  a  wall  has  no  supiMirt  from 
JosephuB;  uu  the  contrary,  his  testimony  contradicts  it. 


^;m\^;\\S^ 


LINK  OK  SKtTlo.N  TIIIiOlCH  I5KTIISU 


li  «^    I 


rHAPTKIt  VIII 

BETH80 

Hebrew  Bethziir-Jiink  Fort rtM—L>»rit ion 

TllK    Fir«t   or   OliI   Wall   on    the   west   «if  the  «itv.  Brttao-tht 
nfhT  HtartiiiK  Hontliwar.1  from  llippi.us.  w.-nt  thrtmnh  ■**'"*~» 
Mt'Hiw.,  .Tow'phuM  a<liliiiK  a  v.'iv  •  omiiion  formula,  "so 
calU-*!"  (V.  iv.  :,').    Thin  m.aiis  thai  tht-  pla.r  wa«  well 
known  to  the  .lewM. 

Two  hundrwl  .years  ([Missihlv  somethinji  lesw)  l»efore 
him  the  BiMiks  of  the  .Mar.al»,^.H  mention  several  times 
a  plaee,  Hathsura  or  Uethsnra,  which  plaveil  an  im|Mtrt- 
ant  part  in  the  .Mae<alK'an  wars.  A  few  of  thes<'  ref- 
••renees  are  unmistakaltly  to  J.-rnsjilem.  For  example, 
it  is  sni<l,  in  1  .Mae.  vi.  lM!,  "The  San.  tuar.v  (T.-mpie) 
ami  Hethsura  were  fort itied.  and  the  Tower  (Aera»  was 
iM'sii'fied." 

I)es«iters  from  the  Jews  to  Antioeluis  rejMirted  to 
him  that  Judas  .Maeealieus  had  don<' and  was<h»iu;;  this, 
meaning:  that  there  was  im-ipicnt  ..r  aetual  reliellion 
Hftainst  his  authority.  Hut  the  statement  becomes  a 
confused  jundde  unless  these  ihri-e  (Mtints  l»«.lon«  to 
J«'rusalem,— the  Tempi*',  the  A<ra.  and  the  Fortr<'ss  on 
the  southwest  hill,  m<M|ern  Zion,  which  Josephns  <alls 
"Hetliso." 

A-ain,  it  is  said  -1  .Mac  vi.  4S-.-.1— that  Antiochus 
(theyouHKen  atta.ked  Jeru.silem;  Methsura  was  taken 
and  a  fjarrison  placed  in  it;  hut  the  Temple  resisttnl  a 
Ion;;  time.  It  is  dear,  then,  that  these  places  helon^'eil 
to  the  city.  Prolialdy  Hethsura,  in  one  or  more  other 
passa^'es.  should  be  referred  to  Jerusalem. 

The  word  Hethso  is  the  llelirew  "Itethzur."  and  means 
"House  of  the  IJock,"  or  "|{ock  Fortres.s."    The  point  is 

67 


maocorr  nxxunoN  tbt  omit 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


_jj     /APPLIED  IM^GE    In 

^^         "655   Eos'.   Moin   Street 

r*.S  »oc»iMteT,    Hvm    York  14609        USA 

(716)  482  -  03OO  -  Phone 

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BETHSO 


69 


at  Bishop  Oobat's  ii^c-huol,  a  ui08t  admirable  situation 
for  such  a  purpow. 

If  we  take  away  the  present  buildings  and  remove  the 
debris  where  the  buildings  stand,  the  rock  itself  would 
look  formidable.  If  we  ereet  a  fortress  on  the  top  of 
those  roi'ks,  the  hill  and  its  castle  would  look  very 
formidable  and  could  appropriately  be  described  as  a 
"Kock  Fortress." 

This  would  command  the  region  to  the  south,  for  there 
is  no  doubt  that  across  the  Plain  of  Itephaim  the  enemy 
sometimes  caiue,  as  Absalom  came  when  he  drove  his 
father  David  from  Jerusiilem. 

The  View  here  given  is  looking  north  from  a  point 
nearly  southwest. 

In  reality  it  seems  almost  unnecessary  to  discuss  the 
site  of  Bethsura.  In  2  Mac.  xi.  5  the  distance  of  Beth- 
sura  from  Jerusalem  is  given  as  5  furlongs  or  3,030 
feet;  and  between  the  Citadel  of  Jerusalem  at  the  Holy 
Sepulchre  and  the  ancient  castle  at  Bishop  Gobat's 
School  the  distance  is  exactly  3,000  feet.  We  have  in 
1  Mac.  vi.  2r>,  as  already  quoted,  ihe  three  main  features 
of  the  city,  namely,  the  Temple,  Acra,  and  Bethsura. 


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I 


IN  THE  MOAT  SOUTH  OF  THE  CASTLE  OF  DAVID 

Tbe  ouin  rock  tppean,  Uluairatlng  Jowphun'  sutement  Ihat  Herod's  tbrce  tow  era  it  thia  poiDt 
were  Hituated  on  a  rocky  bluff. 


CHAPTER  IX 
THE  TOWERS  HIPPICUS,  PHASAELUS.  MARIAMNE 

Mebuilt  by  Herod  the  Great-Needed  to  Defend  Jerusalem  on 
North  aiid  \Ve»t 

The  three  towers  Ilippitus,  Phasaelus,  and  Mari-  Hmd'sOrM 
amne,  whiih  IleiiKl  the  (Imit  bad  \avy:,i'\y  rebuilt  aud 
named  for  the  three  imthohh  whose  memory  was  dearest 
to  him,  bis  friend,  bis  brotlier,  and  bis  wife,  are  de- 
seribed  by  Josepbus  at  unusual  length  (V.  iv.  3,  4),  as 
though  they  Avere  objects  of  national  pride. 

Their  situation,  their  strengtb,  the  magnitude  of  the 
stones  of  which  they  were  Imilt,  their  cloisters,  and 
apartments  that  were  royally  furnished,  all  come  in 
for  praise.  Titus  is  reported  to  have  Iwen  greatly 
impressed  by  their  size  and  strength,  and  to  have 
declared  that  no  engines  could  have  battered  them 
down  (VI.  ix.  1). 

These  towers  were  near  one  another;  they  all  be- 
longtHl  to  the  Old  or  First  Wall,  and  Ilippicus  stood 
farthest  to  the  west.  Hippicus  is  mentioned  in  con- 
nection with  Psephinus,  as  though  these  two  objects 
especially  would  strike  the  eye  of  the  beholder  approach- 
ing the  city  from  a  westerly  direction. 

"The  ancient  wall  In  which  they  were  built  was  itself 
on  a  high  hill.  This  rose  to  a  sort  of  crest  on  which  the 
towers  stood"  (V.  iv.  4).  Their  magnitude  was  thus 
enhanced  in  appearance  by  their  position.  (See  Section 
Plan.) 

On  the  south  side  of  the  present  Castle  where  the  moat 
ends  by  turning  eastward  towards  the  city,  the  natural 
rock  appears.  One  standing  at  the  angle  of  this  trench, 
facing  the  «ity,  sees  the  rock  high  up  on  the  right-hand 
side  under  the  wall.    ( See  Illustration. ) 

On  the  north  side  of  the  Castle  is  the  trench  or  moat, 

71 


1 

t' 

1 

1  - 

Ir 

i       t 

■  t 

i  m 

)  i 

a 

n 


i 


Hi 


OLD  WALL  NORTH  OF  ZIOX  AND  THE  T0\VP:RS  IIIPPICUS. 
PllASAELLS,  AND  MAUIAMNE 


IIIPPICl  H,   PUAHAELLH,   MAKIAMNE       73 

partly  filled  in  1H»8  for  tin*  m-w  ontrume  to  the  city, 
the  Iwttt.ni  of  whith  may  have  Ikh-ii  lower  thuu  it  in 
now.  To  the  uortheunt  uml  vant,  where  the  roiul  h<h'h  up 
to  the  BarraikH,  we  know  that  the  (lehriH  iH  '20  and 
in  Home  plaeen  40  feet  (ht'p. 

It  eannot  Ik'  deniinl,  therefore,  that  the  rambling 
strueture  which  In  calhnl  the  Cantle  of  David  ntands  oa 
a  rocky  bhiflf  or  crcHt  of  a  hill,  which  st.HMl  out  pr.mi- 
inently  and  iar  more  conHpicuouKly  than  it  ap|H'ar8  at 
prewnt,  although  not  iwdated  from  the  land  to  the 
south  of  it.  Every  known  fa.t  al»oHt  the  ground  here 
confirmH  JoHephus*  language. 

From  the  top  of  the  CuMtle  t«.  the  b<»ttom  of  the  trench 
at  the  «»uthwe8t  corner,  the  height  is  130  or  more  feet, 
and  its  appearance  in  formidable  when  one  thinkw  of  the 
possibility  of  taking  the  Castle  by  hand. 

See  Chapter  XXIX.  for  Plan,  showing  the  three  tow- 
ers as  they  would  appi-ar  to  one  approaching  Jerusalem 
from  the  west,— at  the  northwest  corner  (later  Pseph- 
inus),  at  the  Jaffa  (Sate,  and  at  Bishop  (Jobat's  School. 

It  nH:y  Ik?  added  that  under  the  projK'rty  of  the  Ix)n- 
don  Society  for  Propagating  Christianity  Amongst  the 
Jews,  about  50  feet  south  of  the  entrance  to  the  Castle 
and  30  feet  east  of  the  moat,  there  is  a  cistern  42  fe«'t 
deep.  This  is  made  in  what  was  in  an«ient  times  a  val- 
ley. Also  under  the  American  (V)nsulate.  which  stands 
on  the  corner  of  David  strwt  and  the  street  leading  up 
to  the  Barracks,  on  its  south  side,  there  is  a  cistern 
which  is  35  feet  deej).  Its  distance  east  of  the  moat  is 
00  feet.  When  a  portion  of  tills  corner  building  was 
repaired  a  few  years  since  the  workmen  dug  down 
through  «lebris  about  30  feet  without  finding  rock. 
These  facts  help  to  confirm  the  tlu-ory  that  on  the  east 
of  the  Castle  there  was  originally  a  valley,  and  that 
David  street  is  over  a  valh'y  wbi<h  was  the  Tyrop<>an 
of  Josephus.  From  looking  at  the  surface  of  the  ground 
one  cannot  realize  the  contour  of  this  region  as  it  was  iu 
ancient  times. 


i!« 


THE  HILLS  OP  JEIUS \LEM.    THE  TYROPEAN 


CHAPTEH  X 

THE  HILL8  OF  JERUSALEM 

Really  Fiit,  nlthoiiyh  Four  l'»ually  Mt-nUoHed-Comi^lM  the 
^'J'"",Tf.  "■f,"'"  <''*'y~'J'yr»l»-it>,,  and  Uuug  Gate,  Uhuh 
Should  Be  Changed  to   •Milk  Gate' 

In  popular  HptHvli  four  IiUIh  aiv  ri'ckc.n*'.!  to  Jerusa  miuof  j.n.. 
leiii,— Zioii,  Moriah,  A<ia,  and  Hi'zt'tlia.  Rut  for  tlu"  ••'*" 
iity  prop«'r,  that  \h,  witlxait  <<Mintiiijj  tli.-  T.'uiplf  rid^'*-. 
JoHi.phuN  mentioiiH  tw.H-namcly.  tliat  on  wlii(!i  tlu- 
rpp«'r  Cit.v  KtoiMl,  known  at  that  time  also  as  the  Cppt-r 
Markct-phuv,  identical  witli  n.od.rn  Zi.m,  and  to  th.- 
north  of  this  a  half  moon  shajM-d  hill  concav.-  wlu-n 
IcM.ktHl  at  from  the  east,  on  which  was  built  the  Lower 
City  or  Acra. 

Throughout  his  history  these  d.istinctiouH  are  always 
maintained,  and  the  Leyels  that  haye  l.e«'n  ascertaininl 
in  recent  years  justify  the  statem.-nts  as  to  the  existence 
and  shajie  of  these  two  hills  (  V.  iy.  1 ). 

JowphuH  {A,ili<i.,  XV.  xi.  5)  affirms  tiiat  this  western 
part  of  the  city  when  hn.ked  at  fn.m  the  Tomple  area 
appearetl  "like  a  theatre."  If  one  sto<Kl  on  the  Tenjple 
area  and  l(M»k<Hl  west  towards  the  Jaffa  ( Sate  he  would 
l(M)k  oyer  and  across  the  Lower  Market,  which  was  a 
hasin  now  filled  and  known  as  the  JIuristan.  On  the 
south  would  ri.xe  the  slope  of  mcMlern  Zion;  to  the  west 
the  region  about  the  Jaffa  (Jate;  anil  to  the  nortli  the 
Acra  ridfie.  To  all  the  re<;ion  north  of  tlu'  Zion  sIojh' 
the  name  Acra  was  api)lied.  When  this  circle  of  hills 
or  hijrh  lan<l  was  coyered  with  houses  the  app<'arance  of 
the  whole  would  be  "theatre-sluUK'd"  jirecisely  as  Jose- 
I)lms  describes  it.  The  ascertained  Levels  show  this,  but 
it  is  not  sjiecially  ap)>ar(>nt  to  the  eye.  It  can  be  better 
appreciate*!  by  a  jilance  at  the  (hound  Plan  of  this  part 

75 


h 


!  11 


M 


I 


!i. 


IIALF-MOON  SHAPED  HIM,  ON  WHICH  ACRA  STOOD 


•inn  toward  the  temple. 


THE   HILLS  OF  JERUSALEM  77 

of  the  city  as  given  in  C'liapter  XXXVIIL  The  aeconi- 
punyiug  diagram  will  serve  to  illustrate  the  lase  more 
fully.  It  is  not  likely  that  Joseplms  intended  to  say 
that  the  resemblante  was  perfect,  but  only  general, 
which  is  certainly  true.  Bezetha,  the  "fourth  hill" 
of  Josephus,  is  described  eLsewhere.  (See  Chapter 
XIX.) 

Opposite  to  Acra  was  a  third  hill  separated  from  it 
hy  a  broad  valley.  The  addition  of  a  single  word,  broad, 
plat  lilt,  nXarvf,  is  significant  and  not  to  be  overlooke«l. 
We  have  here,  as  freipiently  elsewhe:"  ,  the  indefinite 
Greek  word  antikni,  avrtxpv,  opposite,  but  as  the 
ground  is  familiar  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  hill 
meant  is  the  one  where  the  Tower  of  Antcmia  stood,  the 
present  Barracks  north  of  the  Temple  area. 

The  two  hills,  bearing  respectively  the  Upper  City  Tiw  Tyrop«u» 
and  Lower  City,  were  separated  by  a  valley  called  the 
Tyropean.  Doubt  has  been  expressed  by  some  writers 
where  this  valley  should  run;  but  to  locate  it  anywhere 
else  than  between  the  Upper  and  Lower  Cities  is  to 
contradict  the  statement  of  Josephus. 

How  this  name  came  to  be  applied  to  this  valley  is 
not  known.  The  word  does  not  mean  "Chec>se-mongers," 
as  it  is  sometimes  rendered  in  translations  of  Josephus, 
but  "Cheese-makers."  There  was  a  distinct  word  for 
cheese-market,  and  another  for  cheese-selling  or  seller. 
The  word  has  no  connection  with  milk,  or  with  the  word 
for  milk,  gala,  yaXa.  It  means  only  ch(H'.se-makers. 
Cheese  cannot  be  made  without  milk  from  cows  or  goats ; 
but  there  is  here  no  hint  of  milk,  market,  or  anything  of 
the  kind. 

It  is  supposed  that  there  existtnl  on  the  south  of  Zion 
a  Dung  Ciate,  and  that  here  on  the  nctrth  of  Zion  the 
business  of  making  (hcese  went  on.  Zion  was,  however, 
the  place  of  fine  resiih-nces ;  at  least  three  royal  or 
priestly  palaces  stood  there.  It  was  occupied  by  wealthy 
citizens;  how  could  this  class  have  allowed  a  Dung  (Jate 


78 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


on  one  side  of  them  and  a  lot  of  cheese  factories  on  the 
other  side? 

But  may  we  not  suppose  that  the  cheese-makers  as  a 
class,  a  fjuikl,  livetl  there  ami  did  their  work  elsewhere? 
This  is  iwssible.  There  must  have  been  a  large  number 
of  them  to  have  given  a  name  to  an  important  valley 
in  the  heart  of  the  city,  but  there  is  no  trace  of  the 
name  in  any  earlier  rec<»rd  than  Josephus. 

The  valley  of  the  cheese  inakcrs  extended  to  Siloam. 
The  Tyropean  is  often  spoken  of  in  mmlern  times  as  run- 
ning through  the  city  from  north  to  south,  the  valley 
coming  from  the  vicinity  of  the  Damascus  Gate  being 
meant;  but  it  is  a  mistake.  That  valley  is  described  as 
a  "broatl  valh'v,"  and  when  the  Acra  was  cut  down  by 
the  Maccabees  it  was  partly  filled;  but  it  was  not  the 
Tyropean  that  was  filUfl  (V.  iv.  1>. 

In  Hebron  a  sectiim  of  the  city  is  set  apart  for  the 
(Mass  Blowers,  another  for  the  Water-Skin  Makers,  and 
another  for  the  Cotton  Workers,  each  section  being 
known  by  that  name. 

In  Jerusiilem  there  is  a  street  or  section, — sometimes 
it  is  one  and  sometimes  it  is  the  other.  Hunt,  or  N///.-, — 
of  (ioldsmiths,  of  Spice  Dealers,  of  Dyers,  of  Mat  Sell- 
ers, and  of  Oil.  Thes<'  names  refer  to  the  places  where 
these  various  trades  or  occupations  are  carried  on. 
They  may  illustrate  the  name  "Valley  of  Cheese  Mak- 
•Ts,"  or  they  mav  not. 


Dung  Oate 
changed  to 
If  ilk  Oate 


Investigations  which  we  have  recently  made  as  to  the 
source  of  the  milk  supply  of  Jerusalem  have  brought  to 
light  some  facts  of  no  little  interest.  It  ap;>ears  that 
for  several  generati(uis  tin-  chief  sui)ply  has  come  from 
Si! wan,  the  Mount  of  Olives,  and  (me  or  two  other  small 
villages  to  the  southeast.  With  these  are  to  be  reckoni'd 
the  small  half-Bedouin  tribes  occupying  the  large  dis- 
trict southeast  of  the  <ity,  arcmnd  .Mar  Saba,  extending 
to  Bethlehem  in  one  direction  and  to  the  Jericho  car- 
riage  road    in   another.     These   pwiph'  are  known  as 


[ 


THE   UILLS   OF   JERUSALEM  79 

Wadiyeh,  "The  Valley  PiH)i)le."  In  a  hot  climate  like 
that  of  Palestine  it  is  iinpossilde  to  transiMirt  milk  for 
anv  considerable  distame,  and  for  this  reason  the  vil- 
lage on  the  Mount  of  Olives  and  Sihvan  represent 
the  limit  beyond  whieh  milk  launot  with  safety  be 
brought. 

As  one  goes  west,  northwest,  or  north  of  Jerusalem 
he  at  once  finds  arable  land,  but  this  is  not  the  case 
when  one  goes  to  the  east  (u-  southeast.  These  facts 
control  largely  the  kind  of  produce  the  inhabitants  are 
able  to  send  to  market.  In  the  region  contemplated  the 
amount  of  tillable  land  is  very  limited,  hence  the  «-hief 
attention  of  these  Valley  People  is  devote<l  to  pasturing 
tlocks.  They  have  many  cattle,  sheep,  and  goats,  but 
not  nmny  camels.  Silwan  furnishes  milk;  but  the  Val- 
ley PiH)ple  raise  butter,  zih,lrli ;  cheese,  jihii:  and  thick- 
ened milk.  Mm.  No  article  of  diet  is  in  more  general 
use  than  lebn;  for  the  rich  and  poor  alike,  city  people 
and  peasants,  for  all  classes  this  has  been  an  indispensa- 
ble dish  from  the  earliest  tinu's. 

Moreover,  there  has  not  always  been  the  demand  for 
milk  that  there  is  now.  Two  or  three  generations  ago 
the  demand  for  it  was  not  great,  but  it  has  bt'en  steadily 
increasing  f<»r  the  last  sixty  years,  owing  to  the  influx  of 
Europeans. 

The  Valley  People,  not  being  able  to  get  their  milk  to 
market  readily  even  if  there  were  a  demand  for  it,  i)ro- 
duce  lebn  in  great  <|uaiitities  and  also  some  butter  and 
cheese.  The  Valley  People,  and  the  same  is  true  of  the 
Silwanites,  have  access  to  the  Jordan  valley  and  find 
water  and  jiasture,  and  in  this  there  is  a  notable  ad- 
vantage. 

The  facts  noted  of  Hilwaii  and  the  region  to  the  south- 
east of  Jerusalem  refer  to  a  time  as  long  ago  as  i)eo])le 
can  renuMuber  what  was  told  them  by  their  grand fatliers. 
This  testimony  is  confirmed  by  traditicm.  The  londi- 
tiiuis  apjily  to  tlie  present  day  as  well  as  to  ancient 
times,  although  it  is  true  that  within  recent  years  milk 


80 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


bas  begun  to  be  supplied  from  a  few  other  villages  to 
the  west  of  the  city,  for  example  Lifta.  But  this  was 
not  true  formerly. 

As  to  Silwan  and  the  two  or  three  other  villages  in 
that  direction,  and  the  Valley  People,  it  is  the  universal 
tcMtimony  that  those  who  bring  the  milk,  butter,  cheese, 
and  lebn,  come  through  what  is  now  called  tlie  Dung 
Gate,  unless  there  is  some  special  reason  why  they  are 
obliged  to  come  by  way  of  8t.  Stephen's  Gate.  If  this 
has  been  true  as  far  back  as  the  memory  of  man  and 
tradition  go,  may  it  not  have  been  true  from  the  earliest 
period,  since  the  physical  conditions  of  the  country  have 
remained  essentially  the  same? 

It  is  remarkable  that  these  traditions  based  on  exist- 
ing physical  conditions  should  be  supported  by  an  ex- 
amination of  the  Hebrew  word  ashpoth  in  the  phrase 
which  is  translated  Dung  Gate,  nBB>Kn  nj^  nhaar  ha- 
ashpoth.  This  word  leaves  room  for  us  to  doubt  if  it 
has  been  correctly  rendered.  We  notice:  (1)  that  it  is 
not  rendered  by  "dung"  in  any  other  Semitic  language. 
(2)  The  means  for  studying  the  signiflcanee  of  this 
word  by  comparison  of  the  different  passages  where  it 
is  used  in  the  Bible  are  very  limited,  since  outside  of 
Nehemiah  it  occurs  but  three  times,  and  the  four  times 
where  it  occurs  in  Nehemiah  really  count  as  one.  (3) 
In  2  Sam.  xvii.  29,  are  two  Hebrew  words  which  are 
rendered  "cheese  of  kine."  The  root  of  the  word  trans- 
lated "cheese,"  nBB>,  shnphah.  means  to  he  thick,  or  com- 
pact, something  thickened,  hence  cheese.  There  is  in 
the  Assyrian  a  corresponding  word  with  similar  mean- 
ing. With  the  Hebrew,  the  Targum  and  the  Syriac  coin- 
cide in  rendering  thi.s  word  by  "cheese,"  something  that 
has  1-  ,  '^hickencHl,  which  applies  also  to  lebn.  (4) 
Two  roots  have  hwn  suggested,  and,  if  thence  de- 

rived, th(!  word  would  mean  "conjurer"  in  the  one  case 
and  "ashes"  in  the  other;  in  either  case  the  word  would 
do  violence  to  the  conditions  which  have  been  explained. 


\ 


THE   HILLS  OF  JERUSALEM 


81 


It  is  far  simpler  and  far  more  natural  to  derive  tlie  word 
from  ahaphah  as  lias  been  done,  and  allow  it  to  mean 
cheese  or  thickened  milk,  thus  illustrating  the  traffic 
for  which  this  gate  was  renowned  in  ancient  times  and 
justifying  a  change  in  the  name. 


AGRIPPA'S  PALACE,  THE  XVSTUS.  THE  TOWERS  OF  JOHN 
AND  SIMON 


CHAPTER  XI 


V 


THE  XY8TUS 
A  Landmark— Location— Relation  to  Historical  Events 

It  is  invariably  in  some  interesting  connection  that  TfcaXntui, 
the  Xystus  is  mentioned,  and  it  would  be  gratifying  if  *t£»tio'*^ 
we  knew  its  precise  relation  to  the  I'pper  City,  the  Tem-  «^* 
pie,  the  Causeway  bridge,  and  the  bridge  of  which  the 
arch  called  Robinson's  still  remains.    Its  general  loca- 
tion has  long  been  known.     Once  the  name  "Hippo- 
drome" is  used  in  place  of  Xystus,  for  what  reason  we  do 
not  know  (II.  iii.  1). 

It  is  first  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  eastern 
terminus  of  the  Old  Wall  north  of  the  Upper  City,  as 
follows:  "The  wall  began  on  the  north  at  the  Tower 
Hippicus  and  extending  to  what  is  termed  the  Xystus, 
it  formed  a  junction  with  ihe  Council  House  and  ter- 
ra inateil  at  the  western  colonnade  of  the  Temple" 
(V.  iv.  2). 

Again,  in  the  time  of  Florus,  wht-n  affairs  had  become 
desperate,  Agrippa  tried  to  dissuade  the  Jews  from  open 
revolt  against  Rome.  "Accordingly  he  convened  the 
people  in  the  Xystus,  and  having  placed  Bernice  his 
sister  in  a  conspicuous  situation  on  the  house  of  the 
Asmonean  family,  which  was  above  the  Xystus,  on  the 
opposite  (i.e.  the  east)  side  «»f  the  Upper  City  (a  bridge 
connecte«l  the  Temple  with  the  Xystus),  he  made  to 
them  a  long  address"  ( II.  .\vi.  3). 

In  the  struggles  between  John  and  Simon,  it  is  said 
that  John,  who  held  the  Temple,  in  oriler  that  be  might 
the  better  defend  hini.xelf,  "erected  four  large  towers  on 
the  Temple  area,  one  at  the  northeast  corner,  a  second 
above  the  Xystus,  the  third  at  another  corner  opposite 

wi 


AGRIPPA'S  PALACE,  THE  XYSTrs.  POINT  WHENCE  TITUS 
APDHESSED  THE  JEWS 


THE   XY8TIS 


85 


the  Lower  City,  nntl  the  last  whm  lonstructed  over  the 
top  of  the  I'astophoria"  ( IV.  ix.  V2). 

Afrain,  after  tlie  Temple  was  taken,  Titus  addresw-d 
the  Jews,  endeavoring  to  jM-rsuade  them  to  surrender 
and  thus  prevent  furtlier  ld<MKlshed.  "Titus  took  his 
stand  on  the  western  side  of  the  outer  court  of  the  Tem- 
ple (the  Temple  area) ;  there  (where  he  hUhuI)  was  a 
Kate  (or  there  wen-  gates)  over  the  X.vstus  and  a  bridge 
(the  Bridge  and  tlu'  X.vstus)  eonneeting  the  Upper 
C'it.v  with  the  Temple"  (VI.  vi.  2).  Here  we  have  Gate, 
Bridge,  Xjstus,  and  I'piht  Cit.v,— simpl.v  reversing  the 
order  in  the  ae«(tunt  of  Agrippas  address,  which  was,— 
Asmonean  Palaee  or  Upper  City,  Xystus,  Bridge, 
Temple. 

The  last  mention  is  when  the  Upper  City  was  at- 
tacked. Titus  "placed  a  force  in  the  region  of  the 
Xystus,  the  bridge,  and  the  tower  which  Simon  during 
his  contest  with  John  had  built  as  a  fortress  for  him- 
self (VI.  viii.  1). 

Being  in  the  valley  and  far  below  the  level  of  both  the 
Upper  City  and  the  Temple,  it  may  not  properly  be 
reckoned  as  a  part  of  either;  but  the  hints  we  have  seem 
to  indicate  that  it  joined  the  Upper  City  and  not  the 
Temple,  and  that  the  means  of  reaching  it  from 
the  Temple  was  by  the  bridge  of  which  the  arch 
remains. 

Moreover,  the  oliject  for  which  it  was  constructed 
would  forbid  its  being  considered  as  part  of  the  Temple. 
From  the  side  where  the  Asmonean  Palace  stood,  the 
Xystus  mus*  have  been  reached  by  a  flight  of  stairs,  no 
doubt  broad  and  ample  for  the  multitudes  passing  that 
wav. 


The  flatc  of  the  building  of  the  Xystus  is  not  known. 
The  lifting  up  of  the  simtlnvest  corner  of  the  Tcuple 
area  is  ascril»ed  to  Herod  the  (Jreat.  and  at  that  time 
the  aspect  of  the  valley  was  greatly  altered.    It  is  possi- 


TgailM  of  ,^ 


THE  XYSTUS— See  page  B7 
A  U  showiog  line  of  section. 


88 


ANCIENT  JEIirSALEM 


blp  that  Honii'  of  the  work  of  raiMioK  thin  corner  wa» 
dono  Itefore  IlertHl'H  tinn>. 

The  IMniiH  nicoiniMin.vinK  thin  Chapter  will  be  found 
UM'fnl  and  hIiou1<1  Im*  Mtndi<><l. 

Plan  I.  Hh«»w8  »he  Old  Wall  on  the  north  of  ZIon,  the 
XjHtUH,  Ajjrlpim'H  Palatt,  and  the  poMition  of  the  tow- 
era  of  John  and  Hiniou. 

Plan  II.  showH  pjirt  of  the  mnie  and  the  point  where 
TitUM  Mtofxl  when  he  addreMWHl  the  JewH  in  the  Xy«tu» 
aeruHH  the  Tyrop«»an. 

Plan  III.  HhowH  the  line  of  the  HtH-tion  from  Zion 
acroHH  the  Tvropean  to  tl.e  Temple  Hill. 

Plan  IV.  HhowH  the  eomparatire  leveln  of  the  Xystus, 
the  wfHt  wall  of  the  Temple  area,  and  the  Tyr«)pean 
valley. 


Atnmtttk* 
Zyttu 


The  part  of  the  city  jnst  south  and  eant  of  the  large 
Oernian  Kyna>i«>jtue.  the  one  with  the  preen  dome,  bears 
the  name  Meidan.W  t*<yr.  ThiH  Ih  an  Arabic  word  mean- 
Ingan  open  place  f<»r  raccH.  ISometimeH  it  Ihb  place  where 
horwH  are  cxerciwMl  in  the  way  of  rival  Hports,  but  the 
general  meaning  in  a  place  for  athletic  gnmcH  or  public 
gamen  of  any  kind.  Attention  Ih  therefore  called  to 
the  fctllowiug  particularx:  (I)  That  part  of  the  city  is 
now  densely  coverwl  with  Iiouhch.  (i»)  The  (lerman 
synagogue  Ktands  on  the  Hite  of  the  Palace  of  Agrip|)a 
II.  (3)  In  the  valley  between  this  point  and  the  Temple 
wall  was  the  Xystiw  of  JosephuH'  time.  (4)  The 
X.VMfuH  was  the  place  for  public  games.  (5)  It  ia  not 
improbable  that  the  Arabic  word  preserves  the  memory 
of  the  ancient  Xystus.  (»!)  Cnless  the  Arabic  word 
prcs<'rves  the  tra«lition  of  the  ancient  place  for  games, 
it  is  «lifti<ult,  or  rather  it  is  impossilde,  to  account  for 
its  being  applied  t<»  this  thickly  populated  part  of 
Jerusalem. 


J I 


.IKWISll  TitWKK  WllEUK  .VOUll'rA  S  WAM.  TKIi.MINATKI) 

On  Ih*'  imrtli  fitli-  "f  tin-  HlrtTt  li'ailin^  from  St.  StclilieuV  tjiilc  In  Alitoiiia.    Thi-  view  ic  Innkini;  H*Bt. 


IS 


CHAPTEK  XII 

THE  KEDRON 

Two  Branches— Northeiixt  Corner  of  Temple  Area  Built 
veer  One  Branch 

It  is  a  uiistakp  to  suppose  that  tlic  cast  wall  of  tlu'  Th.K.dro, 
Tempi*'  area  continued  north  in  a  straight  line  ...*  it  does 
at  the  present  time. 

The  northeast  corner  of  the  Temple  area,  as  we  know 
it.  was  made  siiuare  b.v  Herod  the  (Sreat.  At  this  point 
there  existed  at  that  time  a  verv  deep  Valley  which 
Josephus  more  than  once  calls  "the  Kedron."  It  was 
a  I»ranch  of  the  [.resent  valley  kn(»wn  hy  that  name,  run- 
ninfi  past  (Jethsemane. 

At  this  northeast  corner  Herod  built  a  wall  over  one 
liundre<l  f.-et  in  hei;rht,  and  filled  in  on  th«'  Temple  side, 
his  object  bein-i  to  increase  tiie  Temj.le  area.  Hut  this 
valley— the  Kedron— was  not  filled  in  on  the  outside, 
the  north  and  east  sides,  as  we  sw  it  to-day. 

Even  at  the  tin f  the  siej:e,  this  outside  vallev  had 

m.t  yet  been  filled,  for  it  is  sai.l  that  "the  depth  of  the 
valley  was  terrific"  (VI.  iii.  '2).  This  is  mentione<l 
where  the  connecting!  anjrie  of  the  north  and  east  colon- 
nades of  the  Temple  area  is  described  as  beinj:  "built 
over  the  Kedron."     (See  Plan.) 

Moreover,  in  Christ's  time,  which  was  lonj;  after  this 
wall  had  been  built  by  Herod,  the  Pool  of  Hethesda  in 
the  same  valley  was  above  jjround  an<l  accessible,  where- 
as now  it  is  si.xty  feet  below  the  surface. 

In  connecti.m  with  A«;rii.pa's  Wall  ((he  Third)  it  is 
stated  (hat  it  terminate<l  "at  the  valley  called  Kedron." 
This  wall  .j<»iiicd  (he  Old  or  I'irst  Wnll  at  a  tower  of 
Jewish  workmanship  which  s(ill  exists  ."140  feet  west 
of  St.  Stephen's  date.     (See  Illustration.) 

89 


!       Ill    i 


if  I 


THE  KEDKON,  UNDEU  NOUTIIEAlST  COKXEH  OF  TEMPLE  AHEA 

JfwisU  TowtT  «luTu  Ajjriiipa'i!  Wall  comiiii;  fi.iiii  the  nonli.  ttTmin«M. 


SECOND  WALL-t'AMl'  OF  THE  ASSYHIAXS 


92 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


TIip  valley  we  are  now  eonslderinK  is  still  easily 
tratetl  by  the  eye,  certainly  in  its  northern  part,  and 
its  great  depth  near  !St.  Stephen's  (late  is  fully  con- 
firmed by  well-ascertaiuiHl  Levels.  (See  Illustration 
in  Chapter  IV.  of  the  upper  portion  of  this  valley  north 
of  the  city.) 

After  the  capture  of  the  First  Wall,  Titus  moved  his 
camp  within  it  to  the  place  calletl  "the  Camp  of  the 
Assyrians,"  "holdinp  the  entire  space  as  far  as  the 
Kedron"  (V.  vii.  3).  This  is  to  be  understood  of 
the  valley— the  Kedron— where  Agrippa's  Wall  termi- 
nateii. 

For  east  wall  of  the  city,  see  Chapter  IV. 


Htrod'i 
PalsM 


CHAPTER  XIII 
HERODS  PALACE  AND  GARDEN 
Great  Extetif— Part  Played  in  Siege 

The  location  and  history  of  this  palace  deserve  care- 
ful attention  as  a  help  towards  illustrating  the  topog- 
raphy of  what  we  call  modem  Zion. 

We  have  a  fairly  good  account  of  its  construction  and 
elaborate  appointments,  and  what  is  of  very  great  im- 
portance we  have  further,  in  the  history  of  two  events 
seventy  years  apart,  incidental  evidence  of  the  vast 
number  of  people  it  could  accommodate. 

In  the  history  of  the  city  since  the  time  of  Titus 
very  little  is  said  of  this  palace ;  but  there  are  the  best 
of  reasons  for  believing  it  to  have  been  one  of  the  most 
spacious  and  magnificent  structures  of  ancient  Jerusa- 
lem. It  bore  in  (Jreek  the  same  name  as  Antonia  itself, 
phrourion,  tppovptov,  and  was  reckoned  as  one  of  the 
three  fortresses  of  the  city.  Antonia  was  the  ioi  trms 
guarding  the  Temple;  the  Temple  was  the  fortress 
guarding  the  Lower  City;  while  the  T'pper  City  had 
its  own  fortress,  which  was  Ilerod's  Palace  (V.  v.  8). 

There  is  no  evidence  to  show  that  the  western  half  of  w«it«nih»if 
modern  Zion  was,  in  ancient  times,  occupied  by  stnn'ts  poMd'**' 
and  dwellings  like  some  other  parts  of  the  city.     The 
contrary  supposition  is  the  correct  one. 

(1)  When  Herod  decided  to  build  here  a  vast  struc- 
ture which  should  serv^.  at  once  as  palace,  fortress,  and 
extensive  pleasure  ^^arden,  he  was  not  obliged  to  clear 
away  houses,  wfils,  ruins,  and  the  like,  the  accumula- 
tions of  many  centuries.  The  ground  was  largelv  free 
for  him  to  bnild  upon. 


PLAN  I.-HERODS  PALACE  AND  GARDEN 

Two  red  linet  at  north  end  Indicate  Ibe  Ganleit  Gate.    A,  Upper  Market.    B.  Aerlppa'a  Palace. 


E       ! 


HEROD'S   PALACE   AND  GARDEN 


95 


(2)  lu  all  till'  (li<;j;injin  that  have  Ijwn  niatle  in  that 
region,  inihulinj;  the  Hpaee  lieyond  the  wall  oicupietl  by 
the  I^tin,  <}re«'k,  and  Armenian  cemeterieM,  the  Tomb 
of  David,  and  south  as  far  as  Bishop  (Sobafs  School, 
very  few  ancient  remains  have  bin-n  found. 

(3)  All  this  extensiv*'  re<;ion  (Meupiinl  by  the  ceme- 
teries, the  Arnu-nian  <5arden,  the  Barracks,  the  Arme- 
nian Patriarchate  and  its  many  adjacent  bulldinjis,  and 
c(msiderable  j;r«und  besides,  was,  not  so  very  many 
years  ajio,  vacant  land.  It  may  have  remained  so  ever 
since  the  destruction  of  Herod's  Palace  and  Garden  in 
A.D.  70. 


The  Asnionean  Palace  occupied  the  centre  of  the  resi-  Aimoow. 
dential  portion  of  Zion,  and  the  Market-place  lay  to  Si"Ji.p£S' 
the  west  of  the  palace.  One  could  l«M)k  down  from  this 
upon  the  Market  and  across  to  the  Palace  of  Herod  the 
Great.  From  this  point  Bernice  witnessed  the  destruc- 
tion and  slaughter  onlerwl  l»y  Florus  that  took  place  in 
the  Market,  and  the  unjust  crucifixions  near  the  Palace 
of  Her<Hl  to  which  he  subje«-ted  many  of  the  most  prom- 
inent Jewish  citizens  (II.  xiv.  9;  xv.  i.  2).  (See  Plan 
I.  at  B  and  A. ) 

A  portion  of  the  city  occupiwl  by  houses  crowdetl 
together  and  separated  at  irregular  intervals  by  nar- 
row strtH't.s,  could  not  be  called  a  market-place.  There 
must  be  an  open  area,  ample  room  for  buyers  and  sellers 
to  move  about  and  to  display  their  goods.  Around  the 
area  there  would  be  stalls,  shops,  and  bazaars;  but  the 
area  itself  must  be  open  and  roomy. 

In  the  Jewish  (juarter  there  are  now  two  long  narrow- 
streets  running  parallel  to  each  other,  which  during  six 
days  in  the  week  are  thronged  with  traders.  The  one 
known  as  "Jew  street,"  especially  towards  its  southern 
end,  seems  t<»  be  the  most  crowded  trade  «-entre  in  the 
entire  city.  Here,  where  the  Jews  almost  tread  upon 
one  aii<»tlier,  is  the  great  Jewish  Market  of  Jerusalem. 
(See  Plan  II.  at  B.) 


PLAN  II.-LPPEIt  AND  LO\VEI{  MAHKETS  of  JIODEHX  TIMES 

A,  LowcT  MurkLt  crowdi-d  iiorai  from  IK  oriKiiial  ixxitioTi  m  mniint  linien.    B.  Mixltru  Markvt 
in  Jciv  street.     C,  Luiuliuu  >-r  uutrtul  l'(.,  ii  ilrrkct. 


DEROD'S   PALACE   AND   GARDEN  97 

The  crowd  here  in  deuNe  iK'cauHe  there  in  no  room  for 
it  to  expand.  There  is  no  ol»je«tion  to  Nupnosinjj,  in 
faet  there  ih  the  hifthest  prol»al»ilif.v  that  it  iH  true,  that 
the  Upper  Marliet-i)la«e  of  .loHeplius"  time  wan  ioiatinl 
here, — hut  it  was  tlien  a  wid«',  open,  rooin.v  Hpace. 

Here  in  where  tlie  niaHKacre  t(Mik  plaee.  The  hou8e8 
lyinp  near  tlie  Mark«'t-pia«e  were  pillageil  and  tlie 
unfortunate  inlialiitants  were  butchered  in  the  narrow 
streets  (II.  xiv.  !»). 

On  that  fatal  da.v  in  .v.n.  fifJ  not  less  than  3,000  men, 
women,  and  children  were  killed ;  for  all  of  whuh  suf- 
fering and  bloodshed  the  cruel  tyrant  Florua  was 
resp<m8ible. 


^ 


It  is  ssiid  that  Ilerod  "constructe<l  a  residence  for  Deuiiiof 
himself  in  the  Fpper  City  containing  two  spacious  and  fS^' 
most  beautiful  buildings  with  which  the  Temple  bore 
no  comparison.    These  he  named  afte"  his  friends,  the 
one  Cesarium  and  the  other  Ajirippium"  (I.  xxi.  1 ). 

In  V.  iv.  4  we  have  a  fuller  description,  liut,  like  all 
the  notices  of  this  palace,  it  is  less  exact  than  we 
could  wish.  It  lay  inward  from  the  thrw  towers 
Ilippicus,  I'hasaelus,  and  Mariamne,  whose  position  we 
know. 

"The  magnificence  of  the  work  and  *he  skill  displayinl 
in  its  constructio-i  could  not  be  surpassed.  It  was 
entirely  surrounded  by  a  wall  thirty  cubits  high,  on 
whi«h  at  «iual  distances  there  were  towers.  It  had 
immense  dining  halls,  each  sufticient  for  reclining 
couches  for  a  hundred  guests.  The  length  of  the  beams 
.supporting  the  roof  and  ceiling  was  remarkable.  It  had 
a  multitude  of  rooms  of  which  the  furnishings  were  elab- 
orate and  costly.  Oiu'  cloistered  court  led  into  another, 
and  the  parts  that  wen-  oiten  to  the  sky  were  beautiful 
with  vines,  plants,  and  flowers,  "here  were  grove-like 
parks,  with  long  walks  through  them  which  were  lined 
with  water  «-ourses.  There  were  nuiny  ponds  in  which 
were  bronze  figures  through  which  the  water  was  dis- 


98 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


chnrpnl ;  und  the  tame  doves  were  |»ri)vided  with  attract- 
ive sheltering  houHeH  near  the  water." 

In  this  dewription  one  fhiujj  in  (lear,  namely,  the 
vast  Himee  wliieh  the  palace  tncupietl.  This  is  fully 
lM)rne  out  by  the  d«'tail8  we  have  of  it  during  the 
troubles  under  Fl«»rus,  a.d.  (Hi.  At  this  time  the  insur- 
gents were  in  <-ontrol  of  the  Temple  and  the  Lower 
Town ;  conswiuently,  they  were  numerous  and  powerful. 
The  i»eace  party  held  the  Tpper  Town.  This  force  con- 
sisttHl  of  the  principal  men  of  Jerusalem,  the  chief 
priests,  the  large  numlter  of  citizens  who  were  desirous 
of  iK'uce,  the  3,000  cavalry  that  Agrippa  had  sent  to 
Jerusalem,  and  a  considerable  body  of  Uoman  troops. 
This  iKKly  of  men,  as  well  as  the  insurgents,  was  power- 
ful, since  for  seven  days  they  kept  the  enemy  at  bay, 
during  which  time  the  slaughter  was  great  on  both  sides. 
They  were  at  last  obligwl  to  retreat  "from  the  Upper 
City";  but  they  withdrew  to  the  Palace  of  Herod  (II. 
xvii.  5,  7,8). 

This  confirms  the  supposition  already  made,  that  the 
Upper  City  and  the  I'alace  of  Ilerwl  were  separate  and 
at  a  distance  from  ea<-h  other.  A  very  moderate  esti- 
mate would  place  the  number  of  arnuHl  men  in  the  pal- 
ace at  not  less  than  10,000,  to  which  must  be  added  the 
horses  and  the  crowds  of  servants  and  othe-:  non- 
combatants. 


Opmipte* 
around  th* 
pslua 


The  insurgents  were  powerful :  they  had  possession  of 
the  Temple,  the  Lower  City,  and  had  captured  the 
UpiH'r  City  frctm  their  antagonists;  they  had  burned 
the  residence  «tf  the  High  Priest  Ananias,  the  Palace 
of  Agrippa  and  Bernice,  and  the  building  where  the 
public  archivi's  were  kept;  they  had  assaulted  and  cap- 
tured Antonin  and  massacred  th»*  Roman  garrison  in  it^ 
and  were  now  attacking  the  Palace  of  Hennl. 

Wild  with  suc<-ess,  t'xcitement.  and  passion,  they 
would  not  have  delegated  a  few  hundred  men  for  this 
purpose.    Ten  thousand  or  fifteen  thousand  well-armed 


UEUOD'g   PALACE   AND   GARDEN  99 

men  is  a  Riiiall  OHtimat*'  f».r  tlu'  crowd  of  iuMurKcntH  that 
HwaniH'd  arouuU  tht-  imlatu  that  wan  hoou  to  fall  into 
their  bandM. 

It  iH  a  very  Bijjniflcant  fact  that  thiH  attacking  force 
dividiHl  itself  into  four  hodies.  This  shown  that  «.u  four 
sides  the  jwlace  could  he  approacluil  by  a  large  body  of 
men  (II.  xvii.  7).  This  is  conclusive  evidence  that  all 
around  the  palace  there  was  very  ample  space. 

The  substHjuent  events  of  th<.  sieg..  are  as  follows:  iT«iu.ftk. 
The  royal  troops  and  the  citizens  of  .I«'rusj>leni  were,  •*•«• 
later,  allowed  to  retire,  but  this  privilege  was  refused  to 
the  Konians. 

The  number  of  the  insurgent  force  is  further  illus- 
trated by  the  fact  that  the  Honians  di<l  not  consider 
themselves  able  "to  force  their  way  through  such  a 
multitude."  They  therefore  withdrew  to  the  three 
towers  Hippicus,  Phasaelu.s,  and  Mariamne  (II.  xvii. 
a  This  is  evidence  that  they  could  pass  frcmi  the  pal- 
ace to  the  towers  without  encountering  the  insurgents. 

After  they  had  gone,  "the  insurgents  entereil  the 
palace,  plundered  the  baggage  of  the  Komans,  and 
huruiHl  their  camp"  (II.  xvii.  H).  Later,  the  Konmns 
offered  to  surrender  if  their  lives  were  spared,  which 
the  Jews  promised  them ;  but  the  moment  the  Komans 
laid  down  their  arms  they  were  all  massacred  (II 
xvii.  10). 

In  the  disturbances  following  the  death  of  Ilerod  the  Tutriieof 
Great,  when  Sabinus  was  in  connnand  in  Jerusalem,  ''•P^«« 
4  B.C.,  (the  foregoing  events  un<ler  l-^lorus  were  in  a.d! 
«l«n,  we  have  further  evidence  of  the  vast  size  of  Uerod's 
Pal     o. 

Varus  had  left  a  full  legion  in  Antonia  and  had  gone 
away  to  Antioch;  but  in  a<ldition  to  the  legion  Sabinus 
had  other  Koman  troops  "b.-sides  a  crowd  of  his  own 
men  whom  he  had  armed,"  and  was  shut  up  with  these 
in  the  palace. 


100 


AXriEXT  .lEHlHALEM 


A  vant  luiillitnilf  of  Jowh  from  nil  iwrtu  of  the  coun- 
try had  foiiu'  to  .ItTUwili'iii  for  thi'  U'ant  of  IViitwont, 
uiHl  th«'y  hud  formed  thrw  grt-ut  tuinpH  in  difffn-ut 
IwrtH  of  the  vity  UfjuiuHt  the  ItomanH.  One  of  thew 
bodieB  beMi'epMl  HiibinuM  and  hJH  forceH  in  the  Paluie  of 
llenMl,  and  they  were  threatenwl  with  totu!  dentruttion 
unleHH  they  withdrew.  I'lMtn  thiH  demand  "tlie  ituilc  of 
the  Ijintf'M  (tliat  in,  UercKl'H)  triwpg  deHcrtetl  to  the 
JewH"  (II.  iii.  4). 

The  account  of  thiH  event  in  tlic  .«  V/miViVs,  XVII. 
X.  3,  iH  tlie  wime.  namely,  "the  (imitesi  ,  .rt  of  the  kintj'K 
troopH  deserted  to  tlie  insiirnentH."  Hut  a  force  of  :{,0(M) 
infantry  and  cavalry,  "the  numt  warlike  portion," 
renminwl  with  the  KoniauH. 

Here  we  liave  .'$,000  men,  a  part  of  whom  were  cavalry 
with  their  horses,  also  "the  hulk  of  the  kin^H  troops" 
that  had  deserted,  and  all  the  Koimm  forces  under 
SahinuH  (not  the  lejiion  that  was  in  Antouia),  together 
with  camp  fidlowers  of  all  kinds, — to  h-  provided  for 
in  the  Palace  of  Herod,  !.«•.  iH-fore  the  d«*Hertion  of  "the 
kin;:'s  tr(H)ps"  twik  place.  It  is  almost  impossihle  to 
realize  the  vastness  of  the  space  within  the  walls  of  this 
palace. 


I 


In  connection  with  Ilenxl's  Pr'iict-  'i  lto  is  a  iia.-sage 
in  V.  iv.  4  which  retinires  a  word  of  explanation.  It  is 
translattnl  as  follows: 

"To  those  towers  which  lay  northward  was  attached 
on  the  inner  side  the  royal  residence,  which  excwds  all 
description." 

The  danjier  of  misapprehension  is  this:  to  suppose 
that  to  he  "attached  on  the  inner  side"  means  that  tlu' 
royal  residence  was  joiiietl  to  the  towers  as  one  wall  of  a 
hou.se  joins  or  is  attached  to  another  wall. 

The  lireek  word  means  to  bv  hoiiinl  or  yoked  to.  It 
al.so  means  to  }»■  attaclitil,  to  })r  roiitii/noiin.  We  know 
♦  liat  there  was  a  liijih  wall  entirely  around  Ileroil's 
Palace;  and  further,  that  a  larj^e  body  of  soldiers  could 


Vppartad 

Lawtr 

KwktU 


IIEUODH   PALACE   AM)  (lAKDEX        101 

pn»H  from  the  luiliuc  t<»  «ii«"  thn-*-  Io\v«'i-h  wUliout  iiiolctt- 
tiitioii  fnmi  (licfiiciiiv  tliaf  wtis  iM-sii-jjiiiK  i'- 

Tlif  tojM»KrH|>!ii«iil  ciinilitiKiiM  iiHHiHt  in  ••xiduitiinj;  the 
word ;  and  tin-  meaning'  of  the  |Mi>«(uip>  jm  thin: — 

"Th«'w'  (towtT!)  wfr»'  MitiiatiMl  to  tlio  north;  contiRU- 
ouH  tc»  thi-w',  iuward  (tonardH  the  Lpin-r  City),  wuh  the 
l{«>.vnl  I'aluic." 

In  thf  Roman  p«'riod.  at  IcaHt,  a  Htroct  ran  tlirouph  Cmntnumtt 
.Imiwih'm  from  north  to  KOHtii,  the  line  of  vhich  in  f<d-  " 

lowed  l».v  the  Ktrw-tH  of  th«'  iii<Hh>rn  city.    Thin  Htrcot  wbh 
liuw!  with  rolumnH,  a.-cordinj;  to  tl..-  funhion  of  that 
tinic.  and  until  recent  yearH  a  dozen  or  more  of  thetje 
tolumnH  tonld  Im-  e<.unte<l.    "A"  reprewnts  tiie  rejiion  of 
Khau  es  Zeit,  which  in  always  erowde«l  and  where  u 
jrreat  deal  of  traffic  Koe«  on.     The  Lower  .Market 'wa« 
erowdi-d  to  the  north,  and  its  only  representative  is  this 
particular  iM>int.    We  have  a  trace  of  this  in  Constan- 
tine's  time.    The  double  strwt  in  the  Plan  corresponds 
to  the  two  Jew  streets,  or  rather  Jew  stwi-t  proinr  and 
the  str»'et  iwrallel  to  it,  which  is  always  congested  with 
JM'ople  and  traffic  towards  its  southern  end.    This  point 
is  reprewnted  l.y  K.    The  r,.iH'r  Market-place  of  former 
times  is  represented  l.y  C.     It  was  natural  that  the 
I  PlH'r  Market  and  the  Lower  Market  should  be  con- 
nwted  by  a  continuous  street    .:  ul  this  makes  the  fact 
of  thesi'  two  points  lK'in<i  connected  now  by  what  is 
practically  a  continuous  street  all  the  more  interestinf;. 
The  ancient  conditions   have  thus  bc>en   preserved    to 
modern  times,  althou-h  the  fact  itself  has  not  its  orig- 
inal imiM.rtance.  since  for  many  years  it  has  been  sjife  to 
live  outside  the  walls,  and  traffic-  {jces  on  elsewhere  as 
well  as  at  these  two  partic-ular  places. 

"A"  doc's  not  represc-nt  the  "Lower  Market"  of  former 
timc-s.  ,uid  its  beinK  crowded  to  the  north  as  just  stated 
IS  explained  in  Chapfer  XXXVIIL 

The  point  where  the  camera  stood  for  this  photograph 
IS  1,000  feet  from  the  south  wall  of  the  Armenian  (lar- 


102 


ANCIENT   JEIUSALEJI 


ArtaofHar- 
od'iOudan 


den,  and  this  includes  tlie  open  space  where  the  soldiers 
drill.  Between  the  west  wall  of  the  city,  as  seen  in  the 
Illustration,  and  the  Armenian  ImildinKS  the  distance  is 
300  feet,  and  the  garden  itself  is  800  feet  long  from 
north  to  south.  To  this  area  (the  garden  with  the  drill 
ground)  must  be  added  a  section  on  the  east  side  for 
its  entire  length  about  200  fwt  wide  and  1,300  feet 
long.  This  would  contain  not  far  from  fi  acres,  and 
together  with  the  garden  and  drill  ground  of  the  sol- 
diers we  have  13  acres  which  in  ancient  times  was 
devoted  to  the  Palace  and  Garden  of  Uerod  the  Great. 
Of  the  extent  of  this  Garden  of  ITerod  the  Illustration 
enables  us  to  appreciate  a  portion  only. 


i^  I 


:f 


CHAPTER  XIV 

DEFENDERS  OF  JERUSALEM 

WalU  Asgigiwd  to  Each— Headquarters  of  Simon-Cistern  and 
Aqueduct— Connected  with  Hippicus 

The  hints  as  to  the  position  of  the  defenders  of  the  Po,itioaof 
Avails  are  invaluable.    The  jealousy  between  the  two  fat-  «»'»n4»"<rf 
tions  had  led  to  many  bloody  encounters,  and  they  '•™''"° 
ceased  their  cruel  warfare  only  after  the  Roman  engines 
had  begun  to  batter  their  walls  (V.  vi.  4). 

As  one  result  of  the  bitterness  between  the  parties  of 
John  and  Simon,  the  territory  which  each  occupied  and 
defended  is  carefully  defined.  This  is  done  on  several 
occasions;  hence  their  mutual  hatred  and  conflicts  work 
for  our  advantage  in  enabling  us  to  locate  better  the 
walls  and  monuments  whose  positions  we  wish  to  know. 

Simon  had  about  15,000  men  under  him,  and       hn  Kumberof 
had  about  8,400  under  his  command.    Simon,  therefore,  J^^j^*" 
should  have  had  twice  as  much  wall  to  defend  as  John  sLm" 
(V.  vi.  1). 

"Simon  occupied  the  Upper  Town  and  the  Givat  Wall 
as  far  as  the  Kedron,  with  as  much  of  the  Old  .Vail  as, 
bending  eastward  from  Siloam,  descended  to  the  Palace 
of  Monobazus,  king  of  Adiabene,  beyond  the  Euphrates. 
He  held,  likewise,  the  Fountain  and  the  Acra,  which  was 
the  Lower  Town,  with  the  interval  as  far  as  the  Palace 
of  Helena,  the  mother  of  Monobazus." 

"John  occupietl  the  Temple  and  the  parts  about  it  to 
a  ccmsiderable distan«e,  with  Ophla  and  the  vallev  called 
Kedron." 

The  interval  between  these  respective  boundaries,  so 
far  as  they  lay  within  the  city,  was  cleared  by  burning 
the  houses. 

103 


' 


I'LAX  I.-I'()SITIOX8  OK  SIMOX  AND  JOIIX  IX  SIEGE  OF 


DEFENDEUS   OF   JEKUSALEM 


105 


By  "Upper  Town"  is  meant  modern  Zion. 
The  "(Jreat  Mall"  is  the  Wall  of  Agrippa— its  entire 
len<;th. 

"As  far  as  the  Kedron."  By  "Kedron"  is  meant  the 
valley  coming  dowi:  from  the  low  ground  east  of  the 
Ifill  above  Jeremiah's  Grotto,  through  the  northeast  cor- 
ner of  the  city,  to  St.  Stephen's  Gate.  (See  Chanter 
XII.)  ^ 

At  this  point,  underneath  the  northeast  corner  of  the 
Ilaram  area,  the  bottom  of  the  ancient  vallev  is  120  feet 
below  the  present  level  of  the  ground. 

Agrippa's  Wall  touche*!  the  city  at  a  point  between  the 
site  of  the  Tower  of  Antouia  and  St.  Stephen's  Gate,  and 
had  nothing  to  do  with  the  Kedron  as  we  now  know  it 
running  past  Gethsemane. 

The  "Old  Wall"  was  the  wall  running  round  to  the 
south  of  modern  Zion. 


The  "Palace  of  Helena' 


chre  in  Acra  or  the  I. 


-ower  Town. 


vas  cast  of  the  Holy  Sepul- 


roni 


rici 


'Eastward  from  Siloam."    "I- 
"if. 'J  of,  elsewhere  exi)lained  by  hiiper 


or  over.    (See  Chapter  VII.) 


means  from  the 
vnep,  above, 


Ezpiuutiou 


Simon  had  control  of  the  First  Wall,  that  is,  Agrip-  «m.nc.n. 
pas,  throughout  its  entire  length,  and  its  defence  JJ""'*"'' 
dev<.lved  wholly  upon  him.  In  this  work  John,  from 
his  position,  could  take  no  part  whatever.  When,  how- 
ever, the  capture  of  the  First  Wall  was  imminent, 
Simon  allowed  some  of  John's  men  to  pass  from  the 
Temple,  their  proper  territory,  to  assist  in  its  defence. 
In  this  moment  of  great  dj.nger  these  two  fa<ti<ms 
dropped  their  mutual  (juarrels  and  united  for  their  com- 
mon safety  (V.  vi.  4). 


After  the  First  Wall  had  fallen,  the  defenders  of  the  Po.ition.of 
city  had  fo  i-eiirrange  their  forces  for  the  defence  of  the  '"«•'■' 
Second  Wall,  but  their  ivlative  ,.ositions  are  maintained  *Xm' 
and  are  pretty  clearly  defined  (V.  vii.  3)      "John  and 


PLAN  II.-POSITIONS  OF  JOHN  AND  SIMON  IN  THE  DEFENCE  OF 
THE  SECOND  WALL 


DEFENDERS  OF  JERUSALEM     107 

his  party  fought  from  the  Antonia,  from  the  north  colon- 
nade of  the  Temple,  and  in  front  of  the  Monuments  of 
King  Alexander."  (P'or  foundations  of  these  monu- 
ments, see  Chapter  XVIII.) 

"Simon,  intercepting  the  assault  near  John's  Monu- 
ment, manned  the  intervening  space  as  far  as  the  gate 
through  which  water  was  introduced  to  the  Tor  er  of 
Hippicus."  (The  Greek  word  translated  "in  front  of 
is  pro,  npo,  while  that  translated  "uear"  is  para,  napa  ) 
Titus  attacked  the  central  tower  of  this  wall  on  the 
north,  and  it  was  here  that  the  famous  episode  of  the 
Jew  Castor  took  place.    This  tower  was  in  the  territory 
guarded  by  Simon.    Castor  was  one  of  Simon's  men 
He  sent  to  Simon  telling  him  that  he  could  "keep  the 
Romans  at  bay  for  a  time,"  which  he  succeeded  in  doing; 
but  his  trick  was  at  last  discovered  (V.  vii.  4)      It  was 
at  this  point  that  Titus  forccnl  his  way  into  the  Lower 
City,  and  it  is  helpful  to  remember  that  in  the  part  of 
the  New  City  which  was  behind  him  and  where  his  men 
were  operating  "were  the  Wool  Market,  the  Smithies  or 
Brazier's  Shops,  and  the  Clothes  Market,"  and  that 
on  the  inside  of  this  wall  "the  streets  knl  obli(|uelv  to 
the  ramparts"  ( V.  viii.  I ) .    This  was  Simon's  territory. 

After  the  Romans  had  secured  the  Second  Wall,  the  Po.itio». 
relative  positions  of  John  and  Simon  are  the  same.    The  ^L^T" 
two  legions  that  erected  mounds  at  the  Antonia  and  the  ^»"' 
Temple  were  met  by  the  forces  of  John,  for  the  Antonia 
and  the  Temple  belonged  t-.  his  territory;  while  the  two 
that  erecte<l  mounds  at   ;iie  Monument  of  the  Hi-'h 
Priest  John  were  met  by  the  forces  of  Simon  (V.  ix.  i>- 
xi.  4).    This  locates  Simon  in  the  heart  of  the  Lower 
City. 

After  Antonia  was  captured  John  and  Simon  are 
together  in  the  Temple,  each  surrounde<l  bv  his  own 
partisans,  their  bitterness  towards  each  other  not  yet 
beaten  out  of  them,  trying  to  defend  the  sacred  place 
against  the  enemy  (VI.  i.  7). 


108 


ANCIENT  JEKUHALEM 


1  '■ 


ill 


Headqntrteri 
of  Simon 


After  the  Temple  was  taken  and  lu-fore  the  Lower 
f'lt.v  was  burneil,  Simon  »-outrolle<l  Helena's  I'alaee 
tt  here  a  terrihle  massaere  of  helpless  in-ople  was  earriwl 
out  b^-  the  insurgents  under  his  command  (VI.  vii.  1) 
When  only  the  TpiH'r  City  remained,  although  John  ant 
his  forces  were  in  it,  Himon,  as  it  had  all  along  been  his 
territory,  was  in  supreme  tommand  (VI.  viii  2}  At 
last  both  of  these  terrible  tyrants  were  eaptured'hiding 
their  wiekwl  and  cowardly  heads  in  underground  cav- 
erns  (VI.  ix.  4). 

Observe:— In  the  capture  of  the  First  Wall,  Titus  did 
not  come  into  contact  with  the  troops  of  John.  This 
was  practically  true  also  in  the  capture  of  the  Second 
^^  all.  He  broke  this  wall  where  it  was  defendinl  by  the 
troops  of  Simon.  Tnmi  this  point  on  the  inside  of  this 
wall  the  streets  letl  obliquely  to  the  eastward  and  there 
on  the  east,  i.e.  on  his  left,  he  may  have  encountered  the 
troops  of  John. 

During  the  siege  of  Jerusalem  Simon  occupied  the 
Tower  of  Phasaelus  as  his  headquarters  (V.  iv.3).  Dur- 
iug  all  this  time  the  Upper  Town  was  in  his  control 
(V.  vi.  1;VII.  ii.  2). 

Previous  to  Simon's  entering  the  city  John  was  the 
most  important  personage  among  the  revolutionists  in 
Jerusalem ;  but  after  that  event  Simon  supersedinl  him 
and  held  the  i>osition  to  the  last. 

For  example,  Simon  had  under  his  command  twice 
the  number  of  troops  that  John  had,  alsj  twice  the 
extent  «.f  territory,  and  twice  the  length  of  wall  to 
defend. 

After  the  capture  of  the  First  and  Second  Walls, 
when  (he  Komans  concenti-atcHl  their  forces  upon  the 
Antonia,  both  Simon  and  John  were  found  in  the  Tem- 
ple area  contending  against  the  enemy;  but  they  were 
fighting  in  separate  divisions,  each  being  surrounded 
by  Ins  partisjins  (V.  i.  7). 

John,  however,  appears  to  have  been  in  supreme  com- 


DEFENDEKS   OF  JERUSALEM  109 

mand  ut  thiH  tinio,  a«  in  the  Tempi..  I.o  had  Irwd  from  tlie 
outset,  for  that  was  distiurtl.v  his  territory. 

In  the  defence  of  the  Inner  Temple,  "a  nephew  of 
Bimon  i»  mentione<l  an  havinn  HiK-eiully  diHtlnKuiHhed 
himself  for  bravery  ajjainst  the  Koman«.  At  this  time 
also  one  of  Simon's  most  hl.xHly  bodyguards  deserted 
to  the  enemy  (VI.  iv.  1,  2). 

After  the  Temple  was  taken  both  Simon  and  John 
retreated  t<,  the  FpiK-r  City,  au.l  both  were  present  on 
or  near  the  Xystus  when  Titus,  frou.  the  Temple  side, 
made  his  aiMress  advising  unconditional  surremler.  Al- 
though this  conference  had  been  proposcnl  by  Simon  and 
John  together  with  their  partisans,  they  refused  the 
terms  offered. 

On  the  contrary,  notwithstanding  their  desperate  eon- 
dition,  they  asked  to  be  allowed  with  their  families  and 
friends  to  pass  through  the  Wall  of  Circunivallation. 
Titus  was  indignant  at  this  reciuest,  and  instead  of 
granting  it,  told  them  to  defend  themselves  in  the  best 
way  they  could  (VI.  vi.  2,  3). 

The  end  of  Shimon's  carwr  is  soon  told:  after  the  cap- 
ture of  the  rpp<.r  (^ity  he  hid  himself  in  a  secret  cave 
was  discovei-..<l,  and  carried  in  chains  to  Rome,  where 
be  was  executed  (VII.  ii.  2;  v.  0). 

Jos,.phus  mentions  a  gate  through  which  water  was  cut«n««d« 
le<l  into  the  Tower  of  Hippicus  (V.  vii.  3).  Ilippicus  ®»"^«" 
was  the  most  western  tower  of  the  three  rebuilt  bv 
Her...l  the  (Jreat,  the  others  being  Phasaelus  and  .Marl- 
amne.  In  V.  vi.  5  this  gate  had  been  referred  to  in 
connection  with  previous  events  in  the  progress  of  the 
siege.  The  top  of  the  wall  (.n  the  north  si.le  of  the 
Castle  of  Davi.l  is  .",9  feet  above  the  bottom  of  the  moat 
as  It  at  present  exists.  The  top  of  the  tower  at  the 
extreme  nortlnxest  corner  of  the  Castle  is  11  fwt 
liijllier  than  the  wall,  but  it  is  from  the  top  of  the  wall 
tiiat  the  measurements  are  made.  From  the  top  of  the 
wall  to  the  bottom  of  the  great  cistern  under  the  Ca.stle 


I 


110 


ANCIENT   JERrSALEM 


at  thiH  corner,  in  77  fwt,  making  the  lK)ttoni  of  the 
<i«t«'rn  IS  fwt  iK'hnv  t\w  lH>ttoni  ».f  tho  moat.    The e.\i«t- 
eii.e  of  an  ancient  canal,  connntJ  from  the  northwest 
ami  enterinK  the  Cantle  at  thin  iH.iut,  haH  lon^  Iw^n 
known.    In  IHDS.  when  the  m<mt  ju«t  at  thiH  anRle  wan 
tille<l  for  the  puriww  of  making  a  projK'r  entrance  to 
the  city,  thin  canal  waw  •'xpowMl,  ami  there  in  evi«lence 
that  thiH  one  r«'place«l  i  Htall  nx.re  ancient  and  Homewhat 
lower  canal.    Thin  in  more  than  pn.hahle,  nince  it  !h  cer- 
tain that  after  rep«'at(Hl  Hicjien  tlie  level  of  the  jfround 
waH  changiHl,  and  it  Ih  certain,  likewise,  that  it  would 
continue  to  Ite  necessary  to  hrinj,'  water  into  the  Cantle. 
The  source  of  supply  must  always  have  Imh-h  the  I'pper 
Pool  of  (}ih(,n.    There  is  an  old  officer  in  the  Castle  who 
has  iM-en  allowed  to  remain  in  it  for  twenty-five  or 
thirty  years,  and  in  his  judfiment  the  accumulation  of 
rubhish  on  the  bottom  of  the  cistern  amounts  to  three  or 
four  metres. 


CHAPTER  XV 

DIFFERENT  FACTION'S  IX  JERUSALEM 
Revolutionary  and  Robber  Element- Bh>,>dy  Civil  Struggles 

AT  flrnt  the  mmmentH  in  .IvrumU-m  soon,  to  have  been  heu«i.i« 
a  Ui8ornanize«l  uiush  of  men,  a  sort  of  mob,  deHirouH  of  '•"»•»« 
•  hanfce  but  withi.ut  h-aders  and  without  orKaulzation  or 
.h'tinite  plann.  Thev  weie  iucreaml  in  nundM.i«,  being 
joinetl  by  others  from  the  ..utnide,  and  beeame  more 
and  more  desperate  until  they  actually  ruined  the 
nation. 

After  some  months,  this  nmss  disintegratwl  and  crys- 
tallized into  three  strong  parties  under  thrw  leaders 
Eleazar,  John,  and  Simon.  Th<.  ultimate  aims  of  these 
men  were  similar,  the  meth.nls  by  whi«h  thev  sought  to 
accomplish  these  aims— namely,  slaughter  and  <ruelty— 
were  practically  the  same,  or  rather  thev  were  identical- 
but  there  was  no  union.  Each  jiarty  hatwl,  dreaded,  and 
sought  the  destruction  of  the  others  (V.  i.  4), 

A  brief  summary  of  the  history  and  character  of  the  in.t«Trf 
revolutionary  elements  in  Jerusalem  swms  necessarv  in  tk"*'*!"- 
order  to  show  the  political  and  moral  condition  of' the  ""^** 
city  at  the  time  of  its  fall.    Few  chapters  in  the  annals 
of  the  world  present  more  revolting  scenes  than  this 
I'nparallekHl   tyranny  and  cruelties;  lust  and  greed 
without  limit;  deeds  which  none  but  the  worst  criminals 
would  commit;  and  by  some  r,f  the  most  violent,  wicked 
an<l  abandoned  men  the  world  has  ever  seen.  ' 

John,   who  fled   from  Oischala  to  Jerusalem  after  /ohnof 
(.alilee  was  subdutMl,  was  a  conspicuous  character  in  ^"""^ 
the  city  during  the  entire  siege.    He  aspired  to  supreme 
power,  and  at  one  time  attained  it  (IV.  vii.  1).    Uv  did 

111 


119 


AXCIEXT   JEIUHALKM 


not  I'lijoy  tliiH  iNmition  loii^.  howivtr,  fur  vit.v  NiM>n 
tlM"  r«'voluti(/niH«H  M|>Iit  into  two  ractioiiH  whidi  in  u 
littl*'  tinu>  iM'cunit'  i»itt»'r  cnfuiicH,  t-urli  MH'liin^  to  oxter- 
uiinutc  tlif  otluT. 


1  ii 
5? 


XavolntitB- 
iiu  call  ia 
thcldn 


riH'vioiiH  to  Jolm'H  n»Huni|»tion  of  miprcnio  ihiwit 
tlitTi'  liail  iMH'n  a  wvtTe  contlict  iK'twit-n  tin'  l'«'iui'  I'arty 
iinil  flu'  /t'uiotH,  UH  tln'  n-voiutionixtM  wci-o  call*'*!.  Zoal- 
t>tH,  l)ri>,'an(!H,  UNNaHHiuH,  rolilK-i-w,  anil  political  Mclu-nu'rH 
math'  up  tin-  rcvolutionarv  IhuhI.  Tin*  Zcalotw.  thinking 
tlH'.v  wen'  not  aide  to  coik'  with  tlu-ir  antajioniMtw  with- 
out ai<l  from  oiitHi<h'.  Mt-nt  for  the  Iduna'anw,  a  "cnn'l 
and  l.hMxIy"  iM-opIo  ^IV.  v.  1(,  "turhulcnt  ami  impa- 
ti«'nt  (tf  control  and  ever  on  the  watch  for  commotion*' 
(IV.  iv.  1 »,  who  after  much  ditH«ult.v  ami  under  cover 
of  ni;;ht  and  a  fearful  temiK'Ht,  "a  thundersVirm 
of  unjjreciHleutwl  violence,"  entered  the  city  (IV. 
iv.  5). 

Terrible  glauglitc  enstnnl,  and  many  thousands  of 
the  I'eai .  Party  fcii  victims  to  the  ra};e  of  this  com- 
bined em-my  (IV.  v.  ,'{».  At  last  the  Idumeans  In-came 
weary  of  the  hi};h-hande<l  methods  of  the  Zealots  and, 
fearing  that  all  thew  atro«ities  would  he  char^'tHl  to 
them  (IV.  V.  ."i),  they  retinnl  to  their  homes  ( IV.  vi.  1  >. 

Not  all,  however,  returm-il ;  for  an  army  of  1M»,(I(M)  men 
had  come  to  the  city  (IV.  iv.  '2),  many  of  whom  re- 
mained (IV.  ix.  11). 


John  bMomet 
(aprem* 


It  was  sul».se()uent  to  these  events  that  John  became 
chief  of  the  Zealots  and  all  the  revolutionary  party.  « )f 
these  only,  for  tlu-re  was  always  a  Peace  Party,  who 
were  robbed  and  massacred  without  nu>rcy  by  all  those 
who  chose  annihilation  rather  than  submission  to  IJome. 

At  this  time  John  within  the  city  and  Simon  without, 
hostile  to  each  other  and  intent  on  the  destrnction  of 
whatever  ojtjM.sed  them.  kej)t  the  inlial)itants  of  both 
city  and  country  in  u  state  of  {greatest  terror  ( IV. 
i.x.  10). 


DIFFEUENT   FACTIOXS    'N   JEHUSALEM    113 

Jolin'8  «ruHtit^  mnm  lK»re  fruit,  uu.l  there,  wum  oik-u  n.....!.. 
reMJion  ajtuiiiHt  liin.  dV.  ix.  11),  k^l  .liietly  Uy  th.. '*•«*»' 
Idunu'uiiH  who  bad  n-maiiMMl  in  tli,.  vHy.  By  thm.  John 
aiHl  hiM  imrt.v  wer..  chaK.^!  into  the  Temple  a'u.l  his  head- 
quartern,  the  i'ala.e  of  (Srajite,  wan  m'iztHl.  John  was 
tontinwl  to  the  Temple  hv  his  antapuuHtH.  The  I.lu- 
nieann,  with  winie  <.f  the  Zealotn  ami  some  of  the  Peace 
Party,  thouuht  the  U^nt  way  to  eoiK-  with  John  wan  to 
ank  Siiuon  to  eome  into  the  .itv.  This  waH  .lone,  and 
when  he  entered  "he  was  gnrti^d  Uy  th..  iHH.ple  as  their 
saviour"  (IV.  ix.  11). 

It  in  aild.Hl  that  "as  wmw,  as  he  had  entered  with  his 
army  Ins  sole  rare  was  to  seeun-  his  own  authority,  and 
he  eonsiden-d  those  who  had  invitwl  him  an<l  the  faction 
aftainst  whom  his  ai.l  had  Ih^-u  solicited  as  alike  and 
.■qually  his  enemies."  It  was  in  this  manm-r  that 
'Simon  Iwcame  master  of  Jerusalem"  (IV.  i.x.  u,  ij). 

Not  l..nK  after  this  there  was  a  relK'llion  in  J<.hn's  ti,^t«rm, 
in\n  party:  Eleaz.ir.  a  prominent  man  who  also  ainuMl  at  *"*"' 
supreme  power,  together  with  n  number  of  men  of  intlu- 
«-»ce  and  a  consi.leral.le  IxMly  of  arme.!  men.  l,rok<'  awav 
from  the  rest.  s..iml  the  Inner  Court  of  the  TemplJ 
shut  out  John  a-id  his  iwrty.  an.l  fortified  themselves' 
a{:aiust  them  (V.  i.  2). 

There  were  at  this  moment  three  famous  leaders,  each  Thr..i.iMi« 
8upp«irte.I  by  a  strong  body  of  ariiu^l   men,  who  had  *"^"^ 
divid«Ml  all  Jeru.si,lem  into  I I.ree  h..stile  camps.    Eleazar        " 
held  the  Inner  Court  of  the  Temple  proper;  John,  the 
Temple  area;  ami   Simon,   th.'   Ipptr  City  and  prao- 
ti.ally  all  the  Lower  ( 'ity  ( V.  i.  3 ) . 

SHbs...,uently.  as  the  feast  of  unleavem.l  bread  was  at  Ei^.r«d 
iian.l.  IJeazar  as  an  act  ..f  jjcncrositv  "opened  the  cat.'s  '•'"'"''»•: 
an.l  a.lmilt,.!  all  su.h  of  the  p.H,ple  as  were  desirous  of  li*^'- 
worshippinjf  within  the  Court."    .Tohu  an.l  his  partisans 
took  a  treaehen.us  advanta-e  ,.f  this  and,  dresseil  in 


114 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


their  festival  cloaks  but  with  weapons  concealed  beneath 
them,  they  entered,  designing  to  seize  the  Temple.  This 
was  not  .lone  without  a  bloo<ly  struggle,  but  John's 
plan  sucimled  (V.  iii.  1).  in  this  rough  manner  the 
forces  of  John  and  Eleazar  be«ame  united,  so  that  there 
were  now  two  parties  instead  of  three;  and  these  two 
parties,  John  the  leader  of  one  and  Simon  of  the  other, 
continued  without  further  change  until  the  end  of  the 
siege. 


Ltaden  char 
utmiied 


"lie  who  had  been  stripped  by  Simon  was  turned  over 
to  John ;  an«l  those  who  had  b«H'n  i)lundere«l  by  John  fell 
into  the  hands  of  Simon.  They  plwlged  each  other  in 
turn  in  the  blood  of  tlie  iwiiulace;  and  shared  among 
thcni  tlie  carcases  of  their  wretched  victims.  On  the 
subjwt  of  pre-eminence  they  w«'re  at  variance;  in  deeds 
of  impiety  they  were  agrwHl"  ( V.  x.  4). 

"As  it  is  impossible  to  relate  their  enormities  in 
detail,  I  shall  briefly  state  that  no  other  city  ever 
endured  such  <alamities,  and  no  generati«m  ever  existed 
more  prolific  in  crime — for  in  the  end  they  even  dis- 
daiuwl  the  Hebrew  race  that  they  might  appear  less 
impious  towards  aliens.  They  confessed  themselves  to 
be  what  they  were,  slaves  and  the  very  «lregs  of  society, 
the  spurious  and  polluted  spawn  of  the  nation.  They 
it  was  who  overthrew  the  city  and  comiKdhnl  the 
Kouuins  to  record  a  melancholy  triumph"  (V.  x.  H). 

No  historian  ever  put  on  record  a  more  truthful  state- 
ment than  this,  namely,  that  not  the  Homans,  but  the 
brigands  and  their  leaders  were  the  real  destroyers  of 
Jerusalem. 


I 


h     -I 


JebuitM 


There  is  a  curious  and  interesting  parallel  Iwtween 
the  ctrnduct  of  the  Jebnsitcs,  as  recorded  in  2  Sam.  v.  (!. 
and  that  of  some  of  the  Jews  in  .v.  ii.  ({(;,  as  relatwl  by 
Joscidius  ( IV.  iii.  1 ). 

-Vfter  (lalilee  was  subdued  by  the  IJomans,  John  of 
(iischala  fled  to  Jerusalem  and  concealed  the  cause  of 


DIFFERENT  FACTIONS  IN  JEKUSALEM  115 

his  flight.  He  repn'sented  tliat  the  Koinans  were  ex- 
liaustwl,  and  that  the  Jews  behind  the  walls  of  Jerusa- 
lem tould  never  be  overcome.  The  more  he  was  suspected 
the  louder  he  talked. 

"He  exhortetl  all  to  warlike  measures;  he  set  forth  in 
false  colors  the  weakness  of  the  Homans;  he  extolletl 
their  own  strenRth  and  ridiculed  the  ignorance  of  the 
inexperienced;  remarkin};  that  even  should  the  Romans 
take  winjjs  they  could  never  surmount  the  ramparts  of 
Jerusalem."    This  was  certaiul.v  f<M)lish  boasting. 

In  2  Sam.  v.  6  we  read :  "The  Jebusites,  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  land,  spake  unto  David,  sjiyiuf;.  Except  thou 
take  away  the  blind  and  the  lame  thou  shalt  not  come 
in  hither;  thinkinj;.  David  cannot  come  in  hither."  This 
also  was  foolish  boasting. 


5 


PLAN  I.-LOC'ATION  OF  FACTIONS  IN  SIEGE  OF  JEHUSALEM 

Sinimi  >j;iiin>t  El»ttz«r  ant!  Johc. 


CHAPTER  XVI 

LOCATION  OF  DIFFERENT  FACTIONS  THROUGHOUT 
THE  SIEGE 

The  relations  of  the  ditfeirnt  factions  in  Jerusalem,  F«u.n.r.. 
and  especially  the  conflicts  between  tlieni,  reveal  certain  '•^"Btopo- 
topographical  details  tliat  are  of  uuicli  interest.    These  SS"'*' 
appear  at  three  different  points  of  time,— (1)   Imme- 
diately after  Himon  had  entered  the  city,  when  John 
held  the  Temple  and  Himon  tiie  rest  (»f  Jerusalem  (IV. 
ix.  12).     (2)   When  there  were  thrw  parties,  Eleazar 
holding  the  Inner  Court.  .lohn  tlie  Outer  Court  or  Tem- 
I»Ie  area,  and  Simon  the  Ijiper  ami  Lower  Cities.     (3) 
After  Eleazar  and  John  had  unite  '  and  there  liecame 
twct  permanent  parties. 

Simon,  after  enterinf;  the  city,  almost  at  once  attacked  Simon  and 
the  Temple.  John's  forces  wer«'  poste<l  on  the  colon-  ^'"'° 
mules  and  Imttlena-nts  and.  liecause  of  their  h\<i\wr 
positi,m,  could  throw  their  weapons  down  npon'^the 
enemy  with  jireat  ette.f;  ami  to  obtain  still  further 
advantafte  in  (his  way  John  erected  four  towers  at  as 
many  different  points  of  the  Temple  area  and  from 
these,  by  means  of  "s<()rpioiis  and  balistas  with  archers 
and  sliufrers."  Simon's  attacks  were  rendered  futile, 
while  nuiny  of  his  men  were  killed  ( IV.  ix.  12). 

One  of  these  towers  was  above  the  Xystus.  and  there  Towenof 
is  no  mention  of  a  counter  effort  on  the  part  of  Simon.  Jj?^*"""* 
At  the  very  ilose  of  the  siejft',  liowever.  when  tiie  mounds 
were  beiu}!  constructed  a;rainst  the  ri)per  <'ity.  there 
is  menti(med  "the  tower  wlii<b  Simon  durin};  the  con- 
test with  .Tohn  liuilt  as  a  fortress  fdr  Iiimseif"  (VI.  viii. 
1 ».     John's  tower  was  on  (lie  T<'mple  side,  and  Simon's 

117 


i 


\i 


I 


.if 


PLAN  II.-LOCATION  OK  FACTIoX.s  IN  8IEGE  OF  JERfSALEM 

El.azar  rtvolu  from  Jolin,  .uak.ug  ilini.  |«rtiM-JoliM  bit»..«i  tw..  immlM. 


IllL 


: 


LOCATION   OF   DIPM-'ERENT   FACTIONS     119 

on  the  oppositp  or  west  side,  at  or  near  tlie  Xystus. 
Position  of   these  towers   is  sliown   in  Chanter  XI 
Xystus.  ■' 

Eleazar,  from  the  Inner  Court  of  tlie  Temple,  had  tlie  Ei«»araad 
advantage  of  John,  wlio  was  below  him.  John  persisted  '•"" 
in  his  attacks  upon  Eleiizar,  but  suftered  far  more 
injury  than  he  inflieted  upon  his  enemy,  lie  had 
"Eleazar  over  his  head"  (V.  i.  2).  John  was  actually 
between  two  fires,  Eleazar  :.bove  him  and  Simon  below 
him,  and  he  had  to  !>o  ui.usually  active.  By  hand 
weapons  he  repelled  those  attackiug  him  from'  below, 
and  those  above  he  trieil  to  keep  in  clie<k  by  his  euKines.' 
He  had  of  "scorpions,  catapults,  and  balistas  an  ample 
supply";  but  with  these  he  kilhnl  also  manv  innocent 
people  who  were  worshipping  at  the  altar.  Sometimes 
John  was  attacked  simultaneously  fnmi  above  and 
b<;low. 

King  Agrippa  had  brought  from  the  Lebanon  a  large  8«r«i  timber 
amount  of  timber  with  which  to  repair  the  Temple,  and  "^*y'o'»» 
this  was  stored  in  the  Temple  area.  John,  in  his  eager- 
ness to  «kf,.n(l  himself  made  use  of  this  timber  for  his 
i'ngines  and  towers.  This  wood  is  called  "sacred  tim- 
ber," and  his  act  in  nsing  it  is  charact»'rized  as  "pro- 
fane." These  towers  he  placed  on  the  west  side  of  the 
Temple,  because  on  that  side  the  Temple  wall  rose 
vertically  from  the  floor  of  the  Outer  Court,  while  on 
the  other  three  sides  the  TempK  as  approached  bv 
flights  of  steps  (  V.  i.  ."» ) . 

Siuiou   was  really  better  off  as  to  provisions  than  cau..w.yand 
<'ither  Eleazar  or  John,  because  he  drew  his  supplies  bridge  not 
from  the  entire  city  (V.  i.  4i.     Sini.m  had  alwavs  to  "** 
attack  John  fnmi  below  (V.  i.  .1).     hi  all  his  attacks 
upon  John,  his  men  had  to  go  up  or  ascend  (V.  i.  4), 
becatise  John,   being  on   (h,.  Temple  area,  occupied  a 
higher  position.     This  shows  that  the  ground  of  the 


I  H 


I   I 


.  I. 


PLAN  III.-LOCATIOX  OF  FACTIONS  IX  SIEGE  OF  JERUSALEM 

Elfa/,T  <ind  .l„hn  r....ini!(.;  Eltazsr  dy^,;,v!ir,.     Fira!  arrangfmri.i :  silhuu  nK^iun  John. 


LOCATION   OF   DIFFERENT   FACTIONS     121 

Lower  City,  all  uroiinil  the  Temple  area,  was  lower 
than  the  Temple  area  itself. 

There  was  at  this  time  tlie  Causeway,  leadinf;  from  the 
Temple  area  to  tlie  FpiM-r  City,  and  south  of  that  the 
hridjie  near  the  Xystus,  but  neither  of  these  is  men- 
tionetl  as  an  approach  for  Simon's  troops;  eons«iueutly, 
Simon  approached  always  from  tlie  Lower  City. 

This  fact  of  lower  gr<mnd  around  the  Temple  area 
is  illustrate*]  by  the  statement  in  conne«tion  with  John, 
that  "from  the  colonnades  he  assailetl  those  coming  up 
from  the  town"  (V.  i.  4). 


Between  John  and   Simon  there  were  .ittacks  and  storrtonu* 


counter-atta»ks;  John  was  chased  by  Simon  into  the 
Temple  area,  and  again  Simon  was  <liased  by  John  back 
into  the  city;  and  as  they  alternately  advanced  and 
n'tn-ated  they,  throughout  the  whole  e.Ktent  of  the  way 
passHl  over,  "set  fire  to  the  storehouses  which  were 
flllwl  with  corn  and  provisions  of  every  kind." 

"Koth  s(H'nu'd  lo  be  designedly  .serving  the  Homans  by 
destroying  what  tlie  city  had  provided  against  a  si«'ge.'' 

"The  provisions  which  might  have  lasted  for  years 
being  consumed"  in  this  manner,  ''there  was  nofiiing  for 
the  inhabitants  to  do  but  to  die  by  famine." 

The  result  of  the  reckless  acts  of  these  tyrants  was 
"that  everything  around  the  Temple  was  burned  down" 
(V.  i.  4). 

Later,  when  the  division  of  the  <ity  between  John  and 
Sim<»n  is  mentione<l,  it  is  said,  referring  to  this  destruc- 
ticm  of  storehouses,  "when  they  had  reduced  all  that 
lay  between  them  to  ashes,  a  place  was  cleared  for  their 
mutual  conflicts"  (V.  vi.  1). 


burttd 


ii^ 


i    •:' 


A,  IIIPPICUS,  COMMEXCEMEXT  OF  THE  THIUD  WALL.    B,  MONV- 

JIEXT  UF  JOHN  TlIK  HIGH  I'KIEoT.    C.  THE  GATE  GEX- 

NATII:-OAKI)EX  GATE.  THE  AHROWS  INDICATE 

THE  COUUSE  OF  TITUS'  AHMV 


CHAPTER  XVII 

MONUMENT  OF  HIGH  PRIEST  JOHN 

Served  as  a  Landmark— Its  Position 

This  was  a  well-known  landmark,  and  during  the  Hoaimaiit of 
progress  of  the  siege  conies  into  notice  several  times.        ^mmi 

Titus,  when  planning  his  attack,  "determined  to  make 
the  assault  opiM)site  to  the  Monument  of  John  the  High 
Priest,  for  at  this  point  the  outiT  bulwark  was  lower 
and  the  second  was  not  connected,  the  builders  having 
neglected  to  fortify  those  phues  where  the  New  Town 
was  thinl.v  inhabited,  but  tlu-re  was  easy  access  to  the 
Third  Wall,  through  which  he  desiguwl  to  capture  the 
Upper  Town  and  through  the  Antonia  the  Temple"  ( V. 
vi.  2).  The  word  translatinl  "opposite"  is  /■«/«,  xaxa, 
and  the  only  purpose  the  monument  serves  is  that  of  a 
very  general  landmark. 

In  the  defence  of  the  Second  Wall  this  monument  is 
again  mentioned  in  the  division  of  the  Jewish  troops 
under  John  and  Simon : — 

"John  and  his  party  fighting  from  the  Antonia,  from 
the  north  colonnade  of  the  Temple,  and  in  front  of  the 
Monunu'nts  of  King  Alexander,  while  Simon's  band, 
intercepting  the  assault  near  John's  ilonument,  nianne<l 
the  intervening  space  as  far  as  the  gate  thnmgh  which 
the  water  was  introduced  to  the  Tower  of  llipiiiciis." 
(See  Chapter  XIV.)  The  word  translated  "near"  is 
l>ara,  rrapa  (  V.  vii. .'?) .  (  See  l(»cation  of  troops  of  John 
and  Simon  in  Ciiapter  XIV.) 

After  the  Seccmd  Wall  was  taken,  this  monument 
appears  again  in  the  attack  ui>on  Uie  Third  Wall. 
"Titus  formed  the  legions  into  two  divisiims  and  com- 
menced raising  embankments  botli  at  the  Antonia  and 

123 


;    I 

>4 


:. 


124 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


I    ! 


; 


at  John's  Monument.  At  the  latter  point  he  designed  to 
earry  the  Tpper  Town  and  the  Temple  through  the 
former,  for  unl<>sH  the  Temple  was  seeured  the  city  could 
not  l»e  retainwl  without  danger."  The  word  rendered 
"at"  liefore  Antonia  and  before  John  is  in  each  case 
kaiu,  Mara   (V.  i.\.  2). 

"One  of  those  at  the  Ant»)nia  was  thrown  up  by  the 
Vth  Legion  opposite  to  the  middle  of  the  rewrvoir  called 
StruthioH,  and  the  (»ther  by  the  Xllth  L«'gion  at  the 
distance  of  alM»nt  twenty  (ubits.  The  Xth  Legion, 
which  was  considc'rably  apart  from  tlu'se,  was  occupied 
on  the  northern  (juarter  by  tlie  rcMcrvoir  designat<Hl 
Amygdalon  and  alntut  thirty  «ubitH  from  thence  the 
XVtii  Legi(m  at  the  High  Priest's  M«»nument,"  that 
is,  John's  Monument.  "At"  iM'fore  "High  Priest,"  is 
kata,  xara  (V.  .\i.  4). 

These  two  mounds,  those  made  by  the  Xth  and  XVth 
Legions,  were  afterwards  destroyed  and  the  attack  at 
that  point  was  aband(m«Hl  (V.  xi.  (>). 

The  .Monument  of  tlie  High  Priest  John  is  again  men- 
tioned in  an  affair  which  took  place  after  both  the  Sec- 
<md  Wall  ami  Antonia  had  \\w\\  taken,  and  the  Komans 
were  trying  t..  take  the  Inner  Temple,  which  had  a 
strong  wall  of  its  own: — 

"A  certain  Jew  advancing  by  the  Jlonument  of  the 
High  Priest  John,  and  addressing  to  the  Konmns  much 
insulting  language,  challeng«'d  the  iH'st  of  them  to  single 
combat."  This  nmn,  after  a  litth",  was  8h«)t  by  an  arrow 
(VI.  ii.  10). 

\lWv  the  IJomans  had  capture<l  the  Second  Wall  they 
were  masters  of  all  betw<'en  it  and  the  Third  Wall, 
although  they  did  not  kill  or  drive  out  all  the  inhab- 
itants or  destroy  all  the  houses. 

In  moving  forward  ui)on  their  own  territory  their 
new  base  «»f  operations,  they  use,  as  has  been  shown, 
the  Monument  of  John  as  a  landmark  (V.  xi.  4).  As 
this  monument  was  not  south  of  the  Third  Wall,  it  is 
certain  that  it  stood  between  the  Third  Wall  and  the 


4        '     5 

Ii 


:i  I 


MONUMENT   OF   UIOU   PRIEgT  JOHN    123 

Bueond  Wall.  ("Third"  and  "Hecond"  are  uttvd  here  an 
the  walig  were  (-(mnted  in  the  Hle);e.) 

This  fact  aH  to  itH  Im-atiou  might  have  Iteen  Htate«] 
at  the  out««.'t,  and  would  have  Imtu,  hut  for  the  aHwrtiou 
of  Home  writern  timt  it  wbh  ou  or  near  the  liue  of  tlie 
First  Wall  which  TitUH  captured,  i.e.  AgripiMiV  Wall. 

It  is  perfectly  evident  that  in  every  inntance  wliere 
thiH  monument  w  mentiontnl  it  is  UHed  simply  as  a  land- 
mark which  everyhody  would  readily  recognize. 


(1)  It  is  certain  that  the  monument  in  quration  was  snmmkryef 

not  north  of  the  Fir.st   Wall — countiUL'  them  as  thev  ?**?"?  "^ 

,  '    Its  locftUoa 

were  counted  during  the  siege. 

(2)  It  is  certain  that  it  was  not  on  the  line  of  the 
First  Wall,  otherwis*',  after  that  wall  was  taken  it 
would  1k'  in  the  rear  of  the  lioniaus  and  no  more  would 
have  heen  said  ahout  it. 

(3)  8o  far  as  the  Itomans  are  concerned,  nothing  is 
said  alM)ut  this  monument  in  connection  with  the  Sec- 
ond Wall,  and  it  must  Ih'  remeiiiltered  that  Titus'  plan 
of  attack  and  the  direction  of  it  had  not  changinl. 

(4)  It  is  certain  that  this  monument  was  not  Im'- 
tween  the  First  and  Second  Walls,  and  hence  was  not  in 
the  New  Town. 

(5)  After  both  the  First  and  Second  Walls  were 
taken,  this  monument  is  still  a  landmark  and  a  ])oint 
of  (h'parture  for  the  attack  on  the  Third  Wall,  which 
guarded  the  Upper  ("ity.    Therefttre. — 

((5)  Although  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  de- 
fi'nders  of  the  Second  Wall,  it  was  tt»  the  south  of  it,  and 
therefore, — 

(7)  Its  position  was  so\ith  of  tlu'  Second  Wall  and 
hetween  it  and  the  Third  Wall ;  in  other  words,  it  was  in 
the  heart  of  the  Lower  City. 

The  various  data  as  to  the  position  of  this  monument 
contirm  the  rendering  given  to  tin-  word  kiita.  xnrir,  in 
Titus"  j)lan  of  attack  uisni  the  First  Wall,  namely, 
"down  liy  the  Monument  of  John."    ( See  Chapter  111. ) 


I 


■     l. 
J. 


i 


Tomht  o( 


1 


r:4^. 


O 


$    C  10    P    U    i 


aTumb*  of 


THE  MONLMKNTS  (.K  KING  ALEXAXDER 


CHAPTER  XV'III 
MONUMENTS  OF  KING  ALKXANDER 

Relation  to  Second  Wall-SubiiHit  of  Jerumtleni  Adorned  with 
itonumeuttt  and  Oardeiu 

The  dwlH,  <li.nth,  and  Imriul  of  KiuR  Alpxandor  arc  Ho.n..BUof 
dewrilKMl  at  hoiiu'  h'tifith  in  Antiiiiiiticx.  XIII.  xv.  ■'>;  ?^*^*" 
xvi.  1,  iMit  nothing  iH  Miiid  alniut  IiIh  monunu-nts,  anil  in 
tlu'  Warn  tluw  art'  nicntionc*!  I»ut  onto  (V.  vii.  3).    In 
tlu'  (Jrit'k  tho  plural  iH  uwhI,  indicating,'  tliat  tlu-n-  wuh 
niorj'  than  one  memorial  Mtono  or  pih-,  and  proltaldy  as 
in  the  caw  of  Ilflt'na'M  .MonunR'ntu  at  .Jcrn.saieni  and' the 
Maccabean  family  tomlm  at  Mo»lin,  tiie  place  dwlicated 
to   the   memory   of   King   Alexander   may    have    Imiu 
marked  hy  two,  thr«H',  or  more  pyramids,  HjippoHinj,'  KUch 
to  l»e  the  form  in  which  the  memorials  were  constructwl. 
In  the  time  of  the  m^v  these  monuments  formed  a 
well-known  landmark.    Tht-y  are  mentioned  as  such  in 
the  defence  of  the  Second  Wall:  "John  and  his  i)arty 
foujtht  from  the  Antonia,  from  the  north  lohmnade  of 
the  Temple,  and  in  fr<»nt  of  the  Jlonuments  of  King 
Alexander"  (V.  vii.  3).    The  (}r«H'k  word  for  "in  front 
of"  is  pro,npo,  which  also  means  "lu-fore";  l»ut  neither 
of  these  meaninjrs  enables  us  to  deci<le  wlu'tlicr  the  sol- 
diers  factnl  the  monuments  <u-  whether  thi'v  stood  with 
their  backs  to  them.     The  latter  would  be  the  natural 
position  in  case  th«'  soldiers  were  defending  the  monu- 
ments; but  there  is  here  no  <|uestion  of  defence.     Still, 
if  they  sto«Ml  with  their  backs  to  the  monuments  they 
must  have  bj-en  situated  inside  or  south  of  the  Second 
Wall;  whereas  if  they  stfwid  faciufj  the  iiionnments  they 
must  have  Ihm'ii   situated    nr)rth   of  the  Second  Wall. 
Beinjj  mentioned  in  connection  with  John  they  must 

127 


128 


ANCIENT   JEKISALEM 


■( 


!; 


I    : 


huv«'  some  obvious  relation  to  the  part  of  the  city  whitli 
Ih'  toutidlled,  just  as  the  Mouuineut  of  the  Ilijjh  Priest 
Joliu  had  a  verv  close  rehition  to  the  part  of  the  city 
which  Simon  controlled.  The  very  great  difficulty  of 
tindin;;  a  jilace  for  these  nionuuients  iu  case  the  soldierti 
stotMl  with  their  backs  to  them  leads  to  the  probable  if 
not  the  inevitable  ccmclusion  that  they  faced  them,  and 
that  they  stood  at  some  distance  to  the  north  of  the  Sec- 
ond Wall  at  the  point  where  in  our  judgment,  as  indi- 
cated on  the  Plan,  they  should  be  Iwated. 

This  point  should  Ik'  about  half-way  between  the 
Tombs  of  the  Kings  and  the  present  Damascus  Gate. 
Here  are  nuissive  blocks  which  have  servinl  as  the  fouu- 
dations  of  some  important  structure  or  structures.  Pos- 
sibly they  are  not  separate  blocks;  but  the  native  rock 
existing  here  may  have  Imh'u  cut  into  the  desired  shape. 
The  photograph  shows  the  pwsent  condition  of  these 
ronuiins,  but  formerly  there  was  a  vast  right  angle  which 
is  now  obliteratwl  by  rubbish  and  stones.  Formerly 
also,  one  side  of  the  remains  apiK'ared  like  the  IxMly  and 
one  arm  of  a  great  (Srwk  cross,  showing  a  projecti(m 
for  some  purpose.  Hitherto  there  has  been  no  .satis- 
factory explanation  of  these  remains;  but  they  are 
located  precisely  where  \vr  should  exinnt  the  Monu- 
ments of  King  Alexander  to  have  stood,  and  we  feel 
justified  in  considering  them  as  the  foundations  of  these 
h'oyal  memorials.  In  conntH'tion  with  this  subject 
Chapter  IV.  should  be  read. 

The  .Monuments  (»f  Helena  were  three  in  luunber  and 
l>yramidsha[MMl.  They  are  menfione<l  three  or  more 
times  and  the  plural  is  always  used.  Helena  was  a 
<iueen  iu  her  <)wn  distant  country;  but  no  Jew  w<nild 
apply  to  her  or  to  her  burial  place  language  by  which 
he  designated  his  own  national  sovereigns  while  living 
or  their  tombs  when  they  were  dead.  To  illustrate  the 
fact  that  the  Jews  ere«t(Hl  more  than  one  pyramid  or 
structure  when  it  was  thought  that  the  jM'r.xon  deserved 
special  notice,  refen-uce  may  be  made  to  Modin.  the 


MASSIVE  STOXES  NEAK  THE  DAMASfUS  HOAD 

North  of  the  Domiiilcii  muclure,,  which  «.r,.  ihr  foundation  of  the  Monumcnti  of  KInit 


';i| 


A  MODEUX  IIOISE  XEAU  JEKISALKM 

Illu.tr.ting  the  garden,  tni it  tn,^,  and  villa.  I.y  »i„rh  ihecit,  wa.  .urruunded  on  all  aide, 
but  one,  when  Titus  approached  with  hia  army.  "■^"'"''°"  ™  *"  •'"" 


f 


I- 

^1 


1 


The  pyramid  to  the  north  represents  the  Monuments  ot  Helena:  the  two  to  the 
south  those  of  King  Aluxaiidcr,  the  one  to  liie  right  is  the  Kulleis  ituuu- 
ineul:  that  of  the  High  I'riust  Animus  is  in  tlie  forvjcround,  and  tliose  of 
Herod  the  Great  in  tlie  soutliwest.  John's  Monument  stood  iu  the  middle  of 
the  city  and  is  not  here  represented.    See  Cliaptcr  XVII. 


ill 


I  i 


130 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


burial  place  of  8onie  of  the  diHtinguished  niembera  of 
the  Mat'eal»ean  family,  where  the  ineuiorials  were  seven 
in  nuinlRT.  They  were  ereeted  by  Hinion  the  MacealHH?, 
and  appi>ar  to  have  been  mounted  on  a  vast  platform 
whieh  was  Murroundinl  by  columns  forming  a  portico — 
altogether  an  imposing  objiH-t  and  visible  from  a  great 
distance. 

Th  .Monument  of  the  High  Priest  John  is  mentioned 
several  times  and  is  always  spoken  of  in  the  singular. 
Probably  there  was  but  a  single  pyramid.  As  High 
Priest,  John  receive«l  the  honor  which  his  position 
merittnl;  but  the  J<'ws  neither  considered  him  nor  spoke 
of  him  as  a  royal  personage. 


■nbnrbi of 
Jenmlem 
•rsMMnMd 


The  suburbs  of  Jerusalem,  as  they  appearetl  before  the 
advent  of  the  modern  tiled-roof  houses  which  one  sees 
e\t'i/where  to-day,  would  not  suggest  even  the  possi- 
bility of  their  ever  having  bwn  regarded  as  attractive, 
much  less  beautiful.  It  is  not  difficult  to  jump  to  the 
conclusion  that  in  ancient  times  the  environs  of  Jerusa- 
lem showwl  the  same  rocky  desolation  as  now.  But 
tJu're  is  evidence  which  nuiy  compel  us  to  reverse  this 
hasty  judgment,  at  least  to  convince  us  that  the  wealthy 
people  of  Herod's  time  had  a  sufficient  amount  of  taste 
to  enable  them  to  appreciate  a  fertile  and  cultivatinl 
landscajje. 

Just  oefore  the  liomans  made  their  final  attack  upon 
the  Tower  of  Antonia,  at  a  time  when  the  siege  was  not 
half  (»v<'r,  Joscphus  utters  a  plaint  over  the  ruin  that 
had  lM'«'n  wrought  around  Jerusalem  by  tiie  invading 
army  within  only  a  short  space  of  time.  In  a  few  lines 
<»f  i)athetic  elo(|uence  he  <(Uitrasts  the  desolation  which 
he  iclicld  with  the  beauty  which  had  lu'en  familiar  to 
his  eves  since  his  earliest  «liildliood.  He  sjiys:  "Melan- 
choly indeed  was  the  aspect  of  the  country  around 
Jerusalem;  places  formerly  ornamciited  v.ith  trees -and 
pleasure  grounds  now  lying  utterly  desert,  with  all  the 
timber   felled.     Nor  could  i:   stranger,   who  had  seen 


MONUMENTS   OF   KINO    ALEXANDER    131 

Judca  aH  8hc  once  was,  aud  the  i>n<-liautiu{<;  Huburbs  of 
her  capital,  and  beheld  her  present  desolation,  have 
refrained  from  tears  or  suppresmnl  a  Hi^h  at  the  jtreat- 
uess  of  the  change.  For  the  war  ha«l  obliterated  every 
trace  of  beauty;  and  had  any  one  ac<|uainted  with  the 
spot  in  other  days  come  suddenly  uiM)n  it,  he  could  not 
have  rtH'ogniziMl  it,  but,  though  iK'side  it,  would  still 
have  imjuirwl  for  the  city"  (VI.  i.  1). 

A  hint  of  the  character  of  the  suburbs  is  in  "the 
hedges,  gardens,  and  cultivatwl  fields"  which  Titus 
encountered  near  the  walls  northwest  of  the  city  when 
he  lirst  approached  it  from  the  north  (V.  ii.  2). 

Again,  when  in  this  same  region  he  nmde  the  military 
road  by  which  to  move  his  camp  from  Sct)pus  to  con- 
venient points  near  the  city,  his  army  had  to  "cut  down 
and  destroy  hedges,  gardens,  orchards,  and  ornamental 
shade  trees  which  were  in  his  way"  (V.  iii.  2). 

Among  the  attractions  of  the  city  and  suburbs  was  PMphinniui 
the  lofty  Tower  Psephinus,  built  for  the  magnificent  «<ti«>t«'Prid» 
view  whi«'h  it  commandc<l  over  the  entire  country,  and  in 
which  the  inhabitants  t<K)lv  an  «'special  pride.     (See  in 
Chapter  V.  the  Russian  Administration  Building  which 
occupies  its  site.) 


In  the  suburbs  there  were  also  various  monuments  Public monu- 
erectwl  as  memorials  of  the  iianu's  and  det'ds  of  eminent  '°*°'* 
personages,  some  of  which  were  set  up  by  the  persons 
tlicmsclvcs  as  was  tlu'  custom  of  those  times,  and  some 
were  erectwl  by  tiie  nation.  Thus  on  the  south  of  the 
city  there  was  the  .Motniment  <if  the  High  Priest  Ananus 
(V.  xii.  2).  It  stood  on  the  brow  of  the  hill  just  south 
of  the  valley  of  llinnom,  on  the  line  followed  by  the 
Wall  of  Circumvallatiim  in  its  course  from  a  point  be- 
tween the  Pool  of  Siloiiiu  and  Kir  Fyub,  due  west  toward 
the  present  (Jernian  colony. 

North   of  the  city   were  the   famous   Monuments  of 
Helena,  queen  of  Adiabciic  and  mother  (»f  King  Izates. 


132 


ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


t  ii 


The  pyraniidB  erwted  over  the  toiubB  to  mark  the  spot 
and  make  the  place  attractive  have  disappeared,  but 
the  tombs  tliemselves,  carved  with  great  skill  iu  the  solid 
rock,  still  exist  and  are  objects  of  constant  admiration 
(V.  ii.  2;  iv.  2;  AnhV/.,  XX.  iv.  3). 

The  Monuments  of  Herod,  elaborate,  costly,  and  cov- 
ering an  area  of  unusual  extent,  if  we  may  judge  by  the 
ground  devoted  to  the  purpose,  formed  a  conspicuous 
landmark  southwest  of  the  city  (V.  iii.  2;  xii.  2). 

Northwest  of  the  "ridge"  of  Bezetha,  on  the  level  and 
fertile  land  in  that  region,  where  space  was  ample,  are 
to  be  placed  the  Monuments  of  King  Alexander  (V. 
vii.  3). 

In  this  class  of  national  memorials,  the  Monument 
(always  in  the  singular)  of  the  High  Priest  John  is  very 
important ;  but  as  it  was  situatetl  within  the  city  it  can- 
not properly  be  mentioned  when  the  ornamentation  of 
the  suburbs  is  being  considered. 

With  taste,  and  a  desire  on  the  part  of  the  people  for 
such  public  memorials,  it  d«)es  not  schmu  probable  that 
they  limite«l  themselves  to  the  five  now  mentioned; 
there  may  have  been  others  of  which  no  record  has 
been  preserved. 

The  Monument  of  the  Fuller  (V.  iv.  2)  was  located 
near  the  Corner  Tower  where  Agrippa's  Wall  turued 
from  facing  north  to  facing  east.  Whether  it  stood 
inside  or  outside  Agrippa's  Wall  is  not  known. 


in 


1 


i « 


■  f 


KOITE   OF  KETKKAT1.no  JEWS  ON  TWO  DIFFERENT  OCCASIOSS. 
AND  niRNT  PORTION  OF  THE  NEW  CITY 


i 


(M 


CilAPTKIt  XIX 

THK  NEW  CITY  PARTLY  BURNED 
CeMtimand  ntuH-Timber  Maiket-The  Hidg»-  Called  Bttrthu 

inrCity  In  (onneftion  with  FloruH,  Ci-stiuH,  and  Titus,  there 

pvuyimrntd  ^^  j^.^^^  ^^  ^^  j,,,.  relation  of  the  Firat  Wall,  Bezetha 
or  the  New  City,  Antonia,  and  the  lx)wer  City. 

The  Jews  went  out  in  good  faith  to  salute  some  Roman 
troops  that  were  coming  from  Cesarm  to  Jerusalem,  but 
by  orders  of  Florus  they  were  attatked  and  driven  into 
the  tity.  It  is  said  that  "the  crush  about  the  gates  was 
dreadful  and  many  Jews  were  killed."  The  gates  here 
referrtMl  to  were  in  the  First  Wall,  and  the  word  is  in 
the  jdural.  The  soldiers  thased  the  multitude  through 
the  Hezetha,  hojiing  to  get  ahead  of  them  and  take  jws- 
session  of  the  Antonia  and  of  the  Temple.  They  reached 
the  Antonia,  where  there  were  already  Koman  troops, 
but  did  not  go  beyond.  The  ground  in  Bezetha  could 
not  have  been  thickly  covered  with  boast's,  for  had  it 
been  so  a  multitude  of  pursued  and  pursuers  could  not 
have  moved  rapidly  through  it  (II.  xv.  5,  (!). 

A  little  later  Ccstius  approached  the  city  with  his 
army,  the  good  order  of  which  terrified  the  Jews  so  that 
"they  abandoneil  the  suJiurbs  and  retinal  into  the  Inner 
City  and  the  Temple." 

"Suburbs"  here  means  Bezetha,  and  "Inner  City" 
means  the  I^»wer  City.  Ce.stius  had  m»  trouble  in  pass- 
ing through  the  gates  of  the  First  Wall.  The  Jews  retire*! 
iM'fon-  him.  and  he  did  not  have  to  drive  them  as  Florus 
had  done.  He  therefore  had  time  to  destroy  what  he 
i<mld  in  the  New  (^ity.  Hence,  "on  entering  be  s«'t  fire 
to  Bezetha,  the  CsenoiMjIis,  and  the  Timber  Market." 
(Sometimes  Jos4>phus  divides  the  New  City  into  two, 

i:i4 


TUE  NEW  CITY  PARTLY  BUKNED   135 

sometimes  into  three  sei-tionH. )  lie  weut  tlieu  to  the 
I'piHT  City  (II.  xix.  4),  uud  "iuihikmI  opiMmite  the  royal 
residem-e" — that  in,  Ilerod'H  Palace. 


The  last  we  kww  of  Herod'H  Palace,  the  Three  Tow- 
ers, and  the  CpixT  <"ity,  was  that  they  were  iu  (KtMseH-  jSwJmq 
siou  of  the  inHurgeuts,  and  that  the  Koiuau  trwtpu  had 
Ihh>u  matwacnHl  after  hiving;  ilowu  their  ariiiH  (II.  .wii. 
10) ;  and  it  is  a  Hurpriw  to  tind  (VntiuH  euterinj;  the  city 
or  darln};  to  move  alMiut  in  it  iu  any  direction.  Previous 
to  the  massacre  just  referred  to  the  same  may  Ik'  sjiid  of 
Floras  and  his  movements  |  II.  xv.  o).  The  explanation 
is  that  war  had  not  heen  declared  Is'twiH'n  Judea  and 
Home,  Jerusalem  was  a  Itonian  city,  there  was  iu  it  a 
stront;  peace  party,  and  thes«'  with  tlu'  Itomans  were  try- 
in};  to  allay  th«'  excitement  of  the  multitmle.  The 
OrtH'k  I noH,  7T po?,  aud  niitil.rii.ayriMpv,  do  not  cttmis'l 
us  to  believe  that  Cestius  was  actually  inside  the  wall 
«»f  the  CpiHT  City  and  camiH'd  outside  the  wall  of 
Herod's  Palace;  hut  the  fact  that  sistn  after  he  was  "on 
the  north  side  of  the  Temple" — namely,  the  Inner  Tem- 
ple— makes  it  prolialtle  that  he  could  move  about  the 
city,  and  that  the  camp  meutioneil  was  in  the  broad  oi>eu 
space  around  the  pala<-e. 

A  short  time  previous  Florus  had  tritnl  to  }»o  from  the 
CpiHT  City  with  his  troops  to  aid  those  who  were  hard 
pressed  iu  the  Antonia,  and  he  went  throufih  the  town. 
The  people  from  the  roofs  checked  his  advauce  by  throw- 
ing down  up(»n  his  men  all  sorts  of  missiles,  and  blocked 
the  streets  so  that  he  could  not  accomplish  his  purpose. 
Neither  Klorus  ntu-  Cestius  could  have  dcuie  what  they 
did  had  war  actually  broken  out  and  Jerusalem  been  in 
a  state  of  actual  si«>};e.  Thes«'  events  were  early  in 
A.D.  00. 

Titus'  ((uinection  with  Rezetha  was  that  after  he  had 
taken  the  First  Wall  "he  threw  down  a  ffrvixi  ])art  of  it 
and  the  nortluTu  part  of  the  New  City  which  Cestius 
had  formerly  demolished"  (V.  vii.  2). 


I 

II 


Hi 


II  : 


ii ' 


':  1 
i  i 


136 


ANCIENT  JERl'SALEM 


Tlabm 
llwkM 


Tk«  Wtm  att 


The  Timber  Market  was  Hituuteil  ou  the  level  open 
grouiHl  north  of  JeruHuleiii,  and  when  Agrippa  built  the 
Third  Wall  it  btTuuie  a  feature  of  the  New  City. 

A  larjie  amount  of  huulK'r  wbh  uml  in  thoHi>  dajH,  a 
fact  impoHMible  to  Jh'  realized  Uy  one  familiar  with  Jeru- 
Haleui  in  wnent  times;  and  tbiH  market  wuh  near  the 
road  leading  to  the  eity  from  the  Heaport  ( 'esarea,  when<>e 
much  of  the  lumber  would  be  brou);ht. 

The  New  City  was  a  Huburb  on  the  north  of  Jerusa- 
lem. The  land  in  that  rvgUm  was  generally  level  and 
suitable  for  dwelliujjs  and  gardenH.  During  years  of 
peaee  and  prosperity  it  had  gradually  been  covered  with 
bouses. 

The  New  City  embraced  all  the  space  between  the  Sec- 
ond and  Third  Walls.  Titus'  Camp  No.  2  was  in  the 
New  City,  and  in  making  the  Wall  of  Clrcumvaliation 
he  «lrew  the  line  from  where  he  was  to  the  Lower  New 
City— the  jwrt  that  lay  "farther  doituwardif"  toward 
the  east  (V.  xii.  2).  This  corresponds  perfectly  to  the 
contour  of  the  ground  in  that  region.  The  portion  imme- 
diately alK)ut  the  Hill  Bezetha  seems  to  have  been  the 
latest  to  Ih'  occupied  by  dwellings  (V.  iv.  2). 

The  Third  Wall  on  the  north  of  the  New  City  had  at 
least  two  gates,  and  the  distance  from  these  gates  to 
the  .\ntonia  was  considerable  if  we  estimate  it  by  the 
size  of  the  city  itself  (II.  xv.  5;  xi.x.  4;  V.  vii.  2».  Uere 
were  situatnl  the  TinilK-r  Market,  the  W(K)I  Market,  and 
the  Braziers'  Shops  (V.  viii.  1). 

The  name  Bezetha,  meaning  "New  City."  was  gener- 
ally applied  fo  the  hill  north  of  Antonia.  "It  was  joine<l 
on  to  jMirt  of  the  New  City,  was  the  highest  of  the  hills 
(the  Temple,  Antonia,  and  Bezetha),  and  was  to  a  per- 
s«.u  (f.ming  from  the  north  the  only  obstruction  to  a 
view  of  the  Temple"  (  V.  v.  8).  It  was  aititicially  sepa- 
rated from  the  .\ntonia  ( V.  iv.  2;  v.  S). 

In  the  phrase,  "It  lay  over  against  the  .\ntonia"  (V. 
iv.  2 1,  we  have  the  frwiueutly  recurring  Oreek  word, 


THE   NEW   CITY   I'AUTLY   Bl  i:XEl)      137 

fl«<iATM,«KT«j«pi>,  n-iiiarkublo  for  leaviug  tluuyH  indef- 
inite. 

ItciU'tlia  iH  dewrilted  and  Htill  npoki'u  of  m  a  "liill"; 
but  tlu-  word  renderwl  "hill"  meanM  -ridjie,"  and  tills 
exactly  deHtrilKt*  tlie  hill  nortli  of  Antonia,  tliat  jmrt 
now  witiiin  tlie  lity  and  that  extemlinj;  northwards  to 
Calvary  or  the  part  direitly  over  Jereniiiih'H  tJrotto. 
"Kidge,"  lophon,  \o<p,,i,  m  u»ed  four  times  (V.  iv  2' 
V.  8). 


it     I 


CHAPTER  XX 

METHODS  OF  SIEGE 

Enginra   of  Vi'ar— Mound*,   Totifn,  the   Ram,   Sfone-Thrmring 

itachiiu! 

■•thodiaad        Fkom   the  acfoutit  of  dilTcrcnt  hu'ijc's  wo  olituiu  u 

tBgiBNintll*  .^  ,    .  ,  ...  ,,       ,  .  ... 

•i*t*  prt'tty  pMMl  i(l(>ti  of  till'  iiu'tlwNlH  I'liiploviHl,  uuil  of  thi- 

vuriouH  eii);in('M  uiid  wt'UiM>iiH  tliut  wtTi'  u>«hI  iu  theiii. 

Meiudi  Vprv  much  ih  mul  of  MoiiikIh;  and  we  nii>;ht  think 

of  thfiii  an  pih'H  of  mrth  aud  HtoucM  forniiuKi-onical  hilln, 
lartiiT  or  Hinallfr  as  the  eaxe  iiiiKlit  n?<iuire. 

PosMild.v  in  Home  inxtaiiceM  the.v  aHHUiiUHl  tliiH  Nhap(>; 
but  in  jteneral  thi'.v  wen-  hinjj  emlmnkmeut-like  ntruc- 
tures,  more  lik<'  ridgim,  at  rij{ht  an{!li>M  to  tlw  wall  of 
the  eity.  Men  hepm  a  pile  of  earth  and  extemled  it 
towardH  the  wall  till  near  enou;i;h  for  their  purpose. 
This  in  clear  from  a  phniHt>  in  the  account  of  the  sie^ie 
of  Jota])ata — "as  the  mounds  were  now  approuchiu};  the 
ramimrts"  (III.  vii.  1!»). 

In  the  cas<'  of  the  attack  on  the  First  Wall  of  Jerusa- 
lem, after  w<»rk  ha.  K-en  carriwl  on  for  some  time,  the 
distance  from  the  mounds  to  the  wall  was  measunnl 
with  lead  and  line  to  see  if  they  were  sufficiently  near 
to  iM'Kin  activ*'  operations.  This  shows  that  the  mounds 
had  Imhmi  nrowin<j  from  a  more  remote  to  a  nearer  point 
(V.  vi.  4). 

The  mounds  were  nmde  of  earth,  stones,  and  a  preat 
quantity  of  timher  (III.  vii.  S;  V.  vi.  LM.  Their  size  and 
heifiht  dep«>nded  of  course  U|Km  the  heijiht  of  the  wall 
they  were  to  he  used  against,  and  something  up«ui  the 
nature  of  the  ground  where  they  were  built.  This  last 
circumstance  re<|uired  that  in  some  i-ases  mounds  "of 
immense  magnitude"  should  be  constructed  ( V.  xi.  4 ) . 

138 


MKTIIODH   or    HIKOK 


18!) 


Thoir  ^fiK-nil  ulijtii  wuh  to  ficvut**  tlu*  HoUlici-H  twi  tliai 
Jlie.v  roiild  uiNTute  in(»r«'  fUHil.v  UKiiiuHt  tliow  thiit 
Kuanlf*!  thv  whIIh  (HI.  vii.  H,  10,  :iO;  V.  vii.  L'l. 

HoiiH'tiinnt  tin-  iiiouikIh  wrn*  dt'iiioliMluMl  l»y  uuder- 
iiiiniii);  from  witliiii  tin*  wuIIm,  It.v  tli<»w  In'Hii'pHl,  an  in 
thf  fuw  «)f  tli«'  rtrt»t  two  •'iH'ctiMl  at  Antonia;  and  HOine- 
tiiiu'H  tliev  wen-  di'Htro.vfd  l»y  tin-  (  V.  xi.  4,  "»,  (5(.  \\]wn 
tlu'.v  w«'n«  (I(>Mtn\v(Hl  by  tlu>  j'ticniy  it  waH  ItMtlitHl  ii|Htii  an 
u  r«'al  ralainity,  «-onHidi'riiir  vliat  tlic.v  IumI  <(wt  in  ma- 
terial and  lulMir. 


•IC' 


•M   (      ^11 

ii.'ii'  •  I i'\il''  |p"  ill  -ti 

•;i'u!   (1<: 


i'  j.ii   tM)w  an  tiM'  Tow«fi 

I    <•(•..  tructttl  of 

il  liy  tire. 

I*  HO  tliat 

id  liltt'wim' 

Ih'  no  (•aHilv 


The  next  feature  of 
moumlH,  waH  tlie  T'  . 
iM-aniH  and  winmI,  .■  •! 
They  were  8ome<';i'( 
tiiey  «ouId  not  I  •  m 
to  malce  them  ht  .'■"  .h,i  It;  .  '' 
overturne*!.  Tliey  v-.op  m 
to  elevate  tlie  soldiers  still  ,,  i" 
HlinpTH,  and  lif;ht-arnu<I  '  • 
troops,  tliow'  who  were  I'i 
<»r  towers,  had  the  advnntaKe  ( ill.  vii.  HO;  V.  vii.  1,  Ji. 
Sometinii>s  the  towers  fell,  owiu);  to  <arel(>ss  cimstrue- 
tion,  and  HOiiietim(>s  the  enemy  sncceetltHl  in  destroyiu|; 
them  l»y  fire  (  V.  vii.  1 ).  The  Jews  on  the  walls  sutfereil 
fireatly  from  the  archers,  slin^'ers,  and  other  li^)it-arme<l 
men  on  the  towers.  The  Homans  were  so  hifih  that  the 
Jews  eoiild  not  waeh  them  with  their  wea|M)n8.  and 
they  iiad  t<i  retire  or  croueh  lM>liind  their  luittlements 
I  V.  vii.  2,4 1. 


(•  '.!('  ii(|)  <H  the  mounds 
'I  !i  >•  vi  ,.rt>  for  archers, 

;'nii  ■!(  I  ';;artl  tu  such 
win  ,!•  .   <»n  the  walls 


The  formidable  engim-,  the  Ham,  is  fully  des4rilHHl  in  Tb«] 
the  following:  "an  immense  lieam.  like  the  nmst  of  a 
shii»;"  "the  mass  of  iron  forpMl   in  shaju'  of  a  "iim's 
head;"  "liahnnHHl  like  a   r<Ml.  by  means  of  ro|K      sus- 
|H'ndeil  from  great  beams  standing  astride  above  ii. 

It  was  drawn  back  and  forth  by  a  number  of  men, 
and  its  re|N'ated  blows  crund>led  the  bbM-ks  of  sione  in 


-I 


140 


ANCIENT  .lEUrSALEM 


t  i 


8    I 


the  wallH,  H<>  that  they  rould  be  worked  out  with  crow- 
bara  and  the  walls  or  towera  undermined  (III.  vii.  19; 
V.  vii.  2;  xi.  5).  The  men  who  worked  them  were  pro- 
tecteil  by  hurdlen,  green  hideii  Htretched  over  poles;  they 
were  likewise  defended  by  the  archers  from  the  towers 
( III.  vii.  19, 23 ;  V.  vi.  4 ;  vii.  4 ;  xi.  5).  Hurdles  were  also 
used  to  protect  the  men  engaged  in  constructing  the 
mounds.  Hometimes  the  rams  were  burned  by  parties  of 
the  besiegetl  Hallying  out  with  firebrands  (V.  xi.  5). 

That  the  ram  and  the  archers  worked  together  is 
shown  further  by  the  order  of  Titus,  where  in  one  case 
the  Jews  wanted  to  parley  with  him  and  he  "stoppe«l 
the  playing  of  the  ram  and  forbade  the  archers  to  shoot 
at  the  suppliants"  (V.  vii.  4).  The  ram  always  sttMsl 
on  tin'  ground ;  the  mounds  wen'  for  other  purposes  ( V. 
vi.  4 ;  vii.  2,  4).  This  is  true  also  of  all  the  other  heavy 
engines,  namely,  the  kriox,  nptni,  and  the  one  calle<l  the 
city-destroying  engine,  hrlrpoltH,  ekennXif;  they  were 
not  placetl  on  the  mounds  (V.  xi.  5). 


{  f 


■tOB*.  throw- 
lag  BMhiM 


The  engines  for  throwing  stones  wer«>  formidable  in 
their  ext-cution,  and  it  is  no  wonder  that  the  Jews  wen* 
iifraitl  of  them.  "Channels  were  ojhmuhI  by  them 
through  dense  files  of  men."  "The  stones  thrown  were 
of  a  talent  weight."  "They  carried  away  the  battle- 
ments and  brok»'  ofl*  the  corners  of  towers,  and  no  iMsly 
of  tnsips  was  so  firm  as  not  to  1h'  overthrown  to  the 
Inst  rank  by  the  violence  and  magnitude  of  the  st<»nes" 
(III.  vii.  9,  23).  An  instance  is  nientiomnl  when'  a 
man  was  hit  in  the  head  by  one  of  these  stones,  and  his 
skull  thrown  t«)  a  distance  <tf  thn»e  furlongs.  This 
relates  to  (talil<H',  when  .Towjihus  liiniM'lf  was  Is'liind 
the  walls.  However,  in  the  siege  of  Jerusalem  he  re- 
IM'ats  practically  the  saiiie  statements:  "The  stones 
thrown  were  of  a  talent  weight  and  had  a  range  of  two 
furlongs  aial  in(»re.  The  slio<-k,  not  only  to  such  as  tirst 
■net  it  but  even  to  those  Is'vond  them  for  a  considerable 
distance,  was  irresistible"  (V.  vi.  ."{(. 


Li 


METHODS   OF   SIEGE 


141 


In  the  cane  of  the  wall  of  the  Inner  Temple  (V'l.  iv. 
1),  both  the  "ram"  ami  the  'Vity-destroyiu}?  engines" 
were  used;  the  wallH  are  desi-rilMHl  as  iK'ing  of  great 
strength.  ResideH  these  two  weapons, — the  heavy  artil- 
lery of  the  time, — five  other  weapons  are  mentioned  in  a 
single  chapter,  where  their  relative  jiositions  in  the 
siege  and  uses  are  iM>inted  out  (V.  vi.  2). 


1 

I           "  3 

■       '-1 

.:          Ill 

''4 

Htlnikof 
AdUban*  ud 
harluaily 


CHAPTER  XXI 

HELENA  OF  ADIABENE 
The  Family  and  Their  Palacen  Located 

The  position  of  this  family  wan  in  somo  respects  a 
peculiar  one.  They  belonfjed  in  Adiubene;  and  Helena, 
Izates  her  son,  and  prolutbly  other  uienibers  of  this  un- 
usually larjj;e  family,  had  ln'come  proselytes  to  Judaism. 
Helena  was  the  wife  of  a  kiiit;  and  the  mother  of  two 
kings,  Izates  and  ilouobazus,  the  latter  having  the  .^  ime 
name  as  his  father.  !She,  tog«'tlier  with  a  numbii  of 
her  family  ami  relatives,  removed  to  Jerusalem,  where, 
during  the  famine  of  a.i».  44  ( .Vets  xi.  L'S  I,  by  her  liberal 
means  she  was  of  great  service  in  |>roviding  f<»o<l  for 
the  inhabitants.  By  this  a<'t  she  greatly  I'ndeared  her- 
self to  the  Jews  (Aiitif/..  XX.  ii.  r>|. 

When  the  siege  came  «)n  half  tin*  population  of  the 
«ity  woubl  be  living  witnesses  of  her  former  kindness, 
ami  altliimgli  not  much  is  saiid  about  it  in  the  hist<u-y 
of  the  war.  the  few  references  we  have  indicate  that 
the  family  was  helil  in  the  highest  esteem.  They  do  not 
seem  to  have  Imh'u  extreme  partisjins.  Xu  s]»ecial  acts  of 
viob'nce  were  done  to  them,  although  tlu'  brigand 
tyrants  did  not  scrui»le  at  any  dcH'ds  of  cruelty.  The 
exception  to  this  statement  is  'hat  the  revolutionists 
sf'ized  one  of  their  palaces,  and  in  another  they  slaugh- 
tcn-d  at  one  time  S.Odtl  innocent  pe<;»le. 

.Vfter  the  Temjde  was  taken  and  just  before  the  siege 
of  the  rpjMT  City,  it  is  said  that  the  "sons  and  brothiTs 
of  King  Izates"  asked  Titus  to  spate  their  lives  and 
grant  them  proteition  (VI.  vi.  M.  Their  ground  for 
sn<  h  a  rei|Uest  may  halve  been  that  they  liad  been  un- 
willing  combatants — really  a    foreign    family.     When 

Mi 


Tunba  of,.-! 


Or       H~tll- 


\         (LlUf  iOm.  **  (•>.» 


I'ALAt  KS  OF  IIKLENA,  (iUAl'TE,  AND  MONOIIAZIS 


■ii 


J" 

If 


lU 


ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


Ct'stius,  in  a.u.  <Mi,  aftiT  a  Hevert'  flglit  north  of  Jerusa- 
k'lu  drove  the  JewH  hack  into  the  «ity,  it  is  mentioned 
tliat  "two  distinguitihed  men,  rehitives  of  MonohazuM, 
kin);  of  Adiahene,  named  MouohazuM  and  Ceuedus,  lotit 
their  liven"  (II.  xix.  '2). 

ThtirpftUcM  The  matter  of  speeial  interest  conneetwl  with  this 
family  is  timt  thn-e  {uilaees  helougin;;  to  tliem  are  men- 
tioned, two  of  which  are  important  landmarks.  The 
Monuments  of  Helena  near  Agrippa's  Wall,  north  of  the 
city,  are  as  a  landmark  described  elsewhere.  (See 
Chapter  XVIII.) 


Paltecof 
XonolMiai 


!  i 


PftlMtOf 

OnpU 


When  hostilities  l)egan  the  city  was  divided  between 
the  forces  of  John  and  Simon.  Simon  held  all  of  Agrip- 
pa's  Wall  with  as  much  of  the  "Old  Wall  as  bending 
eastward  alK)ve  Siloam  descended  to  the  Palace  of 
Monobazus,  king  of  Adiahene."  This  was  at  the  time  a 
well-known  landnmrk  and  must  be  located  somewhere 
on  the  line  of  the  s<iuth  wall  of  the  city,  probably  on  the 
east  side  near  the  angle  east  of  the  present  Dung  Gate. 

This  palace  was  very  spacious  and  could  hold  a  great 
number  of  in-ople.  The  tyrant  John  had  seized  it  and 
made  it  his  headquarters.  His  treasure  was  there,  in- 
cluding also  the  spoils  which  he  had  taken  from  the 
citizens  during  the  reign  of  terror  which  he  was  so  prom- 
inent in  creating.  The  Idumean  portion  of  his  follow- 
ers rebelUnl  and,  attacking  tiim,  chascHl  him  from  this 
palace  into  the  Temple,  wh.'U  they  proceeded  to  plunder 
his  treasures  (IV.  i.\.  11). 

(irajtte's  Palace  was  tlierefore  within  easy  reach  of 
the  Temple;  and  as  there  was  n<>  room  for  houses 
below, — that  is,  south  of  tin-  Cansi-way, — the  palace  was 
north  of  that  point.  In  all  the  many  conflicts  between 
the  facticms  in  Jerusiilem  nothing  is  ever  siiid  about 
llieir  using  either  the  bridge  or  the  Cans»'way,  as  they 
•  based  each  other  back  and  f«trth  between  the  citv  and 


il 


j&,.x 


UELENA   OF   ADIABENE 


145 


the  Teiiiplo:  on  the  eontrary,  thJH  if*  always  <h'siribed  as 
up-aud-dowu  work— those  in  tlie  Teiiiple  were  hi},'iier, 
while  those  in  the  eity  were  lower — and  they  must  <;o  up 
or  down  when  they  attackeil  each  other. 

The  Palaee  of  (Jrapte  sto«Ml  therefore  on  the  ex- 
treme east  side  of  the  Lower  City,  north  of  the  Cause- 
way, and  near  the  {jn-at  rtij;ht  of  steps  whieh  led  up  to 
the  Temple  area.  ( For  these  steps  or  "stairs,"  see  Illus- 
tration.in  Chapter  XL.) 

The  Palaee  of  Helena  was  in  the  territory  controlled  P»l«e«of 
by  Simon.  It  was  in  (he  Lower  City,  "in  the  centre  ""*" 
of  the  Acra,"  considerably  farther  north  tlian  tiie  Palace 
of  (irapte,  was  near  the  eastern  border  of  Simon's  dis- 
trict, and  is  to  Ite  locati>d  consid(>rably  to  the  east  of 
the  Holy  Sepulchre  and  not  far  from  where  the  Serai 
or  (lovernment  lIousi>  now  stands. 

It  was  a  Htronj:  buildinjj.  very  spacious,  was  repinled 
as  a  place  of  safety,  and  in  the  terrible  days  just  before 
the  I'piM'r  City  was  lu^sie^'ed  over  .*<,(tOO  of  the  wretched 
and  terrified  inhabitants  fled  thither  for  refu;ie  and  were 
all  massiicred  by  the  insnrfients — the  pr«'tended  defend- 
ers of  Jerusalem  (  V.  vi.  1 ;  vi. ;{;  vii.  1 ). 


■M 


:'» 


■  I 


WsUofClT- 


CHAPTEK  XXII 

THE  WALL  OF  CIRCUMVALLATION 
Rotnans  Fuund  It  to  be  a  Necessity— Topographical  Details 

Ai.TiKU'cii  the  Homans  had  8ueh  a  number  of  triiops 
they  did  not  ^uard  the  gateH  and  other  approaches  t«> 
the  v'lty  UH  wouhl  l»e  done  iu  nio<h'rn  times  or  as  we 
Hhould  have  exiKftml.  On  the  part  of  the  Itesieged  there 
was  a  {treat  deal  of  paHMinj;  in  and  out,  and  not  infre- 
quently armed  bands  would  rush  out  of  the  gates  and 
attack  the  Himians,  stmietimes  doing  much  injury. 

This  was  true  during  all  the  time  of  the  siege  of  the 
First  and  SiMond  Walls.  After  these  walls  were  taken 
Titus  realiziHl  that  this  must  be  correcteil ;  and  while 
the  mounds  were  building  at  Antonia  and  at  John's 
Monument  for  the  attack  on  the  Temple  and  the  I'pper 
City  (V.  ix.  I'l,  "Titus  sent  out  a  detachment  of  h«»rs(> 
to  lie  in  ambush  for  those  who  went  out  through  the 
ravines  in  quest  of  ftKMl"  (V.  xi.  1). 

Titns,  in  iidvising  with  his  offl«ers  as  to  the  necessity 
for  a  wall  of  circumvallation,  says:  "We  can  guard  the 
ojM'n  approaches,  but  the  Jews  through  nect^ssity  and 
knowledge  of  the  l<M-alities  would  discover  hidden  paths, 
and  should  provisions  clandestinely  be  intr<Mluced  the 
siege  would  be  still  farther  protracttnl"  (V.  xii.  1). 

After  the  Wall  of  (Mrcumvallation  was  completinl,  "all 
egress  was  cut  off"  (  V.  xii.  3(.  "It  was  no  longer  possi- 
ble to  gath«-r  herbs"  (V.  xiii.  7(. 

Some  of  the  J«'wh  "solicitinl  permission  to  jmss 
llirongli  the  line  of  circumvallation  with  their  wives 
and  rlijidren  and  retire  fo  the  di'st-rt."  This  was  re- 
fused, for  which  refusal  Titus  had  tin*  best  of  reasons 
(VI.  vi.  :{|. 

HG 


li 


-TomlMof 
rjadfM 


WALL  l)F  CIIU  IMVALI.ATIOX 

TUin  iw  Uid  "Inwn  arcnniini;  m  Itir  imthurV  h.  -r  iiiilLinml,  Hi'i  li-  It-njrth  ii«  41  furlnnL'*.  •lo-'tliliUB 
ft«[fn  thiit  itH  Icitudi  wan;W  ftirli'iii:-,  "tin  ti  ii*  at'inu  rjw  lt<  1  k-fc  Itmn  M^  htTf  jiivcii. 


I 


1 


148 


ANCIENT   .lEUrSALEM 


:i 


Itieonn*  and 
dNcrtption 


When  the  rpp«'r  City  wuh  lH>Mi(>};(><I,  hoiiu'  Jcwh  "tl«Hl 
to  the  rnviiM'H  below  Kiloaiu."  "They  furiouHly  uhhujUhI 
the  Imrrier  (Wall  of  Circuiiivallutlou)  In  that  quarter, 
but  were  repulwed  by  the  guardH  and  dJHperHed"  (VI. 
viii.  5). 

The  "ravines"  were  thone  on  the  south  of  the  elty, 
and  the  one  nioHt  uwhI  wan  the  one  now  known  an  the 
TyrojM'an  valley,  althou<;h  the  reference  in  the  last 
imnt^raph  is  to  the  valley  of  Hinnoni. 

"('((niineneinjt  at  the  Camp  of  the  Assyrians,  when*  his 
own  eanip  was  pitelied  (this  was  Titus'  Camp  No.  2),  he 
drew  the  wall  t«)  the  Lower  Cienopolis  and  thence 
throu};h  the  K«'ilron  to  the  Mount  of  Olives.  Then  bend- 
ing back  towards  the  south  he  eneonipasswl  the  Mount 
as  far  as  the  rock  Peristen-on  and  the  adjoining;  hill 
which  (iverhan}ts  the  ravine  near  Kiloam.  Theuce  in- 
dining  toward  the  west  he  went  down  into  the  Valley 
of  the  Fountain  beyond  which  he  ascench^l  by  the  Mon- 
ument of  the  High  Priest  Auauus,  and  taking  in  the 
mount  where  PomjH'y  canifMHl,  turmnl  to  the  north,  pro- 
ce«'ding  as  far  as  a  hamlet  called  'The  llouw*  of  Ere- 
bitiths,'  passing  which  he  enclostnl  Herod's  Monument 
and  on  the  east  once  more  united  it  to  his  own  camp  at 
the  jstint  whence  it  commen<«'d."  "The  wall  was  forty 
furlongs  wanting  one.  Attadu'd  to  it  on  the  outside  were 
thirtiH'n  forts  whose  united  circumferences  nu'asured 
ten  furlongs.  The  whole  was  complet^nl  in  three  days" 
(V.  xii.  2). 

In  the  building  of  this  wall  several  important  topo- 
graphical iMtints  are  mentioned. 

"Througli  the  Kwlron,"  ilia,  /ita,  means  thrcuigh  anil 
across. 

Knomre,  xai^irf,  is  rendered  "hamlet,"  but  shoubl  be 
given  its  usual  sense  of  rillafir. 

"Mouse  of  Erebinths,"  inihi .  chirh-pra,  could  hardly 
have  Ifccn  a  new  name  and  nuiy  have  been  of  Ih-brew 
origin. 


THE  WALL  OF  riUri'MVALLATIOX       149 


Thf    fiH'iiniB};   of    fn  rinfirrnnii'.i,     ^fptartpiuy-iAii'of, 

\h  (hn(tf)lr.     Huiiif  liifili.  |iroj»'(tiii>{,  i>i-oiiiiii*'nt  ro«-k  in 

timt  region  lK)n>  tliis  niinii*,  whiili  lias  <MKn]siM'Hi'«><l,  uh 

ID)  Niiih  r<Nk  cxintM  nt  prt'm'tit  ni-iir  th   placi-  indii-uted. 

SiH'  ('lia|iti-r  XII.  f«ir  "Camp  of  tlic  Assyriuus." 

Hi'o  the  Plan  for  thi'  !<'iiy;tli  of  tiiis  wall. 


fl; 


I 


CHAPTER  XXIII 


VMafweod 

in  baildlaf 


EXTENSIVE  USE  OF  WOOD  IN  BUILDING 

Onk  of  th«>  run>Ht  thiu)!H  in  JiTUwilt'in  Ih  to  li  \\i>  a 
hiiihlin^  conMunitil  liy  tin*.  During  tht*  i»uHt  twcnty- 
tivf  yt'urN  ]MTlinpH  tlir<'4>  Hiuall  mIhhIh  have  Ih>«>u  ItUMUHl 
uml  UH  mauy  nuHliuiii-Hizcd  Iiouhi'h.  One  of  th(>M>  had 
only  itM  interior  (k-Htro.vtHl  und  another  the  interior  and 
tlic>  r(M)f  in  addition.  The  iuHuranie  of  huildin};^  against 
lli*e  never  has  la-en  nweMsjiry.  Matten*  :  re  a  little  dif- 
ferent now,  Hinee  more  \v(mh1  in  ntwd  for  flmtrH  than 
formerly  and  the  modern  tile-r(H)fiHl  houmt*  re<inire 
rafterx  for  their  supiHirt. 

The  condition  of  thin^H  must  have  bwn  (juite  different 
in  the  first  eentury  of  our  era,  f<»r  the  many  tht^tructive 
eontiaKrations  nn-orded  show  that  a  jtreat  ileal  of  wood 
was  then  iiNed  in  the  conHtruetion  of  houflOM. 


I 


K  any  eonfla- 
grstioni 


In  the  time  of  Florus,  early  in  A.D.  fifi,  dnrin};  the  bit- 
ter civil  strife  that  was  fioin^  on  in  the  city,  the  insur- 
gents r«'sort«Ml  to  terrible  acts  of  violence  and  bl<M>dsh»'d 
and  anion);  other  d«H'ds  "they  burneil  the  hous«'  of  Ana- 
nias the  lli};h  I'riest,  the  Palace  of  Ajjrippa  and  Ilernice, 
the  buihliuK  which  contained  the  public  archives,  so  that 
all  contracts  aiul  records  of  debts  iind  obli};ations  were 
d«'stroy(Ml."  A  day  or  two  snbse<|u«'nt  to  this  ihey  seized 
the  Antonia,  massacred  the  };arrison,  and  wt  the  castle 
on  fire  ( 11.  xvii.  <"»,  7).  At  a  later  time  Jos<>phus,  refer- 
ring; to  these  events,  states  that  "the  coidlagration  befjan 
at  the  .\ntonia,  passe<l  onward  to  the  palac*>,  and  con- 
sumed rhe  riM)fs  of  the  three  towers."  The  palate  was 
that  of  llerod  the  (ireat,  and  the  thr«>e  towers  were 
Mippicus,  Phasaelus.  and  .Mariamne  (V.  iv.  a.  4).    The 

ir,n 


'•W 


EXTKN8IVK  THE  OF  WOOD  IX  BUILDING     151 

liuuw>  (if  the  lli|{li  l*ri(>Ht  uud  tlii'  I'ulure  of  A|;ri|t|)U 
an<l  lU'rniif  wi-n*  iii  tin-  TpiMT  City. 

IjiU'V  ill  tlu'  HJiiiH'  yi'uv  wIh'ii  (VxtiiiM  up|)ri)a«'licil  tht* 
rity,  tlif  Jt'WM  liaviii^  UihI  fruiii  tlu*  outer  (li*f«'ii(-(>«<,  he 
eiitereil  tlie  Tliinl  Wull,  uiul  tlie  Iioum-h  lyiiiu  iK'twi-en 
it  anil  the  SeeomI  Wull,  in  Itezetha  or  New  City,  were 
IturiUMi,  UH  wax  almi  the  TiiiiU'r  .Market  HitiiattHi  iu  the 
Name  rt'^ion  I II.  xix.  4).  In  ettuiiettion  with  tlie  Tim- 
ber Market  may  Ik*  notieiMl  the  liir^e  amount  of  wimmI 
au<I  timlM-r  colltM-ttHl  on  the  Temple  area,  wliith  John 
uwhI  for  defensive  purjMiws  (V.  i.  .'»). 

In  li.c.  4,  after  the  death  of  llenMl  the  Ureat,  when 
HahinuH  wax  Heiit  to  J(>ruHtilem  to  manage  atTairs,  tliere 
wax  a  (jreat  Htrujrjjle  In'twi-en  tlie  Hoiiuiiih  ami  the  J«'WH 
in  the  Temple  itwif.  "The  ItomaiiH  wt  tire  to  the  colon- 
mules,  work  ailmirahle  for  amplitude  and  iiia};nitliem-e." 
and  a  larp'  numlK'r  of  Jcwh  iMTixhed  iu  the  tlamex  i  II. 
iii.  ;J).  The  eolounades  hurntMl  on  this  oerasion  are  not 
further  dewrilM'd.  This  was  seventy  years  before  the 
burniDK  under  Floriis,  as  aln-ady  meiiti«uuHl. 


'if 
I 

i 


The  Inmler  Ke«"tion  between  the  Temple  area  and  the  BnnUngof 
Lower  City  was  foup;lit  over  and  burned  alternately  by 
John  and  Simon.  "However  far  into  the  city  John 
drove  the  enemy  iH'fon'  him.  throujiliout  that  whole 
exti'ut  he  set  tire  to  the  storehouses  which  were  tille<l 
with  corn  and  provisions  of  every  kind;  and  the  s;niie 
at;ain  on  John's  retwat  Simon  did,  when  piirsuiu};  him, 
as  if  desi>;iie<lly  servinj;  thi'  Koiiians  by  destroying:  what 
the  city  had  imivichtl  apiiiist  a  siejie,  and  severints  the 
tdnews  of  their  own  stiviiKth.  The  r«»sult  accordiiifjiy 
wiis  that  all  around  the  Temple  was  burneil  down,  and 
the  city  beciime  the  alternate  seat  of  stdilmh' and  battle; 
and  that  almost  the  whole  of  the  corn  which  mi^jht  have 
NUtticed  the  iM'siefitnl  f<u'  iiiaiiv  vciirs  wiis  coiisumnl. 
They  were  accord iu;ily  rciluced  to  famine,  which  woulil 
liiirdly  have  been  possible  had  they  not  previously  pre- 
pared it  for  themselves"  (  V.  i.  4i.     Klsewhere  Josephus 


MKIOCOPV  MKXUTION  TBT  CHAIT 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


A 


/1PPLIED  IN/HGE     li 

'653   East   Warn   StrM! 

Rochester.   Hmm   Torti         14609       USA 

(716)   *82  -  0300  -  Phone 

(716)   288  -  5989  -  Fo« 


152 


ANCIENT  JEKUSALEM 


sjiys:  "When  they  had  reduced  all  that  lay  between 
these  (that  \»,  the  boundary  limits  uf  John  and  Simon) 
to  ashes,  a  plaie  was  cleared  for  their  mutual  conflicts" 
(V.  vi.  1). 


Work  of  Are 
dnring  the 
■iago 


-} 


During  the  progress  of  the  siege,  and  espi'cially  as  it 
drew  to  its  close,  a  great  deal  of  burning  is  recorded. 

After  the  Antonia  was  captured  the  two  colonnades 
which  connected  it  with  the  Temple,  and  by  which  the 
soldiers  could  rush  in  unharmed  to  quell  disturbances, 
were  burned  (VI.  ii.  9). 

Poth  the  northern  and  the  western  colonnades  of  the 
Temple  area  were  burnwl.  The  northern  was  destroyed 
by  the  Komans  and  the  western  by  the  Jews.  In  the 
burning  of  the  latter  nmny  Homan  soldiers  lost  their 
lives.  Under  the  roofs  of  the  colonnade  or  between  the 
ceilings  and  floor,  the  Jews  had  placed  a  quantity  of 
combustible  nmterial,  dry  wo(m1,  bitumen,  and  pitch,  and 
then  retire<l.  The  Homans,  thinking  to  gain  some  ad- 
vantage over  the  enemy,  mounted  the  galleries,  which 
were  innnediately  set  on  fire,  ami  they  could  not  escape 
(VI.  iii.  1,  '2). 

The  gates  of  the  Temple  were  set  on  fire  by  order  of 
Titus,  and  the  flames  st)on  reached  the  galleries  in 
detacheil  places,  causing  great  consternation  amongst 
the  Jews.  The  burning  of  the  gates  and  the  woodwork 
about  them  is  described  as  causing  intense  heat  (VI. 
iv.  1,  2). 

The  Temple  itself  was  burned  (VI.  iv.  5,  fi,  7).  The 
sight  and  noise  of  tiie  conflagration  wen'  appalling. 
Tin*  was  set  to  the  surrounding  buildings;  the  remains 
of  the  colonnades,  the  gates,  the  treasure  chambers,  and 
all  were  consumed   (VI.  v.  '2). 

The  Komans  then  went  to  the  "remaining  colonnade 
of  the  outer  court  of  the  Tem[>le,  on  which  the  women 
and  children  of  the  populace  iiad  taken  refuge,  with  a 
vast  promiscuous  multitude  amounting  to  (t.tlOO  souls." 
The  colonnade  was  set  on  (he  and  none  escaped  (VI.  v. 


EXTENSIVE  USE  OF  WOOD  IN  BUILDING    153 


2 ) .    The  western  antl  uorthern  eolounades  of  the  Temple 
area  had  already  been  destroyed  (VI.  iii.  1,  2). 

The  Lower  City  was  next  (•.)nsuined  (VI.  vi.  IJ). 
"Fire  was  set  to  the  residence  of  the  Maj^istrates,  the 
Aera,  the  Council  Chandter,  and  tlie  place  called  Ophla, 
the  dames  spreaclinf?  as  far  as  tlu'  Palace  of  (^ueen 
Helena,  which  was  in  the  centre  of  the  Acra," — but  the 
Palace  of  Helena  was  not  burned.  On  a  subsequent  day 
to  the  burninji  just  mentioned  "everytbinj;  was  burned 
as  far  as  Siloam"  (VI.  vii.  2).  "The  Jews  were  more 
active  in  the  work  of  contlafiration  than  the  l{«mmns" 
(VI.  vii.  3).  After  the  Upper  City  was  captured  the 
liomans  "burned  the  houses  where  the  Jews  had  fled  for 
safety."  "Towards  evening  the  slauj;hter  abated;  but 
in  the  night  the  fire  gained  the  mastery,  and  the  next 
day  beheld  Jerusalem  in  flames"  (VI.  viii.  5). 


:1!i 


The  account   of  the  d«'stnution   of  storehouses  by  Location  of 

,     .  ....      burneditore- 

John  and  Simon  helps  us  in  bM-ating  their  position  in  i,ouie» 

the  city.    They  were  not  in  the  Temple,  (»r  on  the  Temple 

area.     They  were  not  in  the  suburbs,  nor  were  they 

among  the  fine  residences  in  the  Upper  City,  the  modern 

Zion.    They  were  in  the  Lower  City,  in  and  around  the 

Lower  .Market-plnii'.     The   business  of   Jerusalem   re- 

♦luired  that  they  should  be  here. 


it 
I 


■  rWt 


■   r' 


I'LAX  I  —ILLUSTRATING  THEORIES  OF  THE  SECOND  WALL 


CHAPTER  XXIV 

THE  SECOND  WALL 
TTiree  Theories— Alike  Incorrect  and  Untenable 

TiiKSE  PlanH  are  desiciKHl  to  show  tlirw  of  the  diflfor-  Theorieiof 

theSMOiid 
t'ut  |K)8itiou8  assijjnt'd  to  the  Second  Wall.    The  nuni-  w»ii 

lier  of  acreH  enclosed  by  each,  and  the  length  of  the  wall 

in  each  case,  is  {jiven. 

The  heavy  rwl  line  between  X  and  X,  or  the  JatTa 

(Jate  on  the  west  and  the  Coumil  House  on  the  east, 

indicates  the  line  of  the  Old  or  First  Wall  bounding 

modern  Zion  on  the  north. 

This  is  designed  by  its  advocates  to  leave  the  Holy  PUnl. 
Sepulchre  entirely  outside  and  to  the  west  of  the  Sec- 
ond   Wall.      Its    area    is    1,000  .\  1,050    feet,    making 
1,050,000  sciuare  feet,  or  about  24  acres.     The  length 
of  the  wall  is  l,ft00  feet. 

The  line  begins  in  the  Old  Wall  at  a  jwint  between  PUnU. 
the  Muristan  and  the  Pool  of  Hezekiah  and  runs  north, 
enclosing,  as  its  advocates  designed  it  to  do,  the  Holy 
Sei»ulchre  on  the  west  and  north;  after  turning  east 
it  joins  the  line  of  the  north  wall  of  Plan  I.,  and  follows 
it  to  Antonia.  This  new  section  addwl  to  the  area  of 
Plan  I.,  850x500  fwt,  or  425,000  sipmre  feet,  makes 
1.475,000  square  feet,  nearly  34  acres.  The  length  of  the 
wall  is  about  2,300  feet. 

The  line  begins  in  the  Old  Wall  north  of  the  Castle  Pi»nill. 
of  David,  runs  to  th«'  w«'st  of  Hezekiah's  Pool,  thence  to 
the  east  between  the  Muristan  and  the  Holy  Sepulchre. 
thcn<<'  north  and  east  to  .\  <tonia,  leaving,  as  it  was 
designed  to  do.  the  Holy  Seinilchre  entirely  outside 
the  Second  Wall.     As  will  be  seen,  however,  it  leaves 

155 


\> 


I '4 


:*P 


'1 


I'i. 


u 


Tomb*  of  ,»• 
UwKUllfQ 


PLAN  II.-ILLUSTRATIXG  THEORIES  OF  THE  SECOND  WALL 


4 1 


THE  SECOND  WALL 


157 


it  in  a  re-enterin}?  angle  of  that  wall,  a  fact  not  to  be 
pa88ed  unnoticed.  The  area  of  this  new  section,  322,- 
500  s(|uare  feet,  added  to  that  of  Plan  I.,  makes 
1,372,500  wjuare  ftH.'t,  or  about  32  acres.  The  length  of 
the  wall  is  2,600  fei't. 

On  the  line  bounding  Plan  L  on  the  west  and  north  EMB»rk»»nd 
no  ancient  remains  have  ever  been  found,  aud  no  valid 
reason  has  ever  been  given  why  the  Second  Wall  shouhl 
thus  be  laid  down. 

The  same  is  likewise  true  of  the  line  bounding  Plan 
n.  on  the  west  and  north.  The  wall  bouuding  Heze- 
kiah's  Pool  on  the  east,  sometimes  called  the  "broad 
wall,"  has  no  connection  with  any  ancient  city  wall,  and 
its  explanation  will  be  found  elsewhere.  (See  Chapter 
XL.) 

The  wall  bounding  Plan  IH.  is,  as  will  be  seen,  in 
four  sections,  on  two  of  which  remains  have  been  found, 
namely,  the  sectiim  west  of  llezekiah's  Po<d  aud  the 
section  between  the  Muristan  and  the  Holy  Sepulchre. 
(1)  North  of  the  Castle  of  David  a  piece  of  old  wall  of 
Jewish  workmanshij)  was  found  and  described  by  the 
present  writer  in  1883.  D  was  120  feet  in  toutiuuous 
length,  and  is  acceptwl  as  the  beginning  of  the  Second 
Wall.  (2)  On  the  other  section,  near  the  eastern  end 
of  the  line  separating  the  Muristan  from  the  Holy  Sep- 
ulchre, similar  remains  of  Jewish  work  have  been  found. 
But  they  did  not  belong  to  any  city  wall,  and  the  only 
satisfactory  explanation  of  them  is  for  a  purpose  ipiite 
different.     (See  Chapter  XXXVI II.) 

Evidence  will  be  brought  forward  showing  that  these 
three  positions  assigned  to  the  Second  Wall  are  unten- 
able and  in(orre<-t,  with  the  exception  of  the  120  feet 
referred  to,  which  is  now  partly  covered  liy  the  eastern 
wall  of  the  (iran<l  New  Hotel. 

Two  i)ublislie<l  maps  only  is  it  necessary  to  refer  to: 

(1)  Schick  in  Z<itsrhrift  <hs  Pal.  Vcrnnx.  vol.  8,  1883; 

(2)  Pal.  Kxpl.  Fiiifl  RvimrtK.  ll»02,  p.  292. 


n 


w 


1-1 


I'LAX  III -ILLUSTHATING  TIIKOKIES  OF  THE  SECOND  WALL 


COAPTER  XXV 

THE  SECOND  WALL 

Its  Central  Touxr    Its    Capture— Meaning   uf    Certain    Oreek 

Words 

"This  wall  had  its  beginning  at  the  gate  which  they  Tii*8«Miid 
rail  (lennath,  belonging  to  the  Firnt  Wall.  It  reache*!  w»"-'i"* 
to  the  Antonia  and  eneireled  only  the  n<»rthern  «iuarter 
of  the  town"  (V.  iv.  2).  This  is  all  that  is  said  «»f  the 
Heeond  Wall  in  the  chapter  when'  .Tosei»lius  describes 
the  three  walls  of  Jerusalem  with  considerable  detail. 
Both  the  "(late  (Jennath,"  and  the  (Sreek  word  trans- 
lated "encircled,"  netnl  to  be  carefnlly  considered. 

In  the  account  of  the  (iiptiire  of  the  Sinond  Wall  we 
learn  a  few  other  fa«t8  respecting  it.  It  was  divided 
into  two  Hwtions,  the  "north"  and  the  "south";  the 
north  facing  north  and  boun<le<l  on  that  side  by  the  New 
City,  the  south  wall  facing  west.  It  was  at  the  central 
tower  of  the  north  wall  that  Titus  made  his  attack  upon 
it  and  finally  took  it  by  storm  (V.  vii.  4;  viii.  1). 

Near  this  tower  there  seems  to  have  Imhmi  a  weak  point 
in  this  wall,  which  is  refern'd  to  as  "not  joim'd,"  i.e.  to 
itself.  This  part  had  b(H>n  iiastily  repaired  and  put  into 
as  good  condition  as  possible  before  the  siege  began 
(V.  vi.  2).     (See  later  in  this  Chapter.) 

Moreover,  the  ground  at  this  point  was  relatively 
low,  and  there  were,  both  east  and  west  of  it,  "upper 
gates"  through  which  sallies  were  made  against  the 
atta<king  party.  After  it  was  taken,  the  north  section 
was  thrown  down  by  Titus,  and  garrisons  were  placed 
in  the  towers  of  the  southern  section. 

The  portion  of  Jerusalem  enclosed  by  the  Second 
Wall  is  almost  always  spoken  of  as  the  "Lower  City"; 

1S9 


mi 


d 


I  i 

t:; 


PLAN  I.-TIIE  SECOND  WALL  FKOM  THE  GATE  OENNATH  TO 

THE  TOWER  OF  ANTONIA 

ThiB  encircleB  the  north  pan  of  the  city.    O  O,  Gate  Ofnnaih.    The  broken  red  linca  iudicate 
where  renialoa  of  the  Second  Wall  have  bein  fuuud. 


r  r 


1 


»  , 


I'LAX  II.— TIIKKE  TilEOliETICAL  SECOND  WALLS  AM)  DISTANCE 
FKOM  NEAHEST  POINTS  OF  EACH  TO  TITUS'  TUEOKETICAL 
CAMP 


i 


*■     !V 


Ttit  OaU  0«' 

akth  PUb 
I.,  00 


U'2 


ANCIENT   .lEUr8ALEM 


«KcaHlonnll.v  tho  word  "«it.v"  alone  Ih  hwhI,  unJ  lu  a 
few  vaum  it  ih  i-alled  "Atru." 

ObHervatioii:— A  wall  iM-tweeu  two  jtiven  polnt«  (V. 
Iv.  2),  unU'HM  there  Ih  Moinethiiij,'  reiimrkalile  about  it,  itt 
naturall.v  HiN>ken  of  uh  extemliUK  •'«•  warliinjj  from  hucH 
a  iMiint  to  HiH'h  a  point.  Tin-  pn-wnt  text  of  JoHephim 
haH  the  rare  (Irin-k  form  amvii,  artfn,  whieh  in  ren- 
dered ">r,H'H  up."  The  old  I^tiu  trannlatorn  and  others 
have  thought  here  of  another  (Ireek  word  meaning  to 
reaeh  or  extend.  Atrepting  the  present  (In-i'k  word  as 
correct,  although  extremely  rare  in  form  and  use,  it 
affordH  a  preciw  dewription  of  the  courne  of  the  8(>cond 
Wall  from  the  DamawuH  (late  to  the  Tower  of  Antonia. 
The  ground  ri«eH  and  the  wall  would  riw  with  it.  This 
feature  ix  very  apparent  to  one  viewing  tluH  part  of 
the  city  from  any  point  to  the  northwest,  and  in  seen 
also  in  the  Illustration  here  presented  of  the  present 
wall  north  of  Jerusalem. 

The  Gate  <}ennath,  where  the  Swond  Wall  com- 
meuctMl,  was  in  the  First  Wall.  The  First  Wall, 
throughout  its  entire  extent  from  the  JatTa  (late  to  the 
<'au»eway,  fa<ed  the  north.  The  (Sate  (Sennath  there- 
fore oiM'niHl  north  and  stmth,  and  derivitl  its  name  frcmi 
its  connection  with  some  garden.  Jos(>phus  in  all  his 
descriptions  of  Jerusalem  mentions  liy  name  hut  two 
gates:  the  (Jate  (!ennath  (V.  iv.  2),  and  the  (Jate  of  the 
Essenes  (  V.  iv.  2).    This  .s«H'ms  singular. 

Both  the  Second  Wall  and  the  Third  or  .Vgrippa's 
Wall  liegun  at  points  not  far  distant  from  eadi  other 
towards  the  western  end  of  the  First  Wall.  For  con- 
venience, the  Third  Wall  began  iit  the  Tower  IFppicus, 
the  most  w-sterly  jtoint;  the  (Sate  (Sennath.  the  starting 

point  of  tin  Second  Wall,  was  to  tl ast  of  this.    Itoth 

walls  won!, I  not  start  from  one  and  the  sjime  point; 
this  indeed  is  by  Joscplnis  never  said  or  implied;  and  it 
is  only  for  the  siikc  of  <lctinitcness  that  this  apparently 
unni'cessiiry  statement  is  here  made. 


'1 

I 


t      IS 

$  1;.; 


11 


VL\S  III-POSITIOX  i<V  TlTl  S  IX  ATTAC  K  OX  SECOND  WALL 

S.-cu,ul  ami  Third  Walls,    a„d  l'..plu.m,  T..«.r    Tuu,-  .  um,.    Nc,    T*«.  «ud  di.l.nce  from 

Stxoiiil  W  nil. 


I 

.1 


164 


\i    ■ 


Htrod'f 
OmiUii 


ANCIENT  JEIJUSALEM 


Jerusalem  had  within  its  walls  but  <tue  garden,  tliat  of 
Herod  the  Great.  The  open  courts  of  the  palace  itself 
aud  the  wide  space  about  it  were  made  attractive  by 
fountains,  water  courses,  flowers,  shade-trees,  and  what- 
ever other  ornamentation  wealth  could  provide. 

Its  (juiet  walks  and  more  prominent  promenades  were 
enjoyetl  by  the  people  of  the  city.  Military  officials  and 
distinj?nished  guests,  besides  members  of  the  royal  fam- 
ily, would  pass  in  aud  out  of  the  palace.  If  the  rulers, 
the  army,  the  visiting  strangers  from  ttther  lands,  the 
citizens  bent  on  business  or  pleasure,  came  and  went 
through  these  grounds  by  a  particular  entrance,  how 
long  a  time  would  be  refjuired  for  the  name  "Harden 
Gate,"  applied  to  that  entrance,  to  iK'come  a  household 
word  to  the  inhabitants  of  Jerusalem? 


SJoTwiu-      '^^^  ^"'^'"S  of  ">"^  Second  Wall  has  some  features  of 
PiMin.        interest  iK'culiar  to  itself.    A  few  topographical  details 
are  revealed  which  are  important. 

After  Titus  captured  the  First  Wall  (i.e.  Agrippa's) 
he  transferred  his  camp  w  ithin  it  and  "immediately  com- 
menced the  attack  upon  the  Second  Wall."  His  camp 
"was  at  such  a  distance  from  the  Sc.ond  Wall  as  to  be 
out  of  range  of  the  missiles  thrown  bv  the  Jews"  (V. 
vii.  3). 

There  was  desultory  fighting,  though  some  of  it  was 
severe,  from  Antonia  clear  round  to  Ilippicus.  It  is 
called  "distant  fighting,"  because  there  was  no  direct 
atta«k  by  way  of  siege  upon  the  wall. 

The  Jews  from  the  wall  annoyed  the  Romans,  and 
the  Honuins  in  turn  injured  the  Jews;  but  it  was  d«me 
on  both  sides  by  the  light-armed  soldiers.  The  Jews 
made  repeated  .sallies,  and  engaged  the  l{(muins  hand 
to  hand;  but  were  always  driven  back.  These  sallies 
and  this  comparafively  lighter  work  were  all  that  was 
done  in  the  capture  of  this  wall,  with  the  single  excep- 
tion of  Titus'  attack  uimui  its  central  tower  (V.  vii.  4). 
Against  this  wall  no  mounds  were  erected.     .Mounds 


THE   SECOND   WALL 


1G5 


wx'TC  erecttHl  ii;;aiii><t  tlio  I'irst  Wall  (V.  vi.  2) ;  agaiut;t 
Autonia  (V.  ix.  2) ;  against  tlio  Third  Wall  at  Aiii.vgda- 
lou  and  at  John's  Monument  (V.  xi.  1,  4(t),  which  were 
destroyed;  a  second  time  apiiust  Autouia  (V.  xii.  4) ; 
against  the  Inner  Temple  (VI.  ii.  7)  ;  and  finally,  after 
the  Temple  was  taken,  against  the  Third  Wall  ( VL  viii. 
1) ;  but  against  the  Second  Wall  no  mounds  were  used. 

The  Second  Wall  had  a  north  section  and  a  south  sec- 
tion; one  section  facing  north  and  the  other  section  fac- 
ing west.  It  also  had  many  towers;  but  it  was  the 
middle  tower  of  the  North  Wall  that  was  selected  as 
the  most  feasible  point  of  attack. 

Here  a  siege  engine,  which  is  afterwards  called  a 
"ram,"  was  called  into  st-rvice  (V.  vii.  4).  Titus,  in 
making  this  attack,  had  In  hind  him  the  New  Town. 

As  there  were  three  walls,  so  there  were  three  cities: 
the  Tpper  (Mty,  the  Lower  City  between  the  Old  Wall 
on  the  north  of  nxMlern  Zion  and  the  Second  Wall,  and 
the  New  City  between  the  Second  Wall  and  the  First 
Wall  (i.e.  Agrippa's),  which  Titus  had  just  taken. 

When  planning  his  attack  on  the  First  Wall  Titus 
chose  a  section  where  "the  wall  was  low"  (V.  vi. 
2).  Looking  (»ver  the  city  from  some  high  point,  per- 
haps from  INephinus,  he  discovered  that  directly  south 
of  the  low  place  in  the  First  Wall  the  Second  Wall 
"was  not  joined." 

The  m(>aning  is  that  it  irnx  not  jniiicd  to  itself.  After 
some  previous  siege  this  portion  ha<l  not  been  rebuilt 
so  as  to  be  s|K'cially  strong.  The  siege  was  in  .\.I).  70; 
but  the  war  broke  out  in  a.i>.  (!(!;  and  during  these  four 
years  the  inhabitants  of  .Tcrusalem  had  done  much  re- 
pairing of  the  walls  in  ortler  to  render  them  as  strong 
as  possible.  In  this  i)art  of  the  Second  Wall  there  was 
a  vulnerable  point  when'  Titus  made  his  attack  and 
wlii<h,  aft»'r  one  failure,  he  successfully  stormed  (  V. 
viii.  1).  The  ground  at  this  point  was  relatively  low, 
for  there  were  "upju'r  gates"  through  wliich  the  Jews 
made  sallies  to  impede  the  IJonians.    One  of  these  gates 


(if 


r   t 


M 


1. 


ii  n, 


I 
I' 


166 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


may  have  been  to  the  west  of  the  point  of  attack,  but 
the  others  were  to  the  east  of  it;  but  both  to  the  west 
and  to  the  east  the  ground  is  higlier  than  it  is  between 
(See  Illustration.) 

In  conneition  with  the  statement  that  the  Second 
Wall  at  a  certain  point  in  tlie  north  side  was  "not 
joined,"  it  may  be  of  interest  to  refer  to  the  well-known 
fact  that  the  walls  of  Jerusjilem  as  we  now  see  them  are 
composed  of  stones  of  many  different  periods;  that  in 
some  parts  Jewish  stones  are  abundant,  which  is 
true  of  the  walls  enclosing  the  northwest  corner 
of  the  city;  that  in  the  north  wall,  at  about  1,300  feet 
from  the  northwest  corner,  going  east,  Jewish  stones 
cease  altogether;  that  between  this  point  and  the 
Damascus  (Sate,  the  distance  being  alwut  400  feet,  the 
stones  are  all  new,  belonging  to  the  Trusjiding  or 
Arab  period,  or  to  both ;  and  that  at  the  Damascus  (late 
old  Jewish  work  appears  again.  The  absence  of  Jewish 
stones  in  this  section  of  tlie  present  wall,  which  fol- 
lows in  general  the  line  of  the  ancient  Second  Wall, 
is  certainly  remarkable. 

Titus,  in  attacking  the  Second  Wall,  had  the  New  City 
behind  him;  an«l  the  particular  part  of  it  is  describinl 
as  that  where  the  Wool  Market,  the  Clothes  Market,  and 
the  Brazi»'rs'  Shops  were  situated. 

In  the  account  of  Titus'  <apture  of  the  Second  Wall 
there  is  an  interesting  passage  which  nHjuires  attention. 

The  brea.h  in  this  wall  was  only  a  narrow  one;  it 
was  "at  that  point  of  the  New  City  where  the  Wool 
Market,  the  Hraziers'  Shops,  and  the  Clothes  Market 
were  and  wlier..  t  'reets  led  obli<|nely  to  the  ram- 
parts" ( V.  vlii.  .  1,,.  first  thought  on  reading  this 
sentence  is  that  the  "markets"  and  "the  streets  running 
obli.|uely"  were  all  on  the  same  side  <.f  tlu'  Secoml 
Wall.  Nothing  is  more  natural  than  such  a  conclusion; 
but  it  is  not  correct. 


THE    SECOND   WALL 


1G7 


The  New  City  enilmuwl  everything  iiortli  of  the  Sec- 
ond Wall,  everything  hetwtH'ii  it  ami  tlie  First  Wall, 
and  it  \va«  entir«'ly  in  the  liands  of  Titu«.  Its  exteu- 
8ive  tiiiiber  market  had  been  linrned  by  (Vstius,  and 
both  by  Cestius  ami  by  Titus  otlier  portions  of  it  had 
been  destroyed. 

The  region  where  Tit<is  made  his  attack  was  not 
crowded  with  houses;  it  was  not  cut  up  by  narrow 
Btni'ts;  it  was  a  comparatively  open  place,  as  the  region 
of  several  important  markets  would  naturally  be,  where 
his  troops  couhl  i>perate  freely. 

Of  this  sentence,  "tlu'  markets"  were  on  one  side  of 
the  wall  and  in  the  control  of  Titus;  while  the  "streets 
leading  obliquely  to  the  ramparts"  were  on  the  other 
side  of  the  wall  and  not  in  the  control  of  Titus. 

It  was  in  these  streets,  "becatise  of  their  knowledge 
of  them,  that  the  Jews  had  greatly  the  advantage  over 
him." 

Titus  stationed  his  archers  at  the  ends  of  these  streets 
and  his  men  did  their  best,  but  they  were  at  last  ilriveu 
out ;  and  it  was  only  after  tlire<'  <lays  of  persistent  effort 
that  the  Itonuins  made  a  successful  entrance. 

The  annoyance  which  Titus'  trooj)s,  while  in  these 
narrow  streets,  received  from  the  Jews  on  the  house- 
tops illustrates  well  what  is  common  in  Oriental  sieges: 
namely,  .soldiers  in  the  streets  are  simjdy  at  the  mercy 
of  an  enemy  posted  on  the  flat  roofs  of  the  houses. 

In  considering  the  course  of  the  Second  Wall,  careful  signiflcanc* 

of  the  word 
attention  must  be  ]mid  to  tlie  language  of  Josephus.    To  "encircled" 

this  feature  of  the  t|uesti<ui  writers  have  done  scant  jus- 
tice, some  slighting  it,  and  others  ignoring  it  altogether. 
The  statement  is  that  the  Second  Wall  "encircle<l  the 
northern  ipiarter"  of  the  city.  The  (in-ek  word  kiikUiu- 
invnnn  means  «'ncircled.  The  verb  liillcoit  means  to 
encinle.  Thence  come  our  word  circle,  cycle.  In  all 
tlie  uses  of  this  word  the  idea  of  round,  circle,  encircle, 
is  prominent,  and  is  the  oidy  idea.     From  this  conclu- 


4        ! 
tj 


M. 


168 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


sion  therp  in  no  ewape.  "To  cnclost'"  is  not  the  mean- 
ing of  the  word.  For  the  choice  of  this  word  by  Jose- 
phus,  there  must  have  been  some  definite  reason  in  his 
uiind. 

The  acoonipanying  diagrams  illustrate  the  course  of 
the  Second  Wall  according  to  the  thrw  theories  which 
have  bcH'n  noticed  and  full.v  described.  As  the  boundary 
lines  of  No.  2  and  No.  3  are  practically  alike,  only  two 
diagrams  are  here  presented,  as  follows  :— 


If  Josephus  with  either  of  these  two  lines  before  him 
had  used  the  word  encircle  to  describe  them,  we  should 
have  a  right  to  .sjiy,  ( 1 )  that  he  was  ignorant  of  the 
proper  meaning  of  the  word;  (!')  tliat  in  the  use  of  this 
word  he  was  careless  beyond  excuse;  or  (3)  we  must 
fall  back  on  the  poverty  of  the  (Sreek  language.  Hut 
in  (Jreek  for  "straight,"  sjiy  a  line  or  a  strwt,  we  have 
a  definite  word  nitluin.  For  "crookcKl,"  "bent,"  "zig- 
zag," there  is  the  definite  word  sLoliox.  For  "angular," 
the  word  yooniocidrcs.  For  "round,"  "circle,"  ''en- 
circle," kulclos.  or  some  form  of  kukhuo.  The  word  in 
Josephus,  encirdcHl,  is  kiikloiimcnon,  xvxXovnevov. 

These  lines  may  l)e  indicated  thus:— 


Straight, 
Crooked,  bent, 
Angular, 


Round,  encircle,  O 


evSvi, 

axoXioi, 

ycjywitdtf?, 

kvhXo:,  HVMXea>,  MVhXno). 


The  last  supposition,  therefore,  as  to  the  poverty  of 
t!ie  (ireek  language  cannot  be  true.  Supposing  Jose- 
phus had  before  him  either  of  the  two  lines  shown  in 
the  diagrams  above,  and  he  wished  to  describe  it,  what 


THE   SECOND   WALL 


169 


flret'k  wonl  would  bo  hav«  chown?  We  allow  to  him 
8(»iiu'  ability,  a  fair  knowltHlfie  of  (irtt-k,  and  some  rft'uw. 
No  jti'iUTouH  roiiHidcration  for  bis  i<;noraiici',  no  ai)olojry 
of  any  kind  is  called  for;  all  that  is  i-e(|uired  is  to  do  bini 
foniniou  justitH'  and  say  he  suited  his  (ireek  word  to 
the  conditions  of  the  case.  Had  the  boundary  lines  been 
8trai;;ht,  crooked,  or  angular,  would  he  not  have  said  so? 
It  is  not  claimed  that  the  line  of  the  Second  Wall 
fornu'd  an  exact  part  of  a  cinle;  but  it  is  clainie<l  that, 
taking'  the  two  points  now  admitted  to  represent  the 
two  ends  of  the  Secontl  Wall,  one  west  of  He/.ekiah's 
P(K)1  and  the  other  at  the  Tower  of  Antonia,  and  join- 
int;  them  by  a  line  whicii  touches  the  existing  remains 
of  wall  in  the  north  part  of  the  city,  the  result  is  pretty 
accurately  described  by  Josephus'  word  "encircled." 
(Plan  L) 


H  is  asserted  by  many  writers  that  the  present  north  ThwriM ex- 
wall  of  the  city  follows  in  fjeneral  the  line  of  tiie  Third  pretentWaii 
Wall  of  the  time  of  the  sie};e,  which  is  the  First  Wall  ^u'-PUni 
of  Titus.    Let  us  suppose  this  to  Ik'  true  and  imiuire  as 
to  the  inevitable  conclusiiuis  of  this  theory. 

After  the  First  Wall  was  taken,  Titus  moved  his 
camp — i.e.  his  p<M-sonal  camp,  whicli  we  have  called  No. 
2 — within  it  and  prepan'd  to  attack  the  Second  Wall. 
In  this  camp,  which  is  indicattnl  on  the  Plan,  Josephus 
states  that  Titus  was  <uit  of  the  raufje  of  missiles  from 
the  enemy.  Three  plans  piven  in  the  precediujj;  chapter, 
showinjr  three  diflFerent  theories  of  the  Second  Wall, 
are  here  combiniHl  into  one:  1  indicatinjt  the  tirst 
Plan,  2  2  2  indicating  the  second  Plan,  and  3  3  3  indi- 
<atin};  the  third  Plan.  From  the  northwest  corners 
of  these  ditTerent  boundaries,  lines  have  been  drawn  to 
Titus'  camp  and  the  distanc*'  in  each  case  indicated. 
The  Jews  by  this  time  had  learned  the  use  of  warlike 
enftines,  and  they  had  excellent  machines  which  they 
had  taken  from  the  Xllth  Lejfion  at  Heth  Horon.  The 
raiifte  of  these  machines  was  1,200  fwt.    Titus  therefore. 


170 


ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


i-: 


Cmtnl  tower 
of  north  wall 
-PUnU. 


sime  he  wan  ont  of  tlif  ranf,'e  <if  the  enemiis'  miHsileH, 
iiiUHt  have  Ikh-h  more  llinii  1,1'00  fwt  from  tlie  Seiond 
Wall.  But  from  No.  3  to  hin  eaiiip  wan  700  feet,  frcjin 
No.  2  to  luM  camp  waw  »>00  feet,  and  from  No.  1  to  IiIh 
eamp  was  1,000  f»H't.  From  any  one  of  these  points  the 
Jews  could  have  anuoy«Hl  Titus  preatly  and  made  his 
camp  very  unsafe.  Hence  we  have  either  to  diward 
Josephus'  statement  entirely,  or  to  admit  that  the  line 
of  the  present  wall  has  nothinji  to  do  with  the  First 
Wall  of  the  siege  of  Titus. 

Titus  made  his  attack  "at  the  central  tower  of  the 
north  wall,"  and  this  is  indicatcnl  on  the  supposed  line 
of  the  Second  Wall.  The  situatiim  would  Iw  at  the 
lowest  point  betwwn  the  Antonia  and  the  Pool  of  Ileze- 
kiah.  Its  distance  from  Antonia  would  he  (!00  fcH't,  and 
Antonia  would  risealM)ve  it  to  a  height  of  100  or  perhaps 
150  feet.  Neither  this  wall  nor  tliis  tow«'r  (-ovenil  or  pro- 
tectwl  in  any  way  the  T<»wer  of  Antonia.  Hence  they 
were  not  in  the  way  of  Titus,  whose  plan  was  to  rrach 
thr  Timpir  fliioiii/h  the  Antonia.  and  he  could  have 
attack»'d  that  fortress  directly  had  he  chosen  to  do  so. 
If  the  north  wall  and  its  central  tower  are  to  he 
located  as  here  supposed,  the  troops  of  Titus  in  their 
attack  upon  it  must  have  sutTered  terribly.  Soldiers 
defendiu};  n  city  c»)uld  not  possibly  ask  for  a  fjreater 
advanta^re  over  their  enemies  than  the  Jews  in  Antonia 
would  have  hatl  over  the  IJomans,  for  practically  the 
Jews  in  Antonia  were  in  the  air  directly  over  the  heads 
of  the  Komans.  Hut  there  is  no  intimation  whatever 
that  the  capture  of  this  wall  was  particularly  difficult 
or  was  attended  with  special  loss  of  life. 

Supposinj:  we  take  the  third  Plan,  marked  3  3  3,  and 
jilace  the  central  tower,  the  jtoint  of  attack,  alxmt 
where  the  Court  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre  is;  the  Romans 
would  not  have  suffered  so  much  from  Antonia,  but 
besiiles  the  enemy  in  front,  their  flank  would  have  Imh'u 
e.xposed  to  an  enemy,  powerful,  well  armed,  and  des- 


THE   SECOND   WALL 


171 


perate,  l)ehind  a  wall  only  100  yardH  diHtant.  More 
over,  knowing  what  we  do  of  the  great  bawin  of  the 
MuriHtau,  we  are  certain  that  there  wuh  no  room  for 
streetH  to  run  from  thi8  wall  ol)li(|m-ly  into  the  eit.v.  If 
we  aeeept  Plan  1.  there  would  still  Ih-  no  room  for  Huch 
HtreetB.  To  any  and  all  of  these  thiH>ries  there  are 
insuperable  objeetions,  and  they  are  not  in  harmony 
with  any  known  facts  or  with  the  statements  of 
Josephus. 


Plan  III.  represi'uts  the  Hecon<l  Wall  as  de8cribe<l  bv  SMondud 


Josephus.  It  is  justitieil  by  the  (Ireek  word  which  he 
uses,  by  the  existing  renmius,  and  by  other  valid  reasons. 
It  extends  from  the  (late  (ieuuath  (near  the  present 
Castle  «)f  David)  round  by  the  n(»rth  to  the  Tower  of 
Antonia.  It  allows  for  a  "northern"  and  a  "southeru" 
I)ortion.  The  middle  jKirtioii  is  lower  than  the  sections 
both  to  the  east  and  west,  which  justifies  the  expression 
"upper  gates"  relative  to  this  poiut.  The  various  great 
markets  were  in  the  New  Town  to  the  north  of  the 
middle  jxirtion  of  the  wall,  and  the  "strwts  running 
obliquely"  were  on  the  inner  side  ami  tlier«'fore  in  the 
Lower  City.  Agripi)a's  or  the  Third  Wall  is  shown 
extending  from  Ilipiucus  round  by  the  north  to  the  Old 
Wall  at  a  point  half-way  betw(H'n  the  Tower  of  Antonia 
and  St.  Stephen's  (Sate,  where  it  terminated  at  (that 
branch  of)  the  Kedron  valley.  Like  the  Second  Wall, 
it  follows  existing  remains  which  have  lieen  brought  to 
light  at  many  jMduts  along  its  course.  If  was  the  "First 
Wall"  captured  by  Titus  and  inside  of  which  his  Camp 
No.  2  was  placed.  The  distance  from  the  nearest  poiut 
of  the  Second  Wall  to  Titus'  camp  was  alxuit  l.(iOO  feet, 
and  we  have  .seen  that  the  range  of  the  best  uuicliines 
was  about  1.200  feet,  so  that  Titus  could  not  be  reached 
by  mi.j8iles  thrown  by  the  Jews. 


TUrd  WkUi- 
FUn  m. 


'    I 


(     i 


& 


CUAPTER  XXVI 

CAPTURE  OF  THE  UPPER  CITY 
I'ointa  of  Attack— Futile  Kfforti  of  Jews  to  Escape 


Captnr*  of  the 
Upper  Citr. 
ZTtnti  pr*- 
eadiag  the 
tiege 


Ajter  the  Toniplc  wan  in  flaiin's  tlio  .Icwh  flwl  into 
tlie  city,— nieuninn  lioth  the  TpptT  uud  tlii'  Lowi-r 
Citit'N,— for  in  a  lurp-  m-ftion  of  tlio  Lowor  City  the 
bouHCH  had  not  Ikh'H  »l«'Ktroy('d  (VI.  v.  1;  vi.  1).  The 
next  step  was  tlie  eoufereuce  between  TitUH  and  the 
insurjient  leaders  across  tlie  valley  at  the  Xystus  (VI. 
vi.  '2),  the  lead«'rs  refusing  the  terms  offerinl  them.  The 
third  step  was  the  Iturnin};  of  the  Lower  City  (VI.  vi. .'{). 

"Fire  was  set  to  the  residence  of  the  magistrates,  the 
Acra.  the  Council  Chand)er,  and  the  place  callwl  Ophla, 
the  tiaiiies  spreading'  as  far  as  the  Palace  of  Queen 
Helena,  which  was  in  the  centre  of  the  Acra."  Not 
everythinfi  was  l)urne<l,  however,  nor  were  all  the  Jewa 
driven  out. 

The  fourth  step  was  the  terrible  massacre  in  Helena's 
Palace  by  the  insurpents.  This  was  not  Herod's  Palace 
in  the  I'pper  City,  as  has  Ikh-u  asserted,  for  the  I'pper 
City  at  this  time  was  crowded  with  tens  of  thousands  of 
Jews,  and  the  Homans  had  not  yet  approached  the  walls. 
Moreover,  HcmmI's  Palace  is  generally  spoken  of  as  "the 
royal  pala<e,"  while  here  only  "palace"  is  used. 

Further,  the  burninft  of  the  L«»wer  City  was  not  yet 
complete  and  a  {treat  nundu'r  of  terriflwl  ptK)ple  still 
remaim'd  amonp  the  ruins.  Many  of  these  had  taken 
refufte  in  Helena's  Palace,  which  was  a  "stronj;  phu«'," 
and  there  they  were  attacked  by  tli«'  insurgents  and 
over  8,000  of  them  put  to  death  (VI.  vii.  1). 

It  was  after  all  these  events  that  the  Komans  suc- 
ceeded in  driviufi  thi'  brigands  from  the  Lower  (^ity 
and  in  burning  everything  as  far  as  iSiloam  (V.  vii.  2). 

173 


•( 


PLAN  1. -POSITION  OF  KOMAXS  IN  THE  S1£0E  OF  THE 
ll'PEK  flTY 


174 


AN'CIENT  JEKU8ALEM 


Evpn  at  thiB  time  the  brigamlH  liutl  I'ot  all  been  driven 
Into  the  Upp»T  City  and  lonllniHl  there,  but  they  lay 
in  uiiibu8h  auionK  tlie  ruius  arouu«l  the  wuIIh  (of  the 
Upper  City)  and  put  to  death  any  of  the  JewH  who 
attenipte<l  to  dewrt. 

The  events  hen*  detailiHl  are  eouneetwl  with  so  many 
imiMirtaut  toponiaphlial  pointn  that  their  Hequence 
iiiUHt  be  borne  in  mind. 


■MWtOftk* 

kUl 


The  preiipitouH  natur(>  of  the  hill  on  whieh  the 
Tpper  City  Ht«HHl  wa»  the  fln»t  t'lintt  to  \w  eonHidereil 
in  TItUH'  plan  of  attack.  The  Greek  word  pvrikrcvmnoH, 
niptMptfftyoi,  meiiUH  "«teep  all  round."  .Moundn  were  de- 
eidwl  on  uh  net«t«Hary,  and  two  iniintH  HeltH-tiHl  where 
they  were  to  Ik?  built :  one  wan  on  the  eantern  wide  in  the 
retti«in  «)f  the  XystUH  and  the  other  in  the  weHtern  quarter 
opposite  the  Uoyal  or  llerod'M  I'alu<e.  Here  the  Indefi- 
nite Oreek  word  antikru,  "opposite,"  mturH  apiin  just 
where  the  most  positive  word  would  be  acceptable. 

At  Ilippicus  the  wall  of  the  Upper  City  formetl  nearly 
a  ritjht  angle  with  a  north  face  and  a  w  est  face,  but  the 
point  where  the  mounds  were  enntwl  is  not  stated. 

Unless  the  ground  adjoining  the  west  wall  on  the  out- 
side has  iKH'n  changiHl  since  that  time,  there  is  no  place 
for  mounds  to  have  iK'en  erecte<l  and  engines  tc  work 
ex<  ('itt  towards  the  south,  say  not  far  from  the  present 
southwest  corner  of  the  city  wall,  which  wonbl  l)e  west 
of  the  south  end  of  the  Armenian  Garden;  and  this 
point  miglit  certainly  be  describwl  as  "opposite  the 
Royal  Palace."     (See  Plan  II.  and  Illustration.) 

A  breach  was  made  by  which  tl»e  Hcunans  entered ;  the 
Jews,  "abandoning  the  ramparts"  and  "tin-  towers  where 
famine  alone  could  have  subdue<l  them,"  tlinl  into  the 
ravine  towards  Siloam,  where  they  tri«'<l  to  break 
through  tlie  barrier  in  that  directi.m— that  is,  the  Wall 
of  Uircumvallation— but  witlw.ut  success  (VI.  viii.  4,  '*). 
The  Homans  were  surprisjnl  that  they  had  Ix'cn  able  to 
capture  these  walls  with  so  little  difficulty  and  blood- 


H 
-3 

is 

E 

w 


"a 

Ed 


X 

a 

•/5 


O 


4 


i   k 


I  '*■ 


£ 


It 


■  JAFFA  GATE 


DAVID        srntET 


Kortk 


CASTLE 


~?r 


PLAN    II.— POSITION   OF  TITIS-    MOUNDS   IN   THE    ATTACK  ON 
TIIK   LITEU  CITY 


i 

i 


176 


ANCIENT   JEKUSALEM 


shed ;  and  when  once  ou  the  walln  they  were  astonishe.! 
at  swinp  no  one  to  oi»pose  tlieni,  which  illustrates  the 
fact  that  l)etween  the  wall  and  the  houses  there  was  the 
wide  space  occupied  by  Herod's  I'alace  and  the  grounds 
about  it  (VI.  viii.  5), 

It  is  noticeable  that  tlie  mounds  and  the  troops  near 
the  Xystus  accomplished  little  in  this  siege.  They  may 
have  served  rather  as  guards  than  as  participants  in  the 
siege  operations. 

IZ'wM*  Subsequently,  Titus  "ordered  the  entire  city  and  the 
leftitandingr  Temple  to  be  razed  to  the  foundations,  alhiwing  the 
three  towers  Ilippicus,  Phasaelus,  and  JIariamne  to 
remain  as  a  memorial  of  the  strength  of  the  place,  and 
tliat  part  of  the  wall  v  luch  enclosed  the  city  ou  the 
west"  (VII.  i.  1). 


pi 


8ilo*m  not 
within  the 
Fint  Wall 


The  two  points  of  operation  against  the  I'pper  City 
were:  first,  on  the  westerly  side,  an<l  second,  on  the 
•'Sisterly  si<le  near  the  Xystus.     Hut  if  the  wall  of  the 
rpper  City  ran,  as  some  writers  allege,  from  Hisliop 
(Jobat's  Scho<d   to  a  point  beluw  Siloam,  and  thence 
north,    including    Ophel,    to    the    Temple    area,    the 
choice  of  these  points  would  seem  inexplicable.     The 
Komans.  with  a  force  near  Ilippicus  and  another  near 
the  Xystus  to  i)revent  the  Jews  from  escaping,  <ould 
have  gone  with  other  troops  to  the  valley  near  Siloam 
and  entered   the  city  withcmt   much  difHculty.     It   is 
not  likely  Jliat  they  selected  a  dif!i<ult  approacli  instead 
of  an  easy  one.     There  is  no  reason  to  ignore  ur  dis- 
pute the  statement  that  Titus  found   the  hill  of  the 
I'pper  City  "precipitous  all   :,.und."     IIen<-e  he  could 
nol   ajijiroach   the  wall   from   the  south,  southeast,  or 
sonlhwest  directions.    This  was  next  to  impossible.    His 
attack  must  be  from  other  directions. 


^U^ 


CHAPTER  XXVII 

DESTRUCTION  OF  HOUSES  AND  INHABITANTS 
Kever  Complete—Occasional  Sally  of  the  Jews 


At  tilt'  time  of  the  siege  under  Titus,  Jerusalem  was  HoniMuid 
«To\v(le«J  with  Jews.     All  the  historieal  notices  conflrni  n^j^u*"-" 
the  supposition  that  a  nmltitude  of  jx'ople  were  shut  up  itroyed 
withiu  the  walls,  actual  prisoners  unahle  to  jjet  away. 
Jerr.    Jem  was  divided  into  three  parts,  the  Upper  Cit}', 
the   Lower  <Mty,  and  the  \ew  City  which  enihraced 
all  that  lay  hetween  the  Second  and  Third  Walls,  count- 
ioii  these  historically. 

As  the  sicfje  went  on,  the  First  Wall  (Agrippa's) 
being  taken,  and  after  that  the  Second,  the  question 
arises,  what  became  of  the  Jews?  After  the  First  Wall 
was  taken  were  those  in  that  section  all  driven  into 
the  Temple,  the  Lower  City,  and  the  Tpju'r  City? 
Again,  after  the  Second  Wall  was  taken,  were  they  all 
driven  into  the  Temple  and  the  Fpper  City?  And 
finally,  after  the  New  City,  the  Lower  City,  and  the 
Ti'mple  had  been  taken,  could  all  the  multitude  have 
been  crowded  into  the  Fjiper  City?  Tlu'se  i|Uestion8 
seem  to  answer  themselves,  namely,  that  this  could  not 
have  been  possible.  It  is  known  that  a  great  mul- 
titu<le  died  of  famine  and  a  great  multitude  more  by 
violence. 

When  Cestius  in  A.D.  (t(i  entered  the  city  and  burned 
a  portion  of  it,  including  the  Timber  Miirket.  it  is  not 
said  or  implied  that  he  destroyed  all  the  lM»uses  or  killetl 
all  (lie  inhabitants  (II.  xi.\.  4>.  Later,  when  Titus 
had  taken  the  First  Wall,  and  it  is  said  that  "he  threw 
down  a  great  part  of  it  and  laid  in  ruins  the  New  City" 

177 


S    I 


r 


178 


ANCIENT  JEUUSALEM 


(V.  vii.  2),  it  is  not  asserted  uor  is  it  to  be  supposed 
tbat  he  destroy.Hl  every  house  or  put  to  death  every 
human  beinp  living  there. 

When  tlie  Second  Wall  was  taken,  the  Komans  were 
masters  of  all  the  Lower  City;  but  they  did  not  destroy 
overy  bouse,  nor  kill  all  the  ptH)ple.     Titus  caused  a 
cessiition  of  hostilities  for  a  short  time,  as  the  army  pay- 
day had  arrived,  and  he  employed  this  interval  in  mak- 
ing a  display  in  sight  of  the  enemv,  which  he  boptni 
would  have  upon  them  a  strong  nn.ral  effect.    The  whole 
army  appearwl  in  its  "drt'ss  parade"  attire,  and  the 
Jews,  as  was  ex|HHtiHl,  beheld  the  scene.    "The  whole 
of  the  ancient  wall  and  the  northern  quarter  of  the 
Temple  were  crowded  with  sinntators  and  the  houses 
were  swn  to  be  filled  with  ptH.i>le  on  the  lookout,  nor 
was  there  a  spot  in  the  city  which  was  not  coveretl  with 
multitudes"  (V.  ix.  1).     It  is  certain  tbat  the  bouses 
m  the  Lower  City  were  not  all  destroywl,  nor  were  the 
p<>oi)le  all  driven  out,  for  while  the  Komans  were  besieg- 
ing the  Temple,  a  Jew  "came  out  by  the  Monument  of 
the   High    Priest   John   and   with    insulting   language 
challenged   the  best  of  the  Romans   to   meet   him   in 
single  combat"   (VI.  ii.  10).     Not  long  after,  he  was 
killed.     But  this  man  came  from  the  houses  in  the 
Lower  City  and  from  the  multitude  of  Jews  that  still 
occHpi(Hl  them. 

Uter,  Titus  gave  orders  "to  burn  the  Lower  City" 
(VI.  vi.  3).  Yet,  even  after  the  burning,  the  Palace 
of  Helena  remaintnl  unbarmf-d  and  was  crowded  with 
terriflwl  Jews  whom  the  insurgents,  still  in  the  Lower 
City,  massjicred  (VI.  vii.  1).  It  was  after  all  these 
events  that  tin-  Ifomans  suceeded  in  driving  the  insur- 
gents from  the  Lower  City.  Even  then,  "thev  lay  in 
ambush  outside  the  l-pp<.r  City  among  the  ruins,  to 
kill  any  who  were  imlined  to  desert"  to  the  Ucmians 
(VL  vii.  -2). 

In  warfare,  when  an  army  conquers  a  country,  not  all 
the  houses  are  bm-ned  or  all  the  inhabitants  killed.  In 


i     I 


DESTliUCTIOX   OF   HOUSES 


179 


like  inanucr,  as  one  section  after  anotlier  of  Jerusalem 
••aiiie  into  the  power  of  the  Romans,  it  is  not  to  be  sup- 
lK>se(l  tliat  all  the  houst-s  were  destroyed  or  the  inhab- 
itants exterminated.  Many  dwellinjis  remained  and 
very  umny  Jews  remained  to  occupy  them. 


\ 


'.', 


n 


OoTcrnen 
and  Pro- 
ennton 


CHAPTER  XXVIII 

GOVERNORS  AND  PROCURATORS 

Civil  and  Military  Authority — Residences— Residence  in  Jerusa- 
li  III  Doubtful— Compared  with  Modern  Consuls— Importance 
of  Antonia,  Where  Troops  Were  Stationed— Garrison  Ancient 
and  Modern  Compared— Beema,  or  Tributwl 

A  OovKnxoR  received  his  appointment  directly  from 
tlie  Emperor.  lie  had  general  oversight  of  his  province, 
of  the  Procurators,  and  all  important  nmtters  were 
brought  before  him.  For  example:  Herod  the  Great, 
wishing  on  a  certain  occasion  to  punish  some  robber 
bands  east  of  the  Jordan  towards  Arabia,  requirwl  the 
])ermission  of  8afurnlnus  the  Governor  and  Volumnius 
the  Procurator  of  Syria  before  he  could  undertake  war- 
like measures  against  them  (Aiitiq.,  XVI.  ix.  1,  3).  This 
was  in  the  year  7  i\.v. 

Again,  when  Archelaus  in  the  year  B.c.  4,  after  t'-.e 
death  of  his  father  Herod  the  (Jreat,  went  to  Rome  and 
a  delegation  of  Jews  wished  to  accompany  or  follow  him 
to  act  in  his  l>ehalf,  they  r(H|uire<l  the  pi'rmission  of 
Varus,  the  (Jiovernor  of  Syria,  to  d(»  so  (II.  vi.  1). 

The  Procurators,  although  appointed  by  the  Emper- 
ors, were  under  the  direct  orders  of  the  (Sovernors  of 
Syria.  The  (Jovernors  had  general  oversight  of  their 
conduct  and  could  order  them  to  trial  or  send  them  to 
Rome:  as  for  example,  in  the  case  of  Pontius  Pilate 
A.l>. ;{(!,  and  Cumanus  A.i».  '>'2. 

Whenever  the  Procurators  entered  Jerusjileni  tlu're 
seem  to  have  lieen  some  spe<-ial  ceremonies  in  honor  of 
the  occasion  { Aiitiq.,  XVIII.  iii.  1). 


Coponius,  A.i).  «-!(),  the  tirst  Procurator  sent  to  Ju<lea 
after  it  became  a  Roman  province  on  the  banishment  of 

180 


GOVERNORS  AND  PROCURATORS   181 

ArchelauH,  was  "invoHtctl  hy  Cipsar  (Augustus)  with  CiTU»n- 
authority  to  inflict  capital  punisluneut."  Besides  S^u^*' 
roiK)niu8  ver.v  little  is  said  of  the  other  early  Procu- 
rators, namely,  Amhivius,  a.d.  10-13;  Rufus,  a.i».  13-15; 
OratuH,  A.D.  15-2<!;  till  we  reach  the  time  of  Pontius 
Pilate,  A.i».  2f>-3(i.  Pilate  had  the  same  power,  for  he 
IWNsed  sentence  of  death  upon  Jesus;  he  caused  the 
death  of  many  Jews  in  the  tumult  which  he  himself 
raised  in  conne«tion  with  the  water  sui)ply  of  Jerusa- 
lem (II.  i.\.  4) ;  and  his  conduct  in  attackin},'  and  put- 
tinjj  to  death  a  numher  !>f  Samaritans  led  to  formal 
complaints  apiinst  him  which  resulted  in  his  being 
tried  and  sent  to  Rcmie  (.h/hV/.,  XVIll.  iv.  1,  '2). 

Marcellus,  a.i».  3(>;  Cuspius  Fadus,  a.d.  44-4(>  (he  f(d- 
lowe<l  immediately  uiMtn  the  death  of  King  lIer<Ml 
Agrippa  1. 1 ;  an«l  Tiberius  Alexander,  a.d.  4(i-48,  seem 
to  have  Imh'u  on  the  whole  (|uiet  men.  It  is  sjxid  of 
them  that  "they  made  no  changes  in  the  national  usages 
and  preserved  the  c(mntry  in  jM-ace"  (II.  xi.  (>).  Yet 
even  Fatlus  put  t(»  death  a  nund)er  of  prominent  Jews 
who  were  chargeil  with  making  a  disturbance  east  of  the 
Jordan  (.l»if»V/..  XX.  i.  1 ». 

Cunumus,  a.d.  4S-r>l',  for  slaughtering  Jews  by 
wholesjile,  was  tried  by  the  (Jovernor  of  Syria  and  sent 
to  Rome  (II.  xii.  1,  3,  (i;  Aiilitj.,  XX.  vi.  1,  1'). 

Felix,  A.D.  r)2-(!(),  had  the  power  of  life  and  death,  for 
by  his  order  there  was  a  massjicre  of  Jews  at  (\>sarea 
(II.  xiii.  7;  Aiifi<i..  XX.  viii.  7i. 

Festus,  A.it.  (tO-(i2,  conducteil  the  trial  of  Paul  at 
('es;irea,  Paul  having  been  left  in  i>ris(»n  by  his  prede- 
cessor Felix   (Acts  xxiv.,  xxv. ). 

Of  Albinus,  A.D.  (;i.'-(!4.  it  is  said  tliat  on  his  arrival 
he  "used  all  his  endeavors  and  care  that  the  country 
might  be  kejit  in  peace"  (  I /(//(/..  XX.  ix.  2  I.  Rut  there 
was  soon  devel(i])ed  a  vast  amount  of  ((UTUiitioii,  chielly 
through  the  favorilism  of  liie  High  I'ricst  and  the  use 
of  money,  so  that  his  rule  is  ]iainte(l  in  dark  (olors  ( II. 
xiv;  1 )  ;  and  at  his  departure  it  is  said  of  him  "that  he 


Ill 


182 


ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


had  cinptitMl  tlic  priHoiiM,  but  thorcliy  fllUtl  the  country 
with  rohbtTH"  (.1m/i«/.,  XX.  ix.  .">). 

IMoruH,  A.I).  (i5-r>«.  In  the  year  a.i».  6«,  "KloruB 
Heourjjitl  anil  nail«Hl  to  the  eros«  men  of  e<|ue8trian  rank 
who  weri'  of  Jewinh  orijjin,"  anti  ordeWMl  a  iiiUNHacre  of 
the  Jew8  in  the  UpiMT  Maiket  (II.  .\iv.  !>).  At  this  time 
no  lesM  than  3,»»00  inuotent  iM'oi)le  were  kilUnl. 

I-'rom  the  foregoinfr  faets  we  learn  tiiat  the  Procu- 
rators liail  tin-  power  of  life  and  death,  and  if  this  was 
not  actually  stated  in  their  commissions,  as  it  was  in 
the  case  of  the  first  Procurator,  Coponius,  they  asHunuMi 
this  authority  and  freciuently  exercised  it  in  an  arbi- 
trary and  cruel  manner.  We  may  jjive  a  few  of  the 
Pr(H-urators  of  Judea  the  credit  of  beinfi  uprijjht  men 
who  aimetl  at  rulinj;  the  province  with  justice;  but  the 
majority  of  theni  were  unprincipliMl  and  wicked,  ready 
to  lay  violent  hands  on  the  property  of  their  subjects, 
and  ready  always,  on  the  sli};htes(  pretext,  to  slaughter 
hundreds,  and  in  some  instances  thousauds,  of  a  race 
whom  thev  hated 


i 


J*    '-■ 


Tbair 

miliUrjr 

•nUioritr 


There  was  always  a  leftion  fpiartereil  in  the  Tower 
of  Antonia  (V.  v.  8).  The  legions  had  spt'cial  com- 
numders  (11.  xviii.  11).  In  the  «ommotions  following 
the  death  of  Herod  the  (in'ut,  B.C.  4,  while  the  (Jovernor 
Varus  was  in  Antiocli,  Sabinus,  a  Procurator  (but  not 
of  Judea),  nmde  unreasonable  tlemands  upon  the  Jews 
and  nearly  plun<;ed  the  nation  into  war  with  l{(»me. 
Habinus  was  in  the  rpjM'r  City  with  certain  troops  and 
hard-pressed  by  the  enemy,  when  he  ascended  the 
IMiasaelus  Tower  and  sifinalled  to  the  lejjion  that  was 
in  Antonia  to  attack  the  Jews  in  the  Temple.  After  a 
time  Varus  app«'ared,  the  uprising  was  easily  sup- 
pressed, and  Sabinus,  aware  that  he  was  largely  respon- 
sible f<tr  the  trouble,  did  not  dare  to  meet  Varus,  but  ran 
away  ( II.  iii.  1-4;  v.  1-8). 

In  the  trouble  between  the  Jews  and  Samaritans  at 
(linca,  in  (ialilee,  the  Procurator  Cuniauus  led  a  large 


(lOVEUXOHS  AND  I'UOCUKATOKS   183 

for«»>  to  that  n'nion  to  rr'«{ori'  order,  which  he  diil  witli 
hkMMly  viol.'iicc  (II.  xii.  3-7;  Aiith/..  XX.  vi.  1 ).  At  the 
ft'aiMt  of  uiiIcavciMMl  Itrenil  Cuinamis  was  in  coiniiiuud 
of  thi"  troopH  in  Antonia  and  was  actually  with  them 
watching  the  Jews.  And  when  the  trouble  iM-canie  so 
HeriouH  that  he  feared  he  had  not  tnM>pN  enoujjh  about 
him  to  m«H't  the  emerjieney,  he  ordered  up  more  sold iern, 
who  "enme  pouriufi  in  by  the  eolonnachs,"  with  the  re- 
unit  that  the  Jews  were  frightened  and  10,(»(M)  of 
them  lost  their  lives,  some  beinjt  kille<l  and  a  vast 
number  eruslHnl  to  death  in  their  etTorts  to  escape 
(II.  xii.  1). 

In  scmie  serious  trouble  with  the  Samaritans  at  Mount 
<!erizim,  Pilate  !«h1  a  lar;;e  body  of  troops  ajrainst  tlie 
Hamaritans,  capture<l  many  of  them,  and  ordered  them 
to  be  slain  (.l«/iV/..  XVIII.  iv.  1,1'). 

In  the  «ase  of  the  Kfiyptian  impostor  who  collected  an 
army  of  30.000  men  and  led  them  ajrainst  Jerusalem, 
the  PrcMurator  Feli.v  calhnl  out  all  the  Homan  troops  at 
l>is  command— that  is,  the  Antonia  I:'<;ion— and  all  the 
citizens  who  coulil  join  him,  and  in  the  action  which 
ensued  nearly  the  entire  nnndier  of  the  Egyptian's 
f<dlowers  were  slain  or  captured  (II.  xiii.  ."i).  At 
Cesarea  some  trouble  aros.'  between  the  Jews  and 
the  Syrians  (CJrei'kSyrians),  when  Felix  onh'red 
his  troop.,  to  attack  them,  and  manv  were  killed 
(II.  xiii.  7). 

Florus,  who.se  object  seems  to  have  been  to  inti;ni- 
date  the  Jews  and  to  pillajie  the  city,  made  a  rapid 
marth  to  Jerusalem  witii  a  considerable  force  of  cavalry 
and  infantry  wiMi  which  to  accomplish  his  purpose.  He 
ordered  the  tr(»i.ps  to  j.lnnder  the  V]^)^'v  .Market  and  to 
kill  all  they  met  with  ;  conse«inently  there  was  a  terril)le 
massacre  and  3,(500  people,  includinj;  women  an(i  nfant 
children,  were  put  to  death  ( 11.  xiv.  (!.«)).  Hy  his  order 
the  soMiers  atta.ked  a  body  of  Jews  iiorth  of  tiie  city 
and  many  lives  were  lost.  Florus  attempted  to  lead  his 
troops  from  Herod's  Palace  to  the  Antonia,  but  failed. 


184 


ANCIENT  JEIUSALEM 


iMU'r  hv  li'ft  u  «i'rtuin  ImmI.v  of  troopH  in  .TcniHiiloni  and 
with  tlu'  rt'Ht  of  liiM  uriiij'  ri'turnwl  to  CwMiroa  (II.  xt. 
5,  ((;  xvii.  4). 

It  i«  very  rleur  that  in  military  matters  the  authority 
of  tlie  Profurator  waM  Huprenu".  The  h'jjiouary  roni- 
nianderx  and  the  coniniautlei-H  of  otlier  iHMliett  of  mildierti 
were  entirely  under  hiH  contrtd.  He  could  Munimon  to 
arniH  the  whole  military  foni"  in  hiH  province;  he  <'ould 
order  the  troops  an  he  pleaHinl;  and  he  hiniHelf  led  them 
from  one  poHt  to  another  or  into  battle,  an  the  cuhc  mii;ht 
rtH|uire.  The  moment,  however,  that  the  (lovernor  of 
(Syria  arrive*!  on  the  m-one,  the  Procurator'H  author- 
ity over  the  tr(K)ps,  and  over  civil  affairs  as  well, 
ceased. 

An  unprincipliMl  I'rcM-urator  had  it  in  his  power,  what- 
ever the  Koman  law  may  have  In'en,  to  do  an  infinite 
amount  of  harm.  lie  could  encourage  corruption,  jirac- 
tise  j'xtortion  and  cruelty  to  almost  any  extent  so  long 
as  he  was  not  found  out;  but  the  moment  his  crimes 
goaded  the  people  into  rebellion  he  was  held  resp<msible 
and  must  sutt'er  by  the  loss  of  his  position,  by  banish- 
ment, and  sometimes  by  death. 


E«H»ae«of  The  question  of  the  residence  of  the  Procurator  of 
PrecunSiwi"*  J"<'«'"  •>*  «>•"*  tJ>at  has  iM'en  much  discussed  and  one 
therefore  which  must  receive  the  most  careful  attention. 
Ev«'ry  passage  in  .Tosephus  bearing  on  this  matter  has 
been  examined  ami  grouiKMl  under  each  official's  name 
with  the  date  of  its  occurren<'e.  Some  <  lovernors  visited 
Jerusalem  two  or  more  times. 

To  complete  the  notices  there  has  been  addetl  what 
is  very  interesting,  if  not  s[»ecially  important,  that  the 
rendezvous  of  the  Kdiiian  army  in  Syria  was  at  I'tole- 
mais  or  at  Cesarea.  As  for  tiovernors.  tlie  |ilaces 
visitcti  nil',  with  tlie  ex<<'ption  of  AntitHh,  those  in  the 
line  of  Itifir  (luties;  while  the  names  conneited  with  llie 
Procurators  are  confined,  with  a  single  exception  (that 
of  riorus),  (()  Ccsarea  and  .Terusalem. 


m 


OOVEHNOK8  AND  PROCUUATOK8   185 


B.C. 


B.C. 


A.D. 


A.D. 


A.It. 


A.D. 


A.D. 


A.D. 


A.D. 


4,  Babims. 

(Vwin'a.     II.  ii.  2. 

Jfruwilcm.     II.  ii.  2;  III.  i.  4;  v.  2;  Antiq., 
XVII.  ix,  3;x.  9. 

4,  Vahi'8. 

PtoSeniaiH.     II.  v.  1. 

I'tnwrc'n.     II.  ii.  2;  Intif/.,  XVII.  ix.  3. 

Antio«li.    II.  ii.2;iii.  I;  v.  3;  .Ih<«V/..  XVII. 

V.  7;  xi.  1. 
JeruHtiii'in.     I.  xxxii.  1;  II.  iii.  I;  v.  2,  3; 

.l«//(/..XVII.  V.  2;.\.  1). 

26-30,  Pilate. 

.ToniKnlt'ni.     II.  ix.  2,  4. 
('fsaiva.     II.  ix.  2,  3. 

37,   VlTEI.l.US. 

Antiocli.     Ant  ill.,  XVIII.  v.  3. 
J«'riiwi!tMii.     Aiitiij.,  XVIII.  iv.  3. 
Ptol«iiiai.s.     Aiiti({..  XVIII.  V.  3, 

39,  Pirriioxii  s. 

Ptolcmais.     II.  x.  1-5;  Antiq.,  XVIII.  viii. 

29. 
Aiitiocli.     II.  X.  .'). 

44,    LONT.IMS. 

Ji'inissilcni.     Aiitii/.,  XX.  i.  1. 

44-4(i,  Fadi  s. 

.Tcrusali'iii.     II.  xi.  (!;  Antiij.,  XX.  i.  1. 

48-52,  ('IMAMS. 

•TenisiilciM.     II.  xii.  1. 
CVwm'a.     II.  xii.  2,  5. 

52,   (ilAKI!'     '  s. 

Aiitiocli.     II.  xii.  tt. 
Tyre.     II.  xii.  .">. 
Ct'siirca.     II.  xii.  r>. 
l.y«l<l;i.      II.  xii.  (i. 
Jcriiisalciii.     II.  xii.  (>. 


186 


ANCIENT  JEinSALEM 


I  i 


I  ) 


A.l».  52«0,  Fki.ix. 

(•••wirwi.     II.   xiii.  7;  .1m/iV/..  XX.  vlll.  7. 

Hjm'  iiIm)  .\ctM  xxiv. 
JeniHiili'iii.     II.  xiii.  5;  .Inhy.,  XX.  vlii.  «. 

A.D.  «J0G2,  Fehtih. 

J<>ruwili>tii  and  ( 'mm-a.     AetH  xxiv.,  xxv. 
A.I).  (]i»-«4,  ALni.Ms. 

Alfvaudria.     .!«////..  XX.  ix.  1-3. 

A.l».  Tm-WJ,  Fi.(»uis. 

.loniwileni.     1 1,  xiv.  3,  «-a ;  xv.  5,  fi. 

HHwHtf.     11.  xiv.  4-«!. 

( Vsurea.     1 1,  xiv.  3 ;  xv.  (i ;  xvii.  1-4. 

A.D.  GO,  Cksthh. 

AnticM-h.     II.  xiv.  3;  .xvi.  1 ;  xviii.  «!,  9. 

PtoloiiiuiH.     II.  xviii.  !»,  10. 

(V«ar»'u.     II.  xiv.  3;  .vviii.  10. 

AiitiimtriH.     II.  xix.  1. 

I.yddu.     II.  xix.  1. 

Joriisjilnn.     II.  xiv.  3;  and  all  of  thap.  xix. 

It  wan  nt  PtoloiiiaJH  that  Vespasian,  .\.i».  07.  nsv  -i- 
Jd.-d  his  ariny,  and  in  .\.i..  70  that  Titus  did  tlii'  sa....- 
(III.  ii.  4;  iv.  I'l.  lUoliMiiais  was  the  rendezvous  of  the 
Sviian  arni.v  whenever  it  was  to  niareh  into  Judea  and 
Samaria.  Sometimes  tlie.v  aswnd.hHl  also  at  Cesjirea, 
and  even  wiien  tliey  eame  from  Anti.xli  and  stopped  at 
Ptolemais  for  comi.letinfr  tlieir  plans,  tliev  jtassed 
thniu-h  Cesiirea  on  the  way  to  Jerusalem.  The  ease 
of  \  itellins  is  an  exception,  wlio  wlien  orderinl  to  nianh 
against  .\r.-tas  in  .\rai.ia.  and  intendin-  to  do  so  tlirou^h 
dn.lea.  sent  liis  army,  at  the  nr-ent  rcHpiest  of  the  Jews, 
eastward  across  tjie  Ks.lraeh.n  Plain  to  the  Jordan 
M"'/'/..  XVIII.  V.  .•{!.  The  reason  why  the  Jews  made 
this  profst  t.)  wliirh  Vitellius  yielded,  was  on  acc(.unt 
of  the  imafies  on  (lie  ensigns  which  the  armv  carried. 


(lOVEUXOHH   AMI    lM{()<;iJUATOUM        187 

We  fliul  that  tlit*  OoviTiiorM  of  Hvria  ntthltHl  iii  Auti-  Hmm»tr 
<H-h,  anil  on  nir«>  iM-raMionK  viHitini  .li  ruMalt'm,  romiUK 
Ki'ntTull.v  liy  wa.v  of  IMol«'niaii<  anti  ('•■wimi;  Antipatrin 
an<l  l.vilila  iK-in^  lik*>\viH<>  ni«-ntioui>4l  aH  on  tliHr  route. 
TiM'ir  vinitH  wt-rt*  ahva,vH  ou  hiixint'HH,  HonM*tinicM  numt 
iirp-nt  liuiiin«>HM,  ami  not  a  Minf;l«>  inMtanc*'  Ih  nii'ntlomHl 
w  Iht*'  they  vl«itc<|  JfniNalcni  for  tiirioHit.v  or  pli'aHure. 

In  like  manner  we  timi  timt  the  IV<M-iirator8  rennlwl 
at  t'ewirea,  an<l  went  to  .leruNalem  an  often  an  their 
prewnee  waH  reipiired.  |>om  all  the  available  tenti- 
mony  tliiH  wh-hih  to  have  Imh'h  the  rule,  an<l  there  is  no 
evidenee  whatever  that  any  of  lliein  remaintHi  in  .leruwi- 
lein  iM'yond  very  brief  jM-ritNls.  From  the  date  of  the 
apjiointment  of  ('o|N)niUM  aft«'r  the  ItaniMhmeut  of  Arehe- 
lauw  until  the  outbreak  of  the  war  with  Home  in  .v.i). 
<>((,  there  were  thirtjvn  rroeuraton*,  for  SabinUH  in  the 
time  of  VaruH,  (Sovernor  of  Syria,  althoHjiii  ealled 
"I'rm-urator"  was  ni»t  a  I'roeurator  of  /udea.  The  tirst 
I'rmurator  was  Coponiut),  apiH>iuteU  by  Au);uHtUH  io 
A.I).  6. 


It  ean  he  said  at  once  that,  no  far  an  JoHephuH'  tenti-  VeipMiai 
niony  Ih  eoneerned,  the  ipiestion  eannot  Ik'  deeidwl.  At  j^JSiS^n' 
the  same  time  no  one  ean  deny  the  iMmsibility  of  sueh  a 
thinfi — uiimely,  tiiat  there  was  j,  I»ro(  iirntor's  (uilaee 
or  that  the  Procjirator^  iiad  a  imlate  in  Jerusalem. 
There  was  during  that  p»'riod  no  laek  of  palaees  in  the 
v'y:  that  of  Herod  tlie  (Jreat;  tliat  of  the  Asmouean 
family,  iM-eupied  at  tiie  last  by  Herod  A^ri|)pa  II.  and 
Rerniee;  those  of  Helena,  (Srapte,  Monobaziis,  and  the 
IIi;,'li  I'riesl ;  and  the  military  palaee  in  the  Tower  of 
Antonia ;  these  are  mentiomnl  and  to  them  must  be  addinl 
the  resideiiees  of  wealthy  private  citizens.  Hut  the  exist- 
ence of  one  or  maey  palaces  does  not  j;ive  the  informa- 
tion desired. 

There    ar»'    certain    considerations    which    must    Ik* 
Qoticeil : 

First,  the  fact  that  the  usual  residence  of  the  I'rocu- 


188 


ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


n 


rators  was  at  Cesarca.  No  one  can  lilanio  thciii  for  their 
•  hoice;  that  tlu'y  prpfjTml  ('csari'a,  with  its  soft 
iliiuatc,  its  life,  its  shijts  loinin^'  from  distant  ports, 
and  its  boautiful  sea,  to  Jerusalem  of  tlie  Jews,  with  its 
many  (juarrels  and  its  multitude  of  lifeless  ceremonies. 

f^econd,  there  is  no  evidence  that  the  Homan  (Juvern- 
nient  providtnl  palaces  for  them. 

Third,  their  tenure  of  office,  averafrinp  a  little  more 
than  three  years,  was  so  short  that  they  would  not  think 
of  purchasin};  houses  unless  they  were  men  of  wealth. 
<!eiierally  they  came  to  Judea  to  {jet  money,  to  get  rich 
if  they  could  rather  than  to  spend  money. 

An  interestinfj  illustrative  fact  can  he  drawn  from 
modern  practices.  Of  the  ten  or  more  nations  rei)re- 
sented  in  Jeru.salem  by  Consuls  at  the  present  tiuie 
(15)03),  only  two  own  a  consular  residence,  and  until 
r«'cently  there  has  been  but  one.  The  terms  of  service 
here  are  usually  brief;  these  officers  do  not  wish  to  buy 
hon.ses  for  themselves,  even  if  they  were  able,  for  they 
miffht  have  to  leave  them  immediately,  and  the  respect- 
ive liovernments  do  not  purchase  houses  for  tln'm.  Still 
the  Consuls  reside  in  Jerusjilem,  which  the  Procurators 
did  not  pretend  to  do. 


Frocnnton 
and  Herod'i 
Palace 


In  the  year  4  n.r.  aft«'r  the  death  of  Ilerod  the  Cireat, 
Sabinus  "started  for  Jerusjilem  to  i)rotect  Herod's 
treasures."  I'or  some  reason  he  remained  at  Cesarea, 
where  he  then  was,  till  Varus,  the  (Jovernor  of  Syria,  had 
left  .Vntioch,  when  "he  hastened  to  Jerusalem  and  seized 
upon  Herod's  Palace.'  "He  made  rifjid  search  for  the 
royal  treasures."  His  demands  were  so  e.xtravajiant 
and  so  unreasonable  tliat  Ihey  were  resiste<l  by  force. 
The  Jews  Hocked  to  the  defence  of  (heir  ri;.'hts.  and 
Sabinus  before  he  could  help  himself  was  besie-red  and 
really  shut  up  as  a  i»risoner  in  his  palace.  Later  Varus 
arrived  and  war  was  averted.  This  serious  outbreak  of 
pojxilar  feelinj;  was  the  direct  result  of  the  hijrh  handed 
mciisiires  of  Sabinus.     The  account  shows  that  he  had 


m. 


^ 


GOVEUNOHS   AND    PUOCUIJATOKS        18y 

8onu'  private  sclicnit'  hcliind  his  pulilic  declaratiou  tiiat 
"lu'  wislu'd  to  protect  Ih-nnl's  treasures"  (II.  ii.  '2;  iii. 
1,  4;  V.  L'l.  His  connection  with  Herod's  Palace  was 
very  brief  and  very  siij'iit.  He  wishtnl  to  secure  money 
for  himself.  He  c:t;,u  is  :.  roltber  and  actually  ran 
away  in  disjjrac  His  a- <  ijli ..:  il  connection  with 
Herod's  Palace  (  hiliishcd  no  rule  ami  created  no 
l»recedent. 

It  is  not  till  seventh  y;.;;:.  taier  that  Herod's  Palace 
is  a};ain  mentioned  in  connection  with  a  Procurator, 
namely,  Florus,  in  .v.i).  (J(J.  It  is  a  siu^uiar  coincidence 
that  the  residence  or  even  the  stopping-place  of  the 
Procurators  in  Jerusalem  is  only  twice  mentit)ned :  at 
the  death  of  Herod  the  (Sn-at,  and  at  the  death  of  the 
nation,  countinj;  the  commencement  of  the  War  as  such, 
with  an  interval  lietween  them  of  seventy  years. 

In  A.n.  (i»!  Florus  was  in  Herod's  Palace.  He  came 
to  Jerusalem  on  the  I'Stli  of  April,  and  the  next  day 
ordered  the  massai  re  of  Jews  in  the  l'i)per  Market  and 
the  iiillafiinj;  of  the  houses  in  that  (juarter  of  the  city. 
It  was  live  and  a  half  months  ltef(U-e  the  (h-feat  of 
Cestius,  October  l(i.  Itut  Florus  did  not  remain  in 
Jerusalem  more  than  three  or  four  days,  i)ossibly  a 
wt'ck — a  week  of  l)loody  deeds.  As  soon  as  Cestius  the 
(iovenior  ai>peared  there  was  no  more  use  for  Florus, 
and  no  doubt  he  was  jilad  to  jret  away  from  a  terrible 
c<mf1a<j;ration  which  he  himself  had  kindled.  At  all 
events  he  soon  after  left  Jerusalem  and  never  returned. 

If  Herod's  Palace  was  set  ajtart  for  the  use  of  the 
Procurators  of  Judea  for  the  brief  visits  which  they 
nuule  to  Jerusalem,  which  is  j)ure  supposition,  it  would 
be  interesting!  to  know  what  disposition  was  made  of 
it  durinj;  the  rest  of  the  year.  It  certainly  was  not 
needed  till  after  A.n.  (i,  and  from  v.n.  ."J"  to  a.i».  44.  wiiile 
Herod  A'iripi»a  I.  reiy;ned,  there  was  no  Procurator  to 
occupy  this  or  any  olhei'  palace.  Durin,";;  the  seventy 
years  there  were  but  fifty  tlirei'  years  when  the  country 
was  {governed  by  Procurators. 


190 


ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


Antonia  prob-      The  Aiitonia  was  of  till'  luoHt  aiiinlc  proportions.     It 

able  ntidenea  i     •         t  a.  ■,  . 

of  Procuriwrt  «««  <ii'Hi|in(Hi  to  accuiiiiiiodatt'  a  larjjc  iuiiiiIkt  of  troops 

with  tiu'  officers  in  their  coinniand,  and  to  be  a  residence 
for  Ili^'h  Priest,  Kinj;,  or  (Sovernor  as  niijtht  lie  reciuired. 
It  was  hnilt  to  serve  as  a  palace  as  well  as  a  castle. 
For  several  generations  the  sjicred  vestments  of  the 
l»riests  were  deposited  in  Antonia  and  its  predecessor 
Maris,— this  iuclnded  the  entire  life  of  Christ  and  a 
few  years  after  his  <leath,— and  this  fact  would  tix  this 
casth'  in  the  minds  of  the  iuhabitants  in  a  way  that 
tould  never  have  been  true  of  Herod's  Palace.  The 
care  of  these  vestments  was  a  vital  matter  to  the  Jews, 
and  the  Komans  were  hardly  less  e.xactin};.  To  obtain 
possessicm  of  them,  very  punctilious  forms  had  to  be 
observed  by  both  the  hi};hest  Jewish  and  the  hifihest 
lioman  officials.  This,  as  well  as  scmie  other  important 
nuUters,  mi},'ht  jtossibly  be  deleftated  to  the  commander 
of  Antonia  by  the  Procurator,  who  was  called  < /*/7/f</«>.y. 
(TiiTpono?,  the  commander  bein;;  called  pliroiinirclinn, 
(ppovpapxo;  {Aiitiii..  XV.  xi.  4;  XVIII.  iv.  3).  This 
takiufj  and  returning;  of  the  sacred  vt'stments  and  the 
careful  examination  of  seals  took  place  on  four  occa- 
sions duriii};  the  year.  Sine  it  was  necessary  for  the 
Procurator  to  be  in  Jerusjilem  at  the  time  of  the  jireat 
feasts,  when  outbreaks  were  likely  to  occur,  and  in  close 
c«»nnection  with  the  troops  in  Antonia  so  as  to  be  ready 
for  any  enierf;ency  that  mi},'ht  arise,  h«'  may  have  had  the 
oversi^lht  of  the  unsealinjj  and  sealiu};  of  the  vestments. 

In  the  trouble  at  the  Feast  of  Fnleavened  Bread 
mentioncMl  in  II.  xii.  1,  Cumanus  the  Procurator  was 
pr>'sent  with  the  soldiers;  but  he  was  not  and  c(mld  not 
have  been  inside  the  Temple  wita  the  Jews;  and  the 
only  natural  inference  is  that,  bein<:  at  the  scene  of 
•listurbance,  he  was  in  the  .Vntonia  and  not  in  Herod's 
Palace.  This  fact  is  inciiiental  evidence  and  is  not 
urfied  as  proof  for  the  establishment  of  any  rule. 

However  the  question  may  at  last  be  decided,  it  is 
perfectly  <('rtain  that  the  Procurators  while  thev  were 


III 


fSOVEHNORS   AND   PROCUKATOKS        191 

iu  JtTusjih  111  w.nihl  find  all  the  accoinmodatious  they 
•  onhl  posMlily  miuire  for  a  n'sidcnte  in  tlu-  jjmit  mili- 
tary pahuf  in  Antouia,  t(»  wliicli  all  reasonable  indica- 
tions  swni  to  point  as  thoir  official  lu'ad(iuarters. 

At  tlu'  incscut  time  the  jiarrison  of  Jernsak'ni  is  iu  Hodemgairi- 
two  sotions  about  <M|uallv  divided,  one  section  beinj;  Zm^'"" 
(piartered  in  tlie  barraiks  connected  with  the  To'v^t 
of  David  and  the  other  in  the  barracks  which  stand  on 
the  site  of  tin-  Tower  of  Antonia.  When  this  custom 
bejfan  no  one  knows,  and  likewise  no  one  knows  or 
remembers  when  it  tlid  not  exist.  It  is  a  singular  fact 
that  precisely  this  arranjiement  existed  in  the  time  of 
.losephus  and  farther  ba.k  in  the  time  of  Herod,  which 
would  cover  a  period  of  more  than  one  hundred  years. 
Durin-,'  the  K'oman  occui)ation  the  bulk  of  the  troops, 
"always  a  le<;ion,"  were  station«Hl  in  the  Tower  of 
Aut(mia. 


It  is  frerpiently  asserted  that  there  was  a  "permanent  Tribunal 
tribunal,"  hainu,  finniii,  at    Jerusalem    in    connection 
with  the  residence  of  the  (lovernor.    The  matter,  sinee 
it  is  believed  by  many,  deserves  attention. 

Archelaus,  after  the  mourniu.y;  ceremonies  f(»r  his 
father  Herod  the  <Jreat  were  over,  erected  a  beemu  in 
the  Temple  area  from  which  he  addressed  the  Jews  as  to 
his  intentions.    This  was  iu  v.x.  4.  ( II.  i.  1  (. 

(iuadratus  erected  a  beema  at  Lydda,  where  he  heard 
the  complaint  of  the  Samaritans  aijiiinst  the  Trocurator 
Cumanus  when  the  latter  was  condemned  {Aiitiq..  XX. 
vi.  2).    This  was  in  .v.ii.  i>2. 

When  Pilate  introduced  the  "imajies"  or  "eftijrie.s"'  of 
Tiberius  into  Jerusalem,  doinj;  the  thin};  by  nifjht,  he 
aroused  "a  drea<iful  tumult  annm;r  the  Jews"  ( II.  ix.  2, 
^).  They  tlocked  to  him  at  «'esarea  and  be<j;;red  him  to 
remove  them,  which  he  refused  to  do.  They  "lay  on 
the  frround  tive  days  and  ni-thts."  Pilate,  resolved  on 
severe  measures,  threatened  to  kill  them  all  if  thev  did 


192 


ANX'IEXT   JEUrSALEM 


iu)t  (U'sist  from  tlicir  tlt'inaiuls.  Wishiii};  to  make  u^ 
great  a  display  of  his  authority  as  possible,  he  asremleti 
a  heema  in  the  -jreat  circus  at  Cesarea  and  had  himself 
and  the  petitioners  surrounded  liy  a  three-lined  circle  of 
soldiers  in  ««-der  to  intimidate  th«'  Jews,  hut  at  last 
he  yielde<l  to  the  Jews  instead  of  their  yielding  to 
him. 

I'ilate  ordered  the  construction — read  "reconstruc- 
tion"— of  the  aqueduct  for  bringing  water  t(»  Jerusalem, 
and  used  the  sacred  money  from  the  Temple  treasury 
for  the  expenses.  This  angered  the  Jews  greatly.  Hut 
nothing  was  done  until  Pilate,  who  had  been  absent 
while  the  work  was  going  on,  returned  to  Jerussilem, 
when  the  Jews  made  a  great  outcry  against  his  act.  He 
ascended  or  was  on  the  beema  when  this  clamor  took 
place,  and  from  his  beema  he  gave  the  soliliers  orders 
to  attack  the  jM'oph',  and  many  lost  their  lives  (II.  ix. 
4).    rilate  was  in  ottice  .\.i).  '2Vt:W. 

I'lorus  in  a.i>.  (»(1,  in  the  month  of  April,  arrived  in 
Jerusalem,  and  the  day  after  he  erected  a  beema,  twice 
mentiimed  in  connection  wilh  this  event,  from  which 
he  gave  orders  to  the  soldiers  which  resultetl  in  a  great 
massacri"  of  the  Jews  ( II.  xiv.  ><,  it). 

Titus,  after  the  capture  of  the  city,  had  erected  a 
beema  in  his  first  camp,  because  there  was  ample  sitace 
in  that  region,  from  which  he  nmde  an  aiUlress  to  his 
.stdiliers  congratulafin;.  them  on  their  valor  and  the 
successful  termination  of  the  war.  This  was  in  .v.u.  70 
(VII.  \.-2). 

Authority  can  be  exercised  in  a  pompous  manner,  or 
in  a  Hrm,  ipiiet,  dignitied  manner;  the  one  e.xcites  ilis- 
gnst,  the  otiier  c<»nimands  respect.  The  fact  should 
not  escaiie  notice  that  the  two  most  cruel  and  wicked 
I'rocnratcirs  that  were  sent  by  Kome  to  Judea  were  tlie 
only  ones  mentioned  as  having  a  "tribunal,"  a  beema. 
namely,  INmtiiis  I'ilate  and  (Jessius  I'lorus.  Tlsis  un- 
necessary display  of  authorilv  by  these  petty  oHicials, 
designed  solely  U>  magnify  tiieir  power  and  to  overawe 


l\ 


u 


GOVEKNOUS  AND  PKOCUKATOKS   193 

tlu>  poor  .lews,  Ih  iu  keeping  with  tlie  recorded  eliaracter 
of  these  two  liaughty  aud  uni)rin<ipU'd  men. 

From  tile  testimony  of  Joseplms  it  does  not  appear 
tliat  tliere  was  uuy  "pernianeut  beema"  iu  Jerusalem. 
A  lieeina  is  mentioned  iu  conneerion  with  two  only  out 
of  thirteen  Troeurators.  The  structures  mi<;ht  lie  elab- 
orate or  they  mijfht  he  extremely  plain;  iu  either  case 
tlH'y  ser»ed  the  end  desiretl,  an  elevated  place  whence 
a  }j;eneral  or  a  governor  could  address  the  people  about 
him. 


The  Tribunals  used  extensively  bv  Itomnn  generals  Detoription  of 

*  theTribnnal 

were  always  small  and  low,  reaching,  to  a  nmn  stand- 
ing, about  to  the  knii",  sometimes  above  it,  and  very  com- 
monly t(»  the  thigh.  In  some  instances  they  were  as 
high  as  the  waist  and  now  and  then  they  would  reach 
the  armpits.  The  medium  height  seems  to  have  been 
the  most  usual.  Occasionally  they  were  ascended  by 
a  ladder,  four,  five,  or  six  steps  high  as  the  case  might 
re<|uire,  but  the  steps  were  short  aud  the  floors  of  the 
triiiunals  were  not  above  breast-high  to  a  man  staudiug. 

They  appear  to  have  liet'u  constrvu-ted  of  thick  boards 
anil  made  in  sections  so  that  they  could  be  folded  up 
like  a  box  for  convenience  iu  carrying  ou  the  backs  of 
animals. 

T!ie  occupants  of  th(>  tribunals  were  generally  three 
persons — rarely  one  jM'rson  alone,  and  rarely  also  were 
tlicce  four  jK'rsons;  but  occasionally  thei-e  were  two. 
The  Kmperor  is  sitting,  and  behiiul  him  slightly  to  the 
left  is  a  i>er.son  standing,  while  to  the  right  an<l  slightly 
in  front  is  another  person — the  herald  or  the  one  who 
]iroclaimcil  what  the  Kmj)eror  said.  When  four  per- 
Noiis  occu]>y  the  tribunal  tliere  is  scarcely  room  for  them 
all.  The  man  at  the  back  stands  on  the  very  edge  of 
the  ]ilatform,  and  so  does  the  mail  in  front. 

These  intcresdiig  and  instructive  details  of  tribunals 
are  fiii'iiislie<l  by  liomaii  <oins,  which  give  |iractical  hints 
in  regard  to  several  other  things.     For  examjile,  the 


194 


ANCIENT  JEKUSALEM 


•  hairs  in  wliich  ('inpcrors  or  otiii-r  notahlos  sat  were  of 
tiie  ordinary  lieijjilit,  so  tliat  tlie  fei't  of  tlie  person  sit- 
tin<:  rested  on  tlie  ground.  Altars  (alsct  a  very  inter- 
estin},'  fact)  were  always  small  and  low;  as  high  as  the 
knees  or  the  thijjhs  was  a  eonunon  heifjht.  Military 
standards  were  small  things  hardly  rising  above  the 
heads  of  the  soldiers  who  earriwl  them.  In  this  resjiect 
they  were  wholly  unlike  onr  regimental  <-olors.  Uef- 
eren«t'  may  be  nmde,  further,  to  the  size  of  cattle  in 
plowing,  to  chariots  for  pleasure,  royalty,  or  war,  and 
to  some  other  matters. 

A  tribunal  in  a  basilica  was  only  an  enlargement  of 
the  idea  indicated  above:  a  raised  platform  where  offi- 
cials or  iM'rsons  of  rank  could  sit. 


fl 


CHAPTER  XXIX 

PERMANENCE  OF  ELIGIBLE  SITES 

Permanence  of  Names— pHblic  Wwkit  of  King  Uzziah—Mimsive 
Stow  Work  Ctiafocteristic  of  Early  Phtcnician  and  Hebrew 
Periods 

DiBixfi  many  .years  of  study  and  exploration  in  Pal-  p»rm»n»nc» 
estine  the  fait  that  a  site  ouce  elijrible  is  always  elijiible  Jfu"''"' 
has  become,  to  the  present   writer,  axiouiatic.     It   is 
extremely  interestin};  to  observe  that  the  earliest  inhabi- 
tants, in  <hoosin;;  the  best  points  for  defence,  showed 
commendable  stratejjic  skill. 

This  may  not  always  have  been  true  of  the  plain  coun- 
try, where  a  water  supply  was  of  chief  importance  and 
;;uided  in  the  choice  of  a  site;  as  for  example.  Old 
•Jericho  at  Elislia's  Fountain.  Hut  it  certainly  was 
true  of  (Jezer,  where  the  Palestine  Exploration  I'und 
are  at  present  (1J)03)  excavatiu};.  A  larjie  hill  stron«,'ly 
fortified,  risiiifj  {jradually  from  a  plain  like  an  inverted 
bowl  or  saucer,  retjuires  a  terrible  and  costly  ett'ort  to 
capture  it.  This  description  applitnl  to  (Jezer  is  imper- 
fect on  the  east  side,  but  even  there  the  approach  would 
be  extremely  ditticult. 

In  the  case  of  the  three  celebrated  towers,  Ilippicus, 
Phasaelus,  and  .Mariamne,  erected  !i>'  r  each  other  by 
Ilerod  tlie<;reat  (Chapter  IX.  I,  the  point  was  not  chosen 
by  caprice,  but  because  of  its  strategic  importance.  He 
did  not  choose  a  new  site,  but  built  or  rebuilt  on  an 
ancient  one. 

I'zziah  built  towers  in  Jerusjilem  at  i)oints  suitable 
for  the  defence  of  the  city.  (  See  Plan  11. »  The  south 
and  east  sides  of  the  city  were,  by  the  nature  of  the 
ground,  out  of  the  (piestion.  His  towers  were  on  the 
west  or  northwest  sides.  We  have  one  clue  in  the  men- 
IBS 


PLAN  I.-SIIOWIXG  THE  SECTION  USE  A  II  V.   V.HEHE  TOW  EUS 
STOOD  IN  EAHLY  TIMES 


(1 


198 


ANCIKXT   .lEKlHALEM 


tioii  of  flic  "Valley  tiatt"  (L*  riiroii.  xxvi.  !»),  xhutir 
Itdf/j/iiiu.  K'ln  "ivc*,  wliiih  would  lit-  iwar  tin-  pi-t-Ni-iit 
Jutta  <iatt'.  There  was  here  a  Hiiiall  hill  or  rocky  blull'. 
aiul  a  portion  of  the  rock  can  yet  lie  tteeii — a  iiiont  Hiilta 
hie  place  for  erectiiij;  a  tower  to  prottrt  the  town  apiiiiHt 
uii  enemy  approaching  from  the  w»'st.  It  wax  hen'  that 
Herod  erected  his  three  towers.  (  Sch'  Chapter  IX.) 
I'zKiah  Imilt  another  tower  "at  the  ti  :u\nii  of  the  wall," 
which  was  at  Kishop  (Sohat's  School.  It  was  «alled 
Hathsura.  (See  <'lia]>ter  VIII.  and  Illustrations,  i 
This  also  was  a  point  the  imiMirtanc«'  of  which  uo  mili- 
tary ciuumander  could  have  overlcHtkeil. 

fJatTa  was  chost-n  lH>cause  it  was  a  hill  rising  on  the 
shore  iminiHliately  from  the  wat»'r's  ed};e  and  could 
easily  he  fortitied. 

The  Jeliusites  chose  a  point  in  what  is  now  Jerusjilein 
for  their  fortress,  which,  they  thou^fht,  was  si»  stroufj 
stratt'frically  that  no  power  on  earth  could  take  it. 

The  same  rule  that  ;;overns  castles  would  apply  to 
cities,  and  ;?!so  to  reservoirs  and  some  other  (dtjects. 
A  fountain,  Ix-iufi  n  natural  ohject,  never  chanjies  its 
position;  and  the  sjune  tiling  may  lie  prtnlicated  with 
almost  e(|ual  certainty  of  a  jjreat  reservtiir  desijined  to 
sujiply  a  city  with  water.  Once  constructi^l,  it  would 
always  n'uiain.     (S<h'  Chapter  XXXVII. — (Jilion. ) 


Permanence 
of  namee 


A  very  inten'stiu};  fact  in  connection  with  .lerusjilem 
and  Palestine  is  the  permanence  of  nanu's.  Sometimes 
a  name  is  transferred  from  one  site  to  another,  hut 
that  only  illustrates  the  hold  it  had  upon  the  minds  of 
the  p»H)ple.  Afjain,  a  town  may  mov<'  to  some  other 
locality  and  «ai'ry  its  nanu'  with  it.  Of  this  Snrafenil — 
Serejita,  Zarepliath — on  the  IMiti'nician  coast,  is  a  j;ood 
example.  In  this  case  the  reason  is  saiti  to  have  been 
gri'ater  safety. 

A  strikiu};  illustration  is  the  name  of  Hebron.  Abra- 
ham was  connected  with  Hebron,  and  Abraham  was 
called  "the  Friend  of  Ciod."    "I'-riend"  is  oidy  a  descrip- 


PEUMAXEXCE    OF    ELIUIHLE    HITES      IWII 

tivc  woni,  Itiit  it  ciiiiM',  at  noiiu-  titnc.  to  lie  a  iirojMT 
name.  Tho  Araliir  wuiil  \h  Slialil;  aiul  llcliruii,  tlu' 
iiiountaiim  alKiiit  llchron,  tin-  i-oad  li-ailin;;  fioni  .Iciuwi- 
Icni  to  IIHinm,  aiitl  the  jiati-  of  .IciiiHaloin  from  wliiili 
the  roail  to  llcliroij  leads,  all  have  tin-  uatnt-  "Klialil" 
Jittaclu'd  to  tlu'iii.  What  the  Anilis  tall  Hal)  tl  Klialil 
m  known  to  CliriHtians  as  the  Jada  iiatc. 

.leniwalcni  in  old  times  had  a  sli-on}j  citadel  which 
iKM-e  the  name  of  "Aiia."  Hnt  A<i-a  was  destroyed  in 
snch  a  wa.v  that  it  was  really  olditeiated  14() years  U-fore 
Christ.  The  name,  however,  had  hecome  so  lixed  in  the 
speech  of  the  jM'ople  that,  applied  to  a  certain  quarter  of 
the  city,  it  remained  and  was  in  common  use  clear  ilown 
to  the  time  of  its  capture  l»y  the  IJomaus  a.ii.  70,  a  period 
of  I'lO  years. 

When  David  took  Jerusniem  from  the  .Tehusites  it 
wds  a  "stroiifthold,"  a  "<astle";  and  after  three  thou- 
sand years  we  still  have  the  name  "Tow«'r,  o-  Castle  of 
David"  applied  to  the  tower  which  stands  lear  the 
Jatla  (late.  It  seems  hardly  necessary  to  state  that 
besides  its  name  the  pres«'ut  castle  has  uo  other  connec- 
tion with  David. 


It  is  noticeable  that  Josephus  frequently  uses  well-  Objeotiu 
known  monuments  and  other  obje<ts  as  landmarks.  For  ''°*'^'" 
jrcneral  purposes  this  is  jK-rfectly  ju-oimt,  althoufih  some- 
times the  indications  are  far  from  .satisfactory  after 
the  lap.se  of  centuries.  Such  use  was  made  of  the  .Mon- 
uments of  Helena,  tlie  .M<mumeut  of  the  Ilijjh  Priest 
John,  those  of  Kiuf;  Alexander,  the  Voo\  of  Siloam,  the 
.^lonuments  of  Ananus  and  Herod  the  Cireat,  and  some 
others.  It  is  said,  "such  a  place  is  near  such  a  monu- 
ment"; "the  wall  passed  such  a  monument."  As  the 
laiiffuav'c  is  jieneral  we  are  not  to  understand  that  the 
distance  intended  was  actually  1(M>  feet  or  ."iOtt  fwt. 

Our  own  usajre  is  a  Rood  illustration  of  what  we  tlnd 
in  Josephus.  If  the  person  whom  we  are  addressinji  is 
as  familiar  with  the  locality  as  ourselves,  we  say:  "it 


200 


ANTIENT  JEKIHALEM 


WHH  iH'ur  .Mr.  KrnilirK  liiuiw;'"  "it  wuh  not  fur  fr»»m  Mr. 
Hiiiitirn  hoiiw."  \\{'  an-  iM-rfiMily  wHI  uiiilcrNtiNMl.  lu 
«iiH«'  the  iH'Ttuni  uil(lri'MH4-«l  Ih  not  faniiliur  w itli  tin-  IimuI- 
\ty  w»'  UHk :  "Do  von  know  wImt*'  .Mr.  HniitirH  Iioumc  Ih?" 
Till'  ri'pl.v  Im  "\Vh."  \V«'  tilt  II  Hii.v:  "it  uuh  iu  that 
r«'nion."  \Vf  arc  Hn»ti'rHt<MMl,  altlioiifih  the  imriw  H|M)t 
nia.v  hav*'  Ikh-h  diHtant  from  .Mr.  HuiithV  lioum'  half  u 
mile  or  iiior*-. 

(ircatiT  oxactnt'HM  on>;lit  not  tolH'nHiuirtHlof.TowphuH 
than  \v»'  rf<|uiri>  of  ourM'lvt'M.  In  our  (hiily  h|mh'<-Ii  w«' 
do  iircciw'l.v  what  .lowphuM  <'iii  Tliis  rnh-  Mhonhl  Ik» 
thiMiKht  of  in  all  his  rcfon-ntrK  to  olijcn-tH  iu  or  about 
JcruHalein  as  InndinarkM. 


Th«  word 
"oppofiu" 


"OpjKiHitc"  In  the  translationof  a<5nH'k  wonl.ffn^j'ATM, 
nvTiHfjv,  of  frf<|U<'nt  oci'iirn-nct'  in  .loHcphUN.  Th«' 
(tni'k  is  Hjiiil  to  Ih-  a  very  exact  lan^'uap>,  hut  tluH  word 
is  p-ncral,  no  p'neral  an  to  Im-  indctiiiitc  and  unsiitin- 
faetorv.  Where  we  nit-*!  an  explici  xtatenient  we  hav«' 
only  a  fjeneral  one. 

The  nse  of  tliiM  word  at  the  present  day  liy  Oriental 
who  have  learned  a  Mttle  En>:lish,  ilhiHtrates  the  diftl- 
eulty  we  tiiid  in  Josephns.  .\  native  tells  ns  that  such  an 
event  took  place  "ojijtosite  such  or  such  a  houw,"  when 
it  may  have  occurred  "ojiposite"  to  it.  Iiy  the  side  of  it, 
or  a  mile  away  from  it.  The  following  diatrrani  will 
iudicate  an  (Jrienturs  indefinite  use  of  this  word. 


"A"  is  the  piven  point.  We  say  that  'IV  is  opposit,' 
to  ,\.  .\n  Oriental  may  say  that  H  is  opposite  to  \,  hut 
he  is  not  likely  to.  lie  will  always  say  that  '<"  is 
opposite  to  .\.  and  that  •!).'  which  is  a  mile  distant,  is 
opposite  to  .\.    This,  to  a  Western  mind,  is  alwavs  con- 


PKIIMAXENCE   OF   EMOIItl.B   '•'ITES     201 

fiiMinc  until  the  ()ri*>iitul  Imltit  in  IcariKMl.  Hut  h'urnin}; 
the  liuhit  !h  not  torn')  tin^;  tlit'  I'vil.  W'v  ur<>  Htill  uh  niutli 
puz/  tl  UH  cvt'r  to  know  wiiiTt*  a  place  \h  MituutiHl  wlion 
we  uiM'  aHMuriNl  that  "it  in  op|N(Nit<-  to  A."  W»>  do  not 
mean  to  <oin)tlain  of  tii<'<>r<><-k  laii)ruaK<-, hut  in  Htuiivint; 
tin-  toiMifjrnidiy  of  J«>ruHali'ni  w«'  often  wIhIi  that  tlio 
meaning;  of  hu<-Ii  (irtfk  wodIn  uh  oiitlhru,  avTiMt»v,  /tarn, 
TTitijit,  III'),  trpn,  «/">.  arro,  an<l  iiiichnt,  fuxfjv,  liad  in 
many  inHtancfN  Ihh'U  nior«-  explicitly  iletin«Hl. 

('otn|)laintH,  however,  Heeiii  out  of  |>lace,  for  in  En;;- 
iish  we  are  just  an  careless.  Our  use  of  tlu-  word  "up" 
is  a  suflicient  illustration.  "I'p"  should  refer  to  a  jMiint 
hi<;lier  than  the  s|M'aker.  l'>e<|uently  it  diK's  not  mean 
this.  We  oft<'n  use  the  word  "up"  when  the  idea  of  dis- 
tinction is  in  our  mind.  A  ;;entletnan  siiid  to  the  writt>r: 
"In  Kn;;land,  even  if  a  i>erson  sIoimI  on  the  highest  nauin- 
tain  he  would  still  s|M'ak  of  jjoinjj  up  to  O.vford." 

Even  in  the  time  of  Solomon,  where  "up"  is  used  of 
distinction,  some  writers  insist  that  it  refers  to  higher 
and  lower  levels  and  to  that  only,  which  is  an  err«»r. 


The  towers  liuilt  hy  I'zziah  in  .lerusaleni  were  a  part  rabUowork* 


only  of  the  puidic  works  inau;;urat<Hl  hy  this  kin;j.  He 
had  a  lar;;e  army  anil  was  famous  not  only  for  his  mili- 
tary skill  hut  for  the  inventiiui  of  special  en^iines  for  use 
in  the  defence  of  cities.  He  was  renowned  for  his  con- 
quests. The  «'ntire  country  to  the  southwest,  south,  and 
soutlu'ast  of  his  kinplom  was  suhdued  hy  him.  This 
included  the  .M(Hliterran«'an  sealioard  with  its  wealthy 
Philistine  cities,  the  Arabian  domiuiims  to  the  (iulf  of 
Akaha,  and  all  the  land  of  Edoni.  The  asiu-ct  of  this 
vast  territory  was  then  widely  ditlerent  from  wha'  it 
is  at  present.  It  had  nuiny  im])ortant  cities  and  stru.  };- 
holds,  and  a  larjie  warlik»>  po])ulation  which  re<|uired 
for  its  subjujration  a  jMnverfal  army.  Czziah  set  about 
imiJroviii};  this  r«';:ion  for  ai^riculture;  his  vin<>  dressers 
cared  for  the  vineyards  in  the  u]tlands;  his  husbandmen 
tilh'd  the  fruitful  fields;  and  his  herdsmen  watched  his 


ofniiiah 


202 


ANCIENT  JEHl'SALEM 


floi-ks  and  herds  which  pa«tiired  on  the  plains.  The 
"shephelah,"  or  foothills,  and  the  "niishor,"  that  is,  the 
fireat  plains,  eiiher  level  or  rollinj,',  were  both  suitable 
for  pasturage  or  tillage.  IniiM>rtaut  points  were  forti- 
fl<Hl,  or  re-fortirtwl,  with  castles,  antl  he  excavated 
{hrokv  out.  cut,  or  <lity  out  in  the  rock)  many  cisterns 
so  that  there  should  1k'  an  ample  supply  of  water  (2 
Chron.  xxvi.  10).  This  work  of  developing  the  coun- 
try and  providing  means  of  defence  was  carried  on  by 
Jothani,  Tzziah's  son  (2  Chrou.  xxvii.  4). 

The  word  for  "digg«Hl,"  in  connection  with  cisterns, 
shows  that  men  broke  their  way  down  into  or  through 
rock  until  water  was  found,  or  until  the  chamber  was 
sufficiently  large  to  hold  a  supply  which  would  percolate 
through  the  strata  from  hidden  sources  in  the  moun- 
tains. Very  many  of  the  so-calle<l  "wells"  still  existing 
in  these  regions  were  sunk  or  "broken  out"  till  natural 
water  was  reachinl.  A  good  illustration  of  the  work  of 
Tzziah  in  digging  wells  is  at  hand  in  Bir  Eyub,  south  of 
Jerusalem.  This  is  125  feet  d«H'p.  Counting  from  the 
bottom  ujjwards,  57  feet  were  excavattnl  ("broken  out") 
in  the  rock.  Above  that  there  are  30  Ut't  of  large  mans- 
irr  mamniij.  The  remaimler,  38  feet,  was  built  of 
smaller  .stones. 

Both  these  kings  had  in  their  great  pre<lecessor,  Solo- 
mon, a  conspicuous  example  of  a  public-spirited  ruler 
wh(»  made  generous  provision  for  the  pro.siM'rity  of  his 
kingdcmi.  Centrt's  of  traffic  were  created,  great  store- 
houses establishtMl,  routes  of  commerce  were  opened, 
and  forts  were  built  in  the  interior  and  fortresses  on  the 
border  that  there  might  be  jirotection  and  safety  every- 
where (2  (Miron.  viii.  3-(;).  The  m»tices  of  Solomon's 
works  ar«'  very  brief,  but  their  historical  accuracy  and 
importame  is  not  thereby  invalidattnl.  Among  the 
notices  of  regions  where  Sobtmon  built  store  «ities 
and  castles,  the  Lebanon  is  mentiomnl.  Not  far  from 
the  well-known  village  of  Brummana  in  the  U'banon 
mountains,   occupying  a   commanding   position    which 


P 


MOXOLITHK-  IMr.I.AHS  AT  DEIH  EL  KALA 

In  the  Letanoi.  near  Brutnraiina.    Il.icht  alK»e  Krnund,  18  f«.|;  dianwrttr,  »  ami  6  inches 
Keniain»  of  «  „t  llime  column,  art  vinWc.  ■uvu«. 


DKIlt  KL  KAI.A  IX  TIIK  LKBAXON  XEAH  HIUMMAXA 

Remains  or  an  am  ii'ut  Phoenician  temple  composed  of  massive  bloclisuf  masonry 


:   ;   r:       ? 


K.»l 


i 

! 

! 

=  5 
"     1 

i 

1  ii 

'1' 

PERMANENCE   OF   ELIGIBLE   SITES     203 


overlookM  Bpiriit  and  a  great  deal  t>f  the  Hurroun<linj^ 
country,  there  in  a  phice  calknl  Deir  el  Kal&.  Uere 
exiHt  the  remains  of  what  in  thou$j;ht  to  have  been  a 
Phienieian  temple,  ami  in  all  Syria  and  Palestine  there 
is  scarcely  a  more  imposing;  ruin.  It  is  105  feet  lonj?, 
54  feet  wide,  and  its  gigantic  walls  and  columns  fill  one 
with  wonder.  The  Illustrations  show  the  walls,  and 
sections  (»f  two  columns.  In  connection  with  the  dimen- 
sions of  this  ruin  it  is  interesting  to  note,  to  mention 
but  two  other  examples,  that  Solomon's  Ihmse  of  the 
Forest  of  Lebanon  was  53  cubits  by  100  cubits,  and  that 
the  palace  at  Arak  el  Emir  is  r»3  fwt  wide  antl  V2n  feet 
long;  the  length  in  each  of  these  three  structures  being 
double  the  width. 

It  is  not  pretendeil  that  Solomon  had  anything  to  do 
with  the  buildings  anciently  erected  on  this  summit. 
These  massive  blocks  of  masonry  were  creattnl  and 
placed  in  position  by  Phcenician  workmen,  a*  I  begin- 
ning with  the  tenth  century  before  Christ  no  scholar  is 
able  to  distinguish  between  Phtenician  work  and  Jewish 
work.  There  were  not  two  styles,  but  one.  The  work- 
men of  the  two  iK>oples  labored  together  in  the  same 
forest  or  in  the  same  quarry.  Iloth  jH'oples  had  the 
same  passion  for  monolithic  columns  and  for  massive 
or  gigantic  blocks  of  stone;  and  did  any  remains  of  Sol- 
omon's works  still  exist  in  the  Lebanctn,  they  would  be 
of  the  character  shown  in  the  remains  of  this  ancient 
temple. 


CHAPTER  XXX 


Bnilding  and 
rebuild^ 


till 


BUILDING  AND  REBUILDING 

In  such  a  simple  and  familiar  word  as  "build"  one 
would  not  suppose  that  important  archa'olo{;ieal  ques- 
tions eould  be  involved.  For  example,  in  1  Kings  ix.  17 
we  read,  "And  Solomon  built  C.ezer."  If  nothing  more 
were  said  about  it,  the  infereme  w(.uld  1k'  that  Solomon 
built  a, tity  upon  a  certain  site  and  called  it  by  this 
name,  as  oue  item  in  the  beautifying  or  strengthening  of 
his  dominions.  This  fact  would  be  acceptwl  as  the  be- 
ginning of  (Jczer.  Hut  other  records  show  that  this  con- 
clusion is  not  correct,  and  that  the  word  "built"  actually 
means  rebuilt. 

Besides  (Sezer  there  are  many  other  instances,  among 
which  may  be  mentioned  Jericho,  Shechem,  Elath,  Beth- 
lehem, lleshbon,  and  the  "waste  cities"  of  Amos  ix.  14. 

The  Heltrew  word  haiiah.  na,  to  builil,  occurs  a 
great  nundxT  (»f  times,  but  it  is  never  rendertnl  "rebuild" 
even  where  rebuild  is  certainly  meant,  and  it  is  curious 
that  this  word  is  not  found  in  the  English  of  the  Old 
Testament.  Ranah  therefore  means  both  to  build  and 
to  reliuild.  One,.  „r  twice  it  is  ren<lere«l  repaire«l,  built 
again,  or  built  up  again.  In  Xebemiah,  where  a  great 
deal  of  rebuilding  is  recorded,  banah  usually  means 
rebuild,  even  where  it  is  rendered  built;  but  the  coi.i- 
mon  word  in  Neheniiah  is  l:hazal,\  pm,  used  thirty  or 
forty  tiuM's,  which  is  renden-d  "repaired." 

In  such  cases  as  David's  Palace,  Solomon's  Pala<(', 
Solomon's  House  of  the  I'orcst  of  Lebanon,  and  the  Tem- 
ple, the  word  "liuild"  in  each  case  has  no  second  idea, 
buf  means  a  new  editicc  on  new  ground. 

hi  1  Kings  ix.  1*4  it  is  said,  "then  (li<l  he  build  .Millo," 
referring'  to  Solonn.n;  and  in  1  Kings  xi.  27,  "Solomon 

ao4 


BUILDING   AND   REBUILDING 


205 


built  Millo."  Here,  as  in  tlie  east"  <tf  Gezer,  one  would 
naturally  Hupp«me  that  on  new  Ki-ounil,  wliei-e  nothing  of 
the  kind  existed  before,  Solomon  erei-tinl  a  new  structure 
and  gave  it  tlie  name  of  Millo;  but  this  is  not  correct, 
for  Jlillo  existed  before  David  <aptured  the  place  from 
the  Jebusites.  Hence  the  word  means  rebuild,  fortify, 
strengthen. 

In  the  case  of  Ophel,  whether  "wall"  or  "tower"  is 
meant,  2  (^hron.  xxvii.  3  and  xxxiii.  14,  the  writer  has 
tilled  out  or  explaimnl  the  record  so  that  there  can  be  no 
question  that  on  a  certain  structure  already  existing 
Jothani  built  much,  and  sixty,  or  probaldy  eighty  years 
later,  Manasseh  also  built  much.  The  work,  whatever  it 
was,  was  carrietl  on  by  successive  kings.  So  that  "built" 
means  rebuilt.  There  is  tlie  best  reason  for  supposing 
tlui!  this  rule  of  successive  work  ought  to  be  applied  to 
the  wall  and  to  nmny  of  the  structures  of  Jerusalem.  It 
wems  certain  that  not  sufficient  attention  has  been  paid 
to  this  fa<t. 

Even  in  Josephus  the  Antcmia  is  spoken  of  as  "a  work 
of  IlercMl"  (V.  V.  8),  and  in  a  sense  this  is  correct.  In 
the  long  des«'riptiou  of  iliis  tower  there  is  not  a  hint  to 
indicate  that  on  this  site  anything  had  jm'viously  stood. 
It  was  an  unoccupied  site  and  the  structure  was  new. 
From  other  records,  however,  we  learn  that  Antouia  was 
the  successor  of  a  famous  tower  calbnl  Baris,  which 
Herod  "fortified  more  firmly  than  before"  {Aiitii/..  XV. 
xi.  4).  In  another  pla<e  it  is  said  that  "he  relmilt  it" 
(A  lit  if/.,  XVIII.  iv.  3),  which  is  precisely  \.  ^  was 
done. 

Thus  we  find  that  Autonia,  the  great  fortress  of 
IJoman  times,  had  a  predecessor  named  Baris,  which 
for  a  long  period  was  both  fortress  ami  roystl  resi- 
dence; and  this  likewise,  we  have  reason  to  believe,  had 
a  predeces.sor  named  llaniineel  which,  centuries  before, 
stood  on  or  very  near  this  site  (  Xch.  iii.  1 ). 

Herod  the  (Jreat  "erected"  three  strong  castles.— Hij*- 
picus,  I'hasjielus,  and  .Marlamne.— remains  of  which  still 


206 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


exist  near  the  Jaffa  Oate  (V.  iv.  3),  but  these  also  had 
one  or  more  predtnesMors,  for,  750  jt'ars  before  Herod, 
I'zziah  built  a  Tower  at  this  very  point  (2  Chron. 
xxvi.  9.    8w  ante,  ('hupters  IX.  and  XXIX.). 

A  good  illustration  of  the  point  now  being  consid- 
ennl  is  found  in  Anthj.,  XII.  v.  4,  when?  the  deeds  of 
AnticM-hus  IV.,  Epiphanes,  are  reeordiil.  This  king 
was  in  Jerusalem  in  n.c.  1«8,  and  it  is  said  that  "he  built 
a  citadel  in  the  Lower  City  and  fortifiinl  it  with  high 
walls  and  towers."  "He  put  into  it  a  garrison  of 
Macedonians."  This  oitad«'l  is  the  Acra  so  famous  in 
the  history  of  the  Mamibws.  Had  we  no  other  records, 
wc  shctuld  consider  this  citadel  as  a  new  construction 
of  Antio«hus.  On  the  contrary,  we  find  that  as  early  as 
200  B.C.  this  <itadel  was  occupied  by  an  Egyptian  garri- 
son and  that  it  was  then  just  as  important  in  the  de- 
femes  of  the  city  as  it  was  later  when  it  is  said  to  have 
been  "built"  by  Antiochus.  If  two  centuries  before 
Christ  it  was  the  stronghold  of  Jerusalem,  we  have  no 
right  to  suppose  that  it  sprang  at  once  into  existence; 
and  there  is  every  reason  to  lM>lieve  that  it  is  to  be  car- 
ried ba«k  into  the  early  history  of  the  city,  and  was  the 
stronghold  of  the  Jebusites,  the  Zion  and  the  Millo  of 
David. 

Fnder  this  head  of  building  and  rebuilding  of  import- 
ant structures  that  succeedetl  to  other  structures  of  a 
similar  character,  we  have  to  consider  the  wall  said  to 
have  bei'n  Imilt  by  A'anasseh,  and  the  means  of  supply- 
ing the  city  with  water;  for  example,  the  Pool  of  Heze- 
kiah.  and  the  A<|ueduct  or  the  work,  whatever  it  was,  of 
Pontius  Pilate,  and  i)ossibly  sonje  other  matters. 


TOWER  OF  AXTOMA 


CIIAPTEU  XXXI 


Tower  of 

Antonu-iu 

potitloa 


THE  TOWER  OF  ANTONIA 

Its  Part  in  TitiM  Plan  of  the  Siege- Defended  by  John— Rebuilt 
by  Herod  the  Oreat— Residence  of  Commander  of  Legion 
during  the  Life  of  Our  Lord-Number  of  Roman  Troop» 
Necessary  to  Guard  the  City 

The  p<i  fion  of  this  faninus  strnnglinld  is  perfectly 
well  known.  It  was  nortli  of  the  Temple  and  at  the 
northwest  angle  of  the  Temple  area  w  here  the  northern 
and  the  western  colonnades  of  the  Temple  area  joined 
(V.  V.  .S).  It  projettetl  to  the  north  of  the  northern 
colonnade,  but  when  the  entire  length  of  the  exterior 
wall  of  the  Temple  area  was  given,  it  was  included  in 
the  mciisiirement  (V.  v.  i').  Josephus'  "fourth  hill," 
the  hill  of  the  New  City,  lay  to  the  north  of  it  ( V.  iv.  2). 
It  was  the  terminus  of  the  Second  Wall  (V.  iv.  2).  It 
was  through  the  Antonia  that  Vitus  plannwl  to  capture 
the  Temple,  which  plan  was  siu-cessfully  carried  out 
(V.  vi.  2).  The  .\ntonia  was,  however,  entirely  covered 
hv  Agrippa's  Wall,  whi«li  to  Titus  was  the  First  Wall, 
so  that  he  could  not  attack  it  or  approach  it  until  the 
First  Wall  had  lK?en  captured  and  the  New  City 
subdued. 


V* 


It* 


Fart  during 
iiege  of  Fint 
WaU 


It  is  very  significant  that  Antonia  played  no  part  in 
the  taking  of  the  First  Wall.  It  was  iM'cause  it  was 
not  then  accessible.  The  First  Wall  ran  far  to  the 
north  and  considerably  to  the  cast  of  it;  and  was 
nmnned  I'Xclusively  by  the  troo])s  of  Simon,  for  the  ter- 
ritory of  John  did  not  <'Xtend  to  the  north  of  Antonia. 
and  it  was  cmly  by  jierniission  of  Sim«m  that  some  of 
.Tohii's  troojts  were  ailowed  to  conic  from  the  .\ntonia  to 
the  First  Wall  and  assist  in  its  defence  (V.  vi.  3,  4\ 

208 


TUE    TOWEH   OF    ANTOXIA  209 

The  New  City  lay  lH.'t\vwn  the  Autonia  and  the  Firnt 
Wall;  and  after  Florus  had  eutere«l  the  ^ateM  of  this 
^'all  there  wbh  a  great  HtruKKh'  iH'tweeu  hiH  truopM  and 
the  Jews  in  a  mad  rush  through  the  New  City,  each 
party  "straining  every  nerve"  to  reaeli  first  and  take 
IM)S8e88ion  of  Antonia  (II.  xv.  ">).  The  fact  that  the 
First  Wall  must  he  eutere«l  ami  the  New  City  crossed 
before  reaching  the  Antonia  is  i-onflrnied  liy  tlie  expe- 
rience of  Cestius,  who,  a  few  niontlis  later  than  Floras, 
made  an  attack  upon  the  north  side  of  Jerusalem  (II. 
xix.  4). 

After  the  First  Wall  had  iMH'n  capture<l,  Antonia  was 
for  the  first  time  cxixisimI  to  the  attacks  of  the  Homans. 
The  first  mention  of  it  in  the  siege  of  Jerusalem  is  in 
connection  with  the  capture  of  tiie  Second  Wall.  Even 
after  the  First  Wall  and  the  New  City  were  in  his  jjower, 
Titus,  whose  general  plan  of  the  siege  did  not  cliauge 
from  the  beginning  to  the  end,  did  not  attack  the  Anto- 
nia. He  facetl  hoth  the  Antonia  and  the  Hecond  Wall, 
but  for  s«mie  reason  he  decided  to  capture  the  Second 
Wall  before  he  attacked  Antonia.  For  this  there  was 
a  good  and  sufficient  reason. 

We  will  first  draw  an  east  and  west  line  through  the  Expi»ii«u« 
Tower  of  Antonia.  Now  if  the  Sc«-ond  Wall  sto(Ml  where 
some  writers  assert,  Titus  iu  his  attack  ui>on  it  would 
have  luH'n  to  the  south  of  that  line;  and  as  the  ground 
Avas  low,  and  as  the  Antonia  was  high,  the  J<'ws  from  it 
could  have  annoyed  him  greatly  and  i)('iha]>s  have 
sto]»|)ed  his  operations.  There  is  no  hint  that  he  was 
hindered  in  any  such  way.  If,  however,  we  place  the 
Second  Wall  quite  far  to  the  north  of  this  east  and  west 
line,  we  have  the  best  reason  and  the  most  natural  one 
why  he  should  wish  to  get  it  out  of  the  way  by  capturing 
it  before  he  attackiil  the  Antonia.  It  was  an  obstacle 
seriously  in  the  way  of  his  plan  of  approaching  the  Tem- 
ple through  the  .\ntonia. 

The  Antonia  played  no  part  in  the  defence  of  the  See- 


210 


ANCIENT  JEKU8ALEM 


A.B.  aa-TO 

hiMbytb* 


I  I 
I 


Always  ooen- 
pied  by  a  Bo- 
nao  legion 


ond  ^\al  or  In  the  attack  upon  it,  except  that  it  wa» 
.uanncHl  by  the  tnK,p«  „,  Jo,.,.,  t»  whoIL  territopy  it 
Mongol.  Then.  «„h  „o  Hiege  of  the  8eeo„d  Wall,  only 
denuRory  fl«hu„«  .K-tnc.n  the  Jew«  and  the  uLaZ 
V  >n.  3  .  \M,e,.  that  wall  w«h  taken  TituH  turutnl 
h.H  attention  to  Ant<,„ia,  which  he  bcnanie  master  „f 
only  after  rejwated  Htrenuous  and  costly  etfortH. 

In  the  BeriouH  troubles  of  the  year  a.d.  r,0,  before  war 
actually  broke  out  between  the  Jews  „„d  the  KoTuans 
th,  Je«Hgot  ,Mw«.«s,on  of  Antonia,  n.aNsa.red  theifurri- 
Kon,  «n,l  K,.t  the  eastle  on  tire.    The  da„.a«e  done  by  this 
fire  niust  have  ben..  rep,Ured,  sinc-e,  during  the  sil 
this  fortress  ph.y.Hl  a  very  important  part  in  the  defc^I 
of  Jerusalnn.     When   Titus  approaehcnl   the  city  the 
Antoma  was.  as  it  had  \n>ou  for  four  years  prec.«li„c 
entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  Jews.    At  its  .-apture  bv  tlfj 
Jews  in  A.i>.  <;«;,  a  considerable  number  of  war  engines 
fe      into  their  hands  which  were  of  great  ser.^^!  to 

emtcH  t?"'  ";■'"  '''•  '"'■  '*•  '''  «'-^t  the  Komann 
em ttHl  two  mounds  at  Antonia  which  were  destroved 
hy  the  Jc.ws;  later  they  erectc-d  four  mounds  "of 'im- 
nic-nse  magnitude"  „„,!  at  last  took  tl„.  place,  which 
Titus  cmlered  to  bedestroyc-d  (V.  ix.  2;  xi.  4-  xii  4-  Vf 
"•  h  <).  The  ruins  aflforded  him  an  exc-ellent  lioint 
whc-nce  to  wat.h  and  direct  the  cliffcrc-nt  battles  in  the 
Te„,p|,.  ,„,.a  and  in  the  Temple  itsc-lf  until  that  was  dc.- 
stroycMl  by  fire  (VI.  ji  n  «•  iv  4   'W      Ti...  i  *    i 

•         •  '     ••"••>,'»,  i\.  4,  .)(.     I  he  details  given 

show  that  Antonia  was  very  much  higher  than  the  Tern- 
pie  area  ( Vl.  ii.  .-.),and  the  details  of  the  coiistni.tion  of 
the  moumls  on  the  north  show  that  on  that  side  it  was 
much  higher  than  the  ground  at  that  point  (V.  xi.  4).  " 

Th,.  importance  of  this  fortress  is  shown  bv  the.  fact 
hat   \arus   phuc-d    heiv   an   ....tire   l,.gi„n   .".f   Ho„,an 

troops  whc.n.  aff.r  the  clc-ath  of  M.-rcKl  the  cjrcat.  he  was 
eavnig  Jenisal,.,,,  f„r  Antiocl,   (II.  i.i.  1).  "the  Ic-gion 

that  had  formerly  Ihh^^u  th.T,."  (H.  v.  1) ;  and  bv  thc^ 


TUB   TOWEU   OF    AXTOMA 


211 


■tatemont  that  "in  Antonia  there  wan  alwayH  quartere<l 
a  Roman  lejjion"  (V.  v.  8).  AIho  Uy  the  faet  that  the 
guards  for  the  Antonia  itwlf,  tlie  Tenipie,  and  the  I^»wer 
City  were  always  stationed  in  Antonia  (V.  v.  8),  tlie 
Upper  t'ity  liaving  its  own  fortress,  which  was  llerod'ii 
Palace  (V.  v.  «). 


The  Tower  of  Antonia  is  always  spoken  of  as  having;  ludau 
bit'n  hnilt  by  IleriMl  tiie  (Sreat.  Hut  in  this  as  in  a 
nuinlKT  of  important  cases  the  word  "built"  should  al- 
ways be  taken  as  rebuilt.  The  structure  that  stood  on 
this  site  was,  it  is  certain,  rebuilt  by  llerml  on  a  ^rand 
scale  and  called  Antonia  from  his  friend  Antony.  As 
Hennl  came  to  his  throne  in  ii.c.  37  and  tlie  liattle  of 
Actium  occurrnl  in  ii.t".  31,  when  Antony  was  defeate«l, 
Herod,  who  soon  after  transferred  his  alle};iance  to 
Octavius  Augustus,  must  have  done  this  work  between 
the  years  ii.c.  37  and  n.c.  31.  Some  time  betwwn  these 
six  years  the  Tower  of  Antonia  had  its  bejjinuing. 

"It  was  built  upon  a  rock  fifty  cubits  high  and  on  o^ptioni 
every  side  jtrecipitous.  I'irst.  the  rock  was  covered  Herod* ''^ 
from  the  base  upwards  with  smuotli  stone  lla{{s,  as  well 
for  ornament  as  that  any  one  who  attempted  to  ascend 
or  descend  mifjlit  slip  off.  (Sw  Illustration.)  Next, 
and  in  front  of  the  inlifice  itself,  there  was  a  wall  of 
thriM'  cubits;  and  within  this  the  entire  space  occupied 
by  the  Antonia  rose  to  an  altitude  of  forty  cubits.  The 
interior  resembled  a  palace  in  extent  and  arrangement, 
being  distributed  into  apartment.'^  of  every  description 
and  for  every  use,  with  iloistcred  courts  and  baths,  and 
spacious  barracks  for  the  accomnuMlation  of  troops,  so 
tliat  its  various  conveniences  gave  it  the  semblance  of 
a  town,  and  its  nmgnificence  that  of  a  palace. 

"Tlie  general  appearance  of  the  whole  was  that  of  a 
tower,  with  other  towers  at  each  of  the  four  «orners, 
three  of  which  wer«'  fifty  cubits  high,  while  that  at  the 
southeast  angle  rose  to  an  elevation  of  seventy  cubits. 


212 


ANCIENT  JEltUHALEM 


■Mil 


HO  that  fnmi  tlit*ii<f  tlu'w  wan  a  roinplpte  view  of  tlu* 
Tt'iiiplc.  Wli(>rt'  it  atljoiuiHl  tliv  rolonuaik'H  of  the  T«mii- 
pl«>,  it  had  luiwuiKCM  louilintJihtwii  to  iHitli,  thrnu};li  whivh 
th«'  {{uanlH — for  In  the  fortn-tw  tln'w  alwu^M  lay  a 
Itonian  l<t;ion — (IttM.-cmlinl  and  diHpoMHl  thviuMelveM 
alM)ut  the  coIounadeH,  iu  ariiiM,  at  tlu>  feHtivaln,  to  watch 
t!it>  |H>oplt>  aud  rt'prtiM  any  iimurrvi-tionary  luoveiueDt" 
(V.  V.  8). 

Whih'  the  Antonia  ItHelf  waH  the  work  of  Ilerod  the 
Onnit,  HO  that  he  eould  Ih*  thou);ht  of  an  the  builder  {V. 
V.  8),  it  waH  nnilly  n  more  ancient  cantle  ou  tliiH  Hite 
which  lie  reconntructtHl  ( I.  xxi.  1 ).  Takiu);  a  Htep  back- 
ward in  the  hintory  of  thin  fauiouH  fortrenn,  the  (Ireek 
nanien  of  the  different  Btructuren  pn-Hent  theniHelveH 
f(»r  connideration.  Antonia  is  alwayM  deHcrilnnl  aB 
phmiirion,  tppovpiov,  while  itn  predeeeHHor  Harin  in 
calletl  by  itn  own  name,  and  rarely  Ih  the  explaiuiuR 
word  phroiirion  applied  to  it  {Aiithj.,  XIII.  xvi.  5). 
The  iiamv  "arra"  in  nctrr  apitVwd  to  cither.  BariB 
guardiHl  the  Temple  and  the  city  on  the  north,  llennl 
the  (Sreat,  who  besiejjed  Jerusalem  in  B.C.  37,  and  Pom- 
p(>y,  who  lM>Hie$<;iHl  it  in  B.C.  HA,  lK>th  upproachinc  it  from 
the  north,  luul  opposed  to  them  theciisth*  called  Baris. 

Acrn,<rKpa, is  a  citadel  built  on  a  lii;;h  commanding; 
rock  overlinnfiin^  or  overlookiup  u  town. 

Acropolis,  aHpnjtoXii,  means  a  fortitiinl  i»lace  that  is 
situated  hi^h.  It  may  sometinu's  refer  t<)  the  entin* 
city ;  to  the  part  of  a  city  that  is  used  chiefly  for  defence; 
the  hi;;hest  part  of  a  eit..". 

Baris,  (iapii,  conn<'cte<l  with  the  Hebrew  Birah, 
means  both  .i  iNiliice  and  a  fortress.  The  predecessor  of 
Antonia  north  of  the  Temple  was  a  baris.  John  Ilyr- 
<nnus  lived  in  tlu'  baris.  I'riestly  vestments  were  kept 
there  and  |»ublic  records. 

Krunia,  fovtta,  not  much  used,  a  fortress  servinp;  also 
as  a  resideme.  Alexander  Janneus  captured  a  place 
••ailed  Amatlius,  "the  stroufjest  fortri'ss,  ernma,  of  those 


THE    TOWEi;    OK    AXTOXIA 


218 


piiHt  of  tilt*  Jordan,  wIh'W  ThtHKloriiH  t!i«'  »on  of  ''<'no 
livtHl"  {Antifj.,  XIII.  xiii.  ',\).    Kruiiia  in  utuil  iu 
•■nil  m>nH(>  of  all  the  fortiti«Hl  phucM  in  tlif  regi.,.   , ; 
Jopim  (.l»Wif/.,  XIV.  XV.  1). 

I'urROH,  itvpyoi,  ih  u  towvr  on  u  wall ;  not  a  eaHtIo  or 
fortrttw. 

IMirourion,  (ppovpioy,  nu>aiiM  n  hill-fort,  n  caHtIr,  that 
Ih  jjnrriMonjHl.  AIho  a  larjt*'  fortitlod  pala«-<>.  Th*-  phrou- 
riou  of  Oanmla  Im  incntiondl  uh  lH*inK  captured  by 
Alexander  Janneus  {Aiilii/.,  XIII.  xv.  3).  MaHada  was 
a  phrourion,  a  HtorehouMe  of  proviHJonH  and  arniH,  and 
alxo  a  rcMidtMwe.  Thix  waM  a  iiHxintain  ]H>ak  Htronftly 
fortified  and  inaccexHilile  on  thrtM*  HideM,  wmth,  «>uHt,  and 
north  (.Ih/iV/..  XIV.  xv.  1).  To  Alexandriuiii,  which 
wax  alHo  a  phrourion,  nearly  the  Hanie  lan^uaKe  could, 
lieoiiise  of  itH  ]M-<uliar  Kitnation,  Ih>  applied  (I.  vi.  5). 
Antoiiia,  the  HUc<'e»Hor  of  Harit*  north  of  the  Temple,  Ih 
always  calle«l  a  "phrourion."  On  one  <K"caKion  the 
Samaritans  complaineil  to  Darius  tliat  "tlu'  Jews  forti- 
fied the  city  and  built  the  Temple  more  like  to  a  citadel, 
phrourion,  than  a  temi>l»'"  (.l»»/iV/.,  XI.  iv.  tii.  Phrou- 
rion sometimes  means  the  <;arrison  instead  of  the 
fortress. 

Our  English  word  castle  means  both  a  fortress  and  a 
dwelling;.  Haris  and  phrourion  have  the  sjime  nieanin<;. 
Wlu'n  <lid  the  plirourioii  Antonia  cease  to  be  not  only 
a  fortress  but  also  a  residence  for  governors  and  mili- 
tary commanders?  Had  it  ccas«'d  to  be  so  at  the  time 
of  tiic  crucitixion  of  our  Lord? 


The  castle   Karis,  a   rectangular  structure  situated  Buiith* 

rstidcncs  of 
north  of  the  Temple,  was  well  fortified  and  considered  johuHyr- 

a  place  of  strenjrth.    Twice  it  is  referred  to  by  the  term  '*°"* 

"acropolis,"  the  hi;;h  stronj;  fortress  of  Jerusalem,  for 

su(h  it  then  was  (Anti<i.,  XIV.  i.  2;  XV.  xi.  4).    It  was 

built  by  the  A.xmonean  kin<;s.  but  in  this  case  as  in  S(mie 

others  we  should  read  rebuilt  for  "built."  The  name  also 

is  said  to  have  Ik'cu  ;;iven  by  them.    "These  kin{;s  were 


914 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


nigh  Priests  before  Ilerod  and  in  Baris  they  deposited 
the  priestly  vestments  wliich  tlie  High  Priest  was  to 
wear  at  the  time  of  sarriflce"  {Antiq.,  XV,  xi.  4).  In 
another  account  it  is  said  that  "the  High  Priest  John 
Ilyrcanus,  the  first  of  that  name,  built  Baris  near  the 
Temple  and  generally  residinl  in  it  and  kept  the  priestly 
vestments  with  him ;  the  same  thing  was  continued  to 
be  done  by  his  sons  and  by  their  sons  after  them" 
(Antiq.,  XVIII.  iv.  3).  It  is  said  that  "Ilerod  the 
Great  fortifltnl  Baris  more  firmly  than  before  in  order 
to  secure  and  guard  the  Temple"  (Antiq.,  XV.  xi.  4), 
and  also  that  "Ilerod  rebuilt  Baris  in  a  magnificent 
manner"  (Antiq.,  XVIII.  iv.  3).  In  both  instances  it  is 
added  that  iu  honor  of  Antony  he  called  it  Antonia. 

It  was  in  Baris  that  Aristobulus  lay  sick  when  he 
ordered  his  brother  Antigonus  to  l>e  killed,  B.c.  105 
(I.  iii.  3;  Antiq.,  XIII.  xi.  2).  The  wife  and  children 
of  Aristobulus  II.  were  confined  there  (I.  v.  4),  which 
was  about  the  time  of  the  death  of  Queen  Alexandra, 
who  diwl  in  b.c.  69.  When  HercMl  captured  Jerusalem, 
in  B.C.  37,  it  was  from  Baris  that  Antigonus  came  down 
and  surrendered  (I.  xviii.  2). 


Otuefitt 
•notion 


John  HyrcanuH  reigne<l  from  b.c.  135  to  B.C.  106,  and 
for  some  years  he  had  much  trouble  from  the  reigning 
Syrian  kings,  spi'cially  from  Antiochus  VII.,  Sidetes, 
B.C.  138-127.  In  the  first  year  of  his  accession  this  king 
attacked  Jerusal«>m  and  made  extravagant  demands 
upon  Hyrcanus.  In  B.C.  127  Antiochus  VII.  died,  and 
thereafter  Ilyrcanus  enjoyed  a  long  p«'ri(Hl  of  |M>a(e; 
his  country  and  its  atTairs  were  prosiK>nms,  he  amassed 
much  wealth,  and  the  Jews  in  Jerusalem  were  also  very 
prosp«MouH  {Antiq.,  XIII.  x.  1,  4).  Ilyrcanus  had  to 
rebuild  the  walls  on  the  north  of  Jerusalem  which  .\nti- 
ochuN  VII.  bad  destroyed,  and  it  was  during  this  jwrictd 
of  pro.sp(Tity,  some  time  after  ii.c.  127.  that  he  rebuilt 
Baris  ?iortli  of  the  Temple,  as  a  fortress,  as  a  store- 
bouse  for  priestly  vestments,  and  ns  a  residence. 


ILLUSTRATIXO  THE  "SCARP' 

111  JoM4'[>hnti'  dewrlptlmi  of  the  Tnwer  nf  AnionU.  m»dp  *o  thnt  thof**  who  "  Nlif>inpt4*d 
tnatirenil  nr  desrend  wftiildslipoff  *  A  ixrtion  of  ancient  work  vtill  exiottng  in  the 
ravtie  iH'ar  thi>  Jaffa  (late. 


RKMAIXS  OF  TIIK  TASTLK  "  BAHIH"  OF  HYRrANlS 

At  Arnk  e\  Kmfr.  ewt  at  Ih**  Jordiiii,  datinir  fnmi  b  r  IHT-Kfi  Bof**  (in  Ptnneff  ta  amncith. 
IIHirht  nf  rotir^.  h  U^vt.  nim**tiplnnti  of  A  Innr»f  t  (•teurd  a*  fnllnw*  :  17  fwi  4  Inrhon 
Innir,  Hfert  n-idi>. '2rrHHinch(''«thirk:*^>r<>)'t  lonir.  I!>ri'*'t  uidi'-iW  tt^t  loiie.  H  fi*et 
wide.  H  fi  ft  .1  inrhi'o  thirk.  tftonu  in  Murque  at  lltbron  and  lu  Tetuplu  at  *IorMi>al«'m 
to  be  mnipnred  with  thei«e. 


r 


THE    TOWER   OF    ANTONIA 


215 


There  is  in  Antiq.,  X.  xi.  7,  a  long  account  of  a  baris  itoetaweur 
at  Ecbatana  in  Media  "wliich  was  an  elegant  structure 
and  wonderfully  made,"  and  from  it  we  glean  two  or 
three  particulars  illustrating  the  purposes  of  this  kind 
of  castle.  It  is  said  that  "the  kings  of  Media,  of  Persia, 
and  of  Parthia  were  buried  in  it."  It  contained  also 
the  public  records,  and  among  these  Darius  on  one 
occasion  made  diligent  search  and  found  an  edict  that 
had  been  issuwl  by  Cyrus,  his  predecessor,  in  favor  of  the 
Jews  rebuilding  their  Temple  at  Jerusalem  {Antiq.,  XI. 
iv.  6). 

Ueturning  to  Palestine  we  may  go  east  of  the  Jordan 
to  a  place  called  Arak  el  Emir  and  examine  the  massive 
remains  of  a  baris  dating  from  nearly  200  years  before 
our  ei  .  This  castle  was  erected  by  Hyrcanus,  the  son 
of  Jos  ih  and  the  grandson  of  Tobias,  during  or  perhaps 
just  be  )re  the  reign  of  Seleucus  Philopator  b.c.  187-17G. 
"It  wa,  a  strong  fortress,  built  entirely  of  white  stone, 
and  had  animals  of  prwligious  magnitude  engraved 
upon  it."  The  account  of  it  is  full  and  the  details  are 
interesting.  Some  of  the  great  stones  are  still  in  posi- 
tion, with  the  sculptured  animals  still  in  good  preserva- 
titm.  This  castle  is  called  Baris  {Aittiq.,  XII.  iv.  11). 
<Hee  Illustration.) 

A  baris,  therefore,  was  a  castle  containing  ample 
space,  strongly  fortifie<l,  with  battlements  and  towers; 
in  one  case  it  was  the  burial  place  of  kings;  it  was  a 
storehouse,  a  treasure  house,  and  the  d('posit(»ry  of  pub- 
lic records;  it  was  the  residence  of  royalty  or  of  other 
high  officials;  and  in  the  case  of  Jerusnlem,  it  was  for  a 
long  perio<l  the  place  where  the  priestly  vestments  were 
kept. 

It  is  pxtreinelv  interesting  to  learn  that  the  vestments  ?n«todyeftl»« 
of  the  priests  were  kept  in  Raris  after  its  erectum  or  m«itt 
rebuilding  by  John  llynanns  down  to  the  time  of  Ilerod 
the  (Ireat,  and  later  until  sonic  time  in  the  reign  of  the 
Emperor  TilH'rius,wheu  the  custody  of  them  was  granted 


216 


ANCIENT   .TEUrSALEM 


to  the  Jews.  After  tin-  dfjitli  of  ARrippa  I.,  A.D.  44,  the 
Koiiian  iiovcrnor  of  Svria  (Ifmaiulcd  that  the  vt-HtiuentH 
ho  rwtoml  to  his  mrv;  hut  tlie  Jews,  apiK'aling  to  the 
EiiiiH'i-or  Chuulius,  ohtaiiH'd  pormisxion  to  kwp  thcni  in 
tlu'ir  own  hands.  Tliis  was  a  h)nj;  periwl,  enihraein>j 
150  to  1(!0  years.  \\'hik'  the.v  were  in  the  eustwly  of 
tlie  Uonians  tliey  were  kept  nnch'r  two  seals,  that  of  the 
Iliflh  Priest  and  '  .at  of  the  IJonian  oonnuander  of  the 
fortress,  Karis— Antonia.  The  process  of  sealinf?  and 
eoniparin};  seals  had  to  l)e  pone  throngh  every  time  they 
were  iise«l.  The  entire  section  of  this  chapter  in  Jose- 
phus  is  devoted  to  an  account  of  Raris  and  Antonia,  the 
sjurtHl  vestments  being  kept  therj'  .so  many  years  and 
the  High  Priests  ttoing  up  to  the  commander  of  the 
fortress  to  ohtain  the  vestments  for  any  particular  feast 
when  they  were  to  he  use<l  (Atitu/..  XVIII.  iv.  3). 

It  is  iMTfectiy  lear  and  very  significant  that  the  com- 
mander of  the  Ilonian  trmips,  the  U'ji'um  assignwl  to 
Jerusiilem,  resided  in  the  Antonia  during  the  life  of  our 
Lord.  The  commander  of  the  garrison  and  fortress  to 
whom  the  High  Priest  had  to  go  for  the  vestments  is 
called  iiltmiirfirrhoif,  qtfxtvpapxoi  {Anti<i.,  XV'.  xi.  4), 

In  studying  New  Testament  events  it  is  necessary  to 
hear  in  mind  the  chara«ter  of  Baris,  which  was  both  a 
castle  and  a  palace— that  is,  it  was  the  residence  of  the 
rnler  of  the  province  as  well  as  of  the  military  com- 
mander. When  it  \ /as  rebuilt  by  HercMl  the  dreat  its 
character  was  not  changed.  It  remainiHl  both  fortress 
and  palace.  Those  who  claim  that  the  (Sovernor  did  not 
reside  here,  hut  did  reside  in  MenMl's  Palace,  are  hound 
to  show  when  this  change  was  made  and  the  reasons 
for  it. 


Namber  of 
troop*  re- 
qnired  to 
guard  Jtm- 
islom 


Some  writers,  as  if  desirous  of  minimizing  everything 
pertaining  to  .Terusiilem,  allow  to  it  for  preserving  order 
and  ipielling  outbreaks  only  a  handful  of  IJoman  troo|)s. 
The  object  to  be  gained  by  this  course  is  not  apparent. 
But  it  is  asserted  that  "in  Jerusalem  there  lav  oulv  one 


TUE    TOWEU    OF    ANTOXIA 


217 


foliort."  "In  Jo8<'phu8,  U  ffr.v,  V.  v.  8,  tni/nia,  my  mi, 
nicniiH  a  cohort  and  not  a  li'^ion"  (Schiirrer,  i.  404; 
Edit.  1901).  A  cohort,  nixira,  antipa,  conHiMted  of 
al>out  <iOO  men.  All  authoriticH  a^rw  that  in  Acts  x.  1 
tliiw  nunilwr  repri'sentt-d  the  nuuilMT  of  troops  at  Cesa- 
rea.  This  was  the  seaport  of  Jerusalem.  When  St. 
Paul,  after  being  reseuiil  from  the  Jewish  mob  by  the 
Itomau  soldiers,  as  relatt-d  in  A«ts  xxiii.,  was  sent  to 
Cessjrea,  a  luMly  of  480  men  aeeoinpanied  him.  If  there 
was  in  Jerusalem  "only  one  cohort,"  there  were  left,  after 
this  detail  had  been  made,  about  120  men  to  guard  the 
city.  It  is  beyond  reason  to  consid"r  such  a  thing  as 
even  possible.  As  to  the  use  of  the  words  tatfina, 
legion,  and  ninira,  cohort,  the  best  available  authority 
states  that  "speira  is  almost  uniformly  the  e<iuiva- 
lent  of  cohoi-s,  and  tagma  of  legio"  (Hniith,  Diet.  (Ir. 
and  Horn.  .liihV/..  p.  490,  col.  2,  and  p.  500,  col.  1). 
There  does  not  seem  to  be  any  reason  whatever  for  dis- 
puting or  changing  the  statement  of  Josephus. 

A  comparison  iH'tween  the  conditions  existing  in 
Jerusjilem  at  the  present  time  and  those  in  the  tirst 
century  of  our  era,  affords  a  practical  illustration  of  the 
matter  we  are  now  considering.  The  present  inluibi- 
tants  of  this  country — Palestine  and  Jerusjilem — are 
nearly  all  Turkish  subjects,  who  are  generally  quiet  and 
peaceable.  Yet  in  the  city  a  garrison  of  (lOO  men  is  re- 
quired, which  number  is  frequently  augmente<l  to  800; 
while  in  this  district  there  are  not  far  from  1,G00  soldiers 
constantly  on  duty. 

In  the  tirst  century  of  our  era  the  inhabitants  of  this 
country  were  Jews  who,  ••onsidering  the  size  of  the 
province,  had  large  resources  and  (-onsiderable  military 
strength.  Their  prcmd  national  spirit  was  very  restless 
under  foreign  domination — that  of  Home  to  which 
they  were  subject  and  which  they  Imted.  Friction  be- 
tween the  two  elements  was  constant,  and  there  were 
frcipient  (tntbreaks  ngainst  the  ruling  ])owcr. 

To  ask    if  the   Konmns  would   have  under  arms  a 


m: 


218 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


Bmaller  body  of  men  than  the  Turks  have  at  present,  is 
a  very  pertinent  queHtion,  although  such  a  question  has 
but  one  answer.  The  circumstances  in  each  case  pre- 
sent tlie  widest  contrast,  and  to  preserve  order  a  very 
mucli  larger  body  of  men  would  have  been  required  by 
the  Uomans  than  is  now  required  by  the  Turks. 


■■■■Hi 


ACR.V,  THE  CITADEL 


I 


Aer*,er 
CiUdtl 


CHAPTER  XXXII 

ACRA,  OR  TBE  CITADEL 

A  Mmt  Important  Feature  of  Jerumlent-Ri»e  of  the  Maccabean 
J'un.ly-Greek  a,ui  Egyptian  aarris,»^Acra  D^t^l 
Aame  Retained  and  Applied  to  Lower  City  ^'«'*«tf- 

DiR.xo  the  late  centuries  of  Jewish  history  previous 
o  Ije  inrth  of  Christ,  the  Aera  was.  next  to  tlfe  Teu'pl"! 
the  ,n„Ht  uuportant  feature  of  J.-rusale,,..  Its  loeation 
...  the  ...ty  an.1  its  history,  therefore,  nml  the  n.ost  care- 

Joo  ^''•',P'»''t'ca  affairs  of  that  part  of  the  East  is  ucH-esHarv  • 

«nd  to  obta.n  tl„V  we  will  take  a  rapid  review  of  7JL 

H.R.nu.„«  w.th  the  division  of  the  en.pire  of  Alexander 

he  (.reat.    At  this  ti...e.  about  ...r.  301,  during  the  reign 

of  Ptolemy  I.,  Soter,  Judea  was  or  ean.e  under  the 

do„..n.on  o    Egypt.     Although  it  no.uinally  belong.^ 

..tury   there  were  sev.-ral   wa.-s   iK-twcn-n   the   Egvp- 
tMn^^a«.l  Mnan  k.ngs  as  to  the  soven-ignty  of  iZ- 

Passing  on  to  the  reign  of  Antiochus  III.,  n  r  o-^S-iST 
a    wh...h  time  Palestine  belong«l  to  Egypt,  we  n^te  the 
following  political  ehanges:— 

In  B.f.  21S  Anti.«hus  III.  eonc,uere,l  Palestine. 

Egvpt"'"'  ^*"'""'  '^'-  ^'''''-P"*'"--  "■covered  it  to 

EgyiV""'    """    '"""'"'"•"    '"•    "--"•"..•re,!    it    from 

In  n.c.  199  Scopas,  the  general  of  Ptolemv  V.,  Epinh- 

ane.s   ,.o„,,ue,.ed  Pah-stin..  and  put  an  Egvptian  gZ  - 

s....  ...to  the  .itadel.  A.ra.  at  Jerusalem 

I"    ■'■«■•    108   Antioehus    III.    defeated    Seopas   near 

•i-ii) 


L 


AGRA,  OR   THE  CITADEL 


221 


Paneas  and  drove  the  Egyptian  garrison  out  of  Jeru- 

rnlem. 

In  B.C.  193  AntiochuH  III.,  in  connection  witli  the 
marriage  of  liiH  daughter  with  Ptolemy  V.,  restoretl 
Palestine  to  Egypt.  ThiH  time  the  transfer  of  sover- 
eignty was  made  without  war.  This  arrangement  con- 
tinued some  years  until  after  the  death  of  Antiochus 
III.,  which  was  in  B.C.  187. 

A  little  later  there  was  another  transfer,  for  Seleucus 
IV.,  Philopator,  king  of  Syria,  B.c.  187-176,  was  in  pos- 
session of  Palestine  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

In  B.C.  173  Ptolemy  VI.,  Philometor,  demanded  the 
return  of  Palestine  to  Egypt,  claiming  that  it  had 
always  been  in  her  possession  from  the  time  of  the  first 
Ptolemy. 

Antiochus  IV.,  Epiphanes,  B.c.  17r>-164,  resentetl  this 
claim,  and  war  followed.  He  made  four  expeditions 
against  Egypt— B.(".  171,  170,  1C9,  1«8.  In  b.c.  170  ami 
again  in  b!c.  168  Antiochus  IV.  visited  Jerusalem,  or 
made  expeditions  against  it,  in  both  of  which  the  Jews 
and  Jerusalem  suffered  terribly. 

During  all  these  wars,  Palestine  "snfferwl  greatly  and 
the  land  was  sorely  harassed.  While  Antiochus  III., 
the  Great,  was  at  war  with  Ptolemy  Philopator  and 
with  his  son  who  was  (-allwl  Epiphanes,  it  fell  out  that 
Ca'lesyria  and  Palestine  were  e<iually  sufferers,  both 
when  he  was  l)eaten  and  when  he  iK'at  others;  so  that 
they  were  very  like  to  a  ship  in  a  storm  which  is  tossed 
by  the  waves  on  both  sides;  and  just  thus  were  they  in 
tiieir  situation  in  the  middle  between  Antiochus'  pros- 
perity and  its  change  to  adversity"  {Atitiq.,  XII.  iii.  3). 
From  B.C.  218  to  B.C.  198,  a  short  peri«Kl  of  only  twenty 
years,  there  were  no  less  than  ten  advancings  an<l 
reireatings  of  hostile  armies  across  Palestine — surely  an 
affliitcMl  land.  And  when  we  consider  that  for  the  thre<' 
centuries  now  under  consideration  Palestine  was  the 
battlegrounil  of  contending  armii's,  that  it  was  many 
times  ravagwl  and  its  inhabitants  slaughtered  by  hostile 


222 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


kMkafamUy 


1^'^ 


fc- 


invadepg,  and  that  it  was  not  infrequently  torn  by 
mtirual  ntrifi^,  we  <au  only  wonder  that,  at  the  advent 
of  our  Lord,  Jud.-a  had  not  betonie  a  desert  and  Jeru- 
salem a  heap  of  ruiuH. 

The  painful  history  of  Jerusalem  duriuR  the  fifty 
years,  to  limit  our  attention  t(.  u  fixed  period,  previous 
to  the  aieession  ..f  Antiinhus  IV.,  was  onlv  a  prelude  to 
the  nnwries  whi(  h  followwl  the  a<lvent  of  that  wiekwl 
and  heartless  kin^'.    If  (,ne  will  "tveep  over  Jerusalem," 
let  him  turn  from  the  stones  of  the  ancient  Temple 
where  now  (ears  are  sh.-.!.  t(.  the  list  of  eruel  d.HHls  of 
the  ymr  UW  n.v..  a  year  of  trajjedies  and  sutTerinR  suffl- 
cieut  to  melt  the  stoni.^t  heart.    Hut  the  heathen  rulers 
powerful  and  cruel  as  they  wer..,  did  not  have  everv- 
thinj;  their  own  way.    The  last  ix.int  of  emluranee  st^-nm 
to  have  been  when  Antiothus  eonuuanded  sWine  to  Im 
saeriflmi  u|K)n  the  altar  in  the  Temple.     Both  lilM-rty 
and  reliction  had  Imh-h  destroye*!;  th.-  inhabitants  were 
Hlaves  in   body  and  soul;  j,'|(jom  and  d.-sjwir  reigned 
over  th»'  city.    Just  then  there  emer>;e<l  from  the  dark- 
ness a  family  of  heroes  whose  brilliant  detnls  nmde  that 
p«'riod  illustrious. 

It  is  in  this  year,  r.c.  1(58,  that  the  .Maecabees  come 
tirst  into  notice  in  the  perwm  of  Mattathias,  a  conserva- 
tive reformer,  who  Iiv.mI  at  .MtMlin,  a  villajfe  at  the  fm.t 
of  the  mountains  northwest  of  Jerusalem.  This  man, 
the  v'reat-fjrandson  «>f  a  priest,  was  arouscnl  to  action. 
He  slew  the  man  who  was  sacrificinp  swine  upon  the 
altar.  II,.  taujtht  the  p,H)pIe  that  thev  should  fi.'ht 
"even  on  the  Sa!)bath  day."  His  sons  took  up  his  cause, 
humbh^l  the  enemy  in  several  seven'  battles,  and 
achievcl  for  the  nation  an  honorable  independence. 
Mattathias  diwl  in  B.r.  1«!7. 
Ot  his  sons: 

Kleazar  died  in  battle  ii.c.  10.3. 

John  died  in  it.c.  1(11. 

Judas  died  bravi-ly  in  battle  n.«-.  1(50. 


ACUA,   OK   THt  CITADEL 


223 


Jonathan  wiin  cuptiinHi  und  killc<l  by  the  «>neniy  in 

B.t .  143. 
Hinion  wan  inunlcrcil  at  Jericho  in  B.C.   135.     IIo 
HurctHMlf)!  Jonatliau  anil  waH  the  leader  of  the 
JewH  from  B.C.  143  to  ii.c.  135. 
rontiniiinK  tlie  MaeealH'an  line:  John  IlyrcanuH  f<d- 
loweil,  n.c.  135-106;  .VriHtohuluM  1.,  b.c.  KMMOo;  Ale.xan- 
der  JannetiH,  b.c.  I(M»-7S;  .Mexandra,  B.c.  7MWJ;  Aristo- 
huluH  II.,  wild  diet!  in  B.C.  r*);.\iiti};onuH,  tlieop|M>nent  of 
iIer«Hl,  killiHl  in  B.C.  37;  and  the  last,  the  heantiful  Mari- 
anine,  the  wife  of  Iferod  the  tSreat,  whom  he  put  to 
death  in  b.c.  2!>. 

Jlnt  for  toiMifiraphicnl  detailH,  it  iH  the  jieritMl  of  thirty 
or  forty  yi-ar-H  previous  to  the  death  of  Simon,  B.C.  135, 
that  we  wish  to  Htudy. 


While  the  .Maeealx'an  periml  was  one  of  great  trial  and  **•''  Jnuwrt 

1b  fkmllT  and 
many  eiinfliets,  it  was  one  of  great  gl«)ry  an  well.    The  uUonai 

lead«'rH  Htirred  the  national  heart  and  roumil  their  jk-o-  »•»«»»•»»» 
pie  to  dtHKlH  of  ]Hitriotic  valor.  There  wan  develoiMMl  in 
them,  what  dm-s  not  kih'ui  to  have  Ikhmi  |>rominent  in 
JewiHh  eharaeter  In-fore,  a  tiesire  to  honor  their  re- 
nowned anceHtors  l>y  tangible  menuirialM  whieh  xhould 
kIiow  to  their  ehildren  and  their  children's  children 
their  gratitu<le  to  those  who  had  deliverinl  them  from 
slavery  to  heathen  desjxits. 

Simon,  the  lender  in  f>olitics  and  the  leader  in  battle, 
was  also  foremost  in  the  movement  for  erecting  lasting 
memorials  to  their  own  men  of  n-nown. 

It  was  iH'twwn  B.C.  143-135  that  he  erecttnl  at  Modin  a 
fiiiiiily  monument  which  was  a  landmark  for  a  wide 
region,  an  object  of  national  pride  and  admiration,  and 
is  descrilH'd  as  fcdlows: — 

"Simon  erected  a  very  large  monument  for  his  father 
and  his  brethren,  of  white  and  polished  stone,  and  raised 
it  to  a  great  height  so  as  to  be  seen  a  long  way  off,  and 
made  cloistei-s  about  it  and  set  up  ]>illars  which  were  of 
one  stone  apiece;  a  work  it  was  wonderful  to  see.    M<tre- 


224 


ANX'IEXT   JEUrHAl.EM 


nv.r  h..  hiiilt  wvi'ii  i..vnni.i  Irt  uIm>  fur  IiIh  jmrt'iitH  and 
liJN  l.ri'tlm'ii, im.'  f.-r  .m  li  of  tlicm,  w liuli  wm-  tuiuW  wry 
wurpriKiuK  .nuIi  for  tln-ir  lurKem-iw  uu<i  k-uuty  uud 
whuh  Imvf  iKt-n  pni«-rvHl  to  tliiH  «|«.v,  .mU  we  kuuw 
tliut  it  wuH  Hiiuuu  who  iH'Htuuitl  Mt  nnuli  uml  uIhiuI  the 
huriul  of  .loiutthan  and  tht-  buihIiiiR  of  thm-  iiiouuiufntM 
for  hiH  rt'hitioDM"  (.Iw/if/.,  XIII.  vi.  «). 

Hiuiou  uot  «»iil.v  i-rwWil  thiH  family  iiionumvnt  hut  t<N)k 
thi-  inoHt  a.tivf  iwrt  iu  hur.viiiK  »"«  brothi-n..  uKliouKh 
It  iH  not  HtjittHl  whm«  In*  hliuHflf  wuM  hiiriiHl— he  wbm 
inurdertHi,  we  know,  at  .lerhho.  Nor  itt  it  riMorde*! 
where  Eleazjir,  who  wan  killed  in  battle,  or  John  the 
oldi-Mt  brother,  wan  buritMl. 

ThiH  Hentinient  «»f  liom.rinjj  aneestors  and  public  men 
which  waH  HO  prominent  in  Himon,  together  with  the 
example  m-t  by  him  iu  ralHini?  a  monument  to  bin  family, 
prompts!  the  erection  of  the  Ahmument  of  John  llyr- 
eanuM  the  IliKh  Prij-nt,  an«l  later  thoHi>  of  King  Alexan- 
der JauneuH,  lN)th  at  J  rnmilem.    One  waH  erwtiMl  after 
the  year  ii.r.  KMi,  and  the  other  after  the  year  «.»-.  78, 
for  they  could  hardly  have  Urn  erwtiHl  during  the  life-' 
tinu'  .)f  the  men  themwIv.'H.     Alexandra,  the  wife  <.f 
Alexander  JauneuH,  reipH^I  uh  (|H«H'n  for  nine  years 
after  her  hunbaud'H  death,— that  in,  from  B.C.  7S  to  n.v. 
«!!>,— and  may  have  d«'Hin'«l  thin  monument  to  her  hun- 
band,  the  p«'opIe  carryinj;  out  'ler  winli.    In  npite  of  the 
nmny  vicinnitudc-H  throu;;h  winch  the  Holy  fity  imsHtnl 
after  their  erection,  they  remaimnl  to  InMoiue  j)rominent 
landmurkH  in  .v.d.  70,  when  Titnn  and  bin  b-ionn  had 
camiMMl  befoi-e  itn  wallH.     lU'twwn  ».c.  10(i  and  .v.ii.  70 
the  time  was  170  years,  and  betw.-t-n  n.c.  7S  and  .v.'..  70 
it  wiiK  148  years.    Their  pr.'servati(.n  for  ho  lonji  a  iM-riml 
is  certainly  n-markable,  due  iKThaps  to  spexial  caii'  or 
accident ;  iM)Hsib!y  the  exijiencien  of  war  <lid  not  rnjuire 
their  removal. 

It  will  he  most  convenient  to  commence  with  the  year 
B.C.  108  during  the  time  of  Anti.Khus  IV.,  Epiphanes, 


if 


ACKA,  OR  THE   CITADEL 


225 


who  n-iKnwl  from  ii.i'.  17«  to  B.c.  1«U.  DurluR  thit»  year  ^^>^ 
AntltH-huH  |)luud«ml  the  Tt-nipU'  of  all  itn  vant  treuH-  ^.^ 
unts  imltuliiiK  the  eoHtly  oltj»HtH  that  had  been  detll- 
«at«Hl  t<»  it :  forlMule  the  Jewn  to  HaeritUe;  wt  up  an  idol 
on  the  altar,  uIho  m»riti«iMl  Hwiiie  uiM)n  it ; ordered  altan* 
to  Ik'  wt  up  in  tli«'  villatjeH  for  tlie  murittte  of  Hwiue,  and 
tortunnl  tlnw*'  wlio  would  not  oliey;  HtruuKled  women 
and  infant  ehildren;  and  nlew  a  n'eat  umny  of  the  in- 
hahitantH  iKmicU-H  earryiuK  away  ten  thouwind  of  them 
aH  niptivet*.  "lie  nlwt  burnt  don  ,1  >  timmt  of  the 
l(uihllnj:M,  and  when  he  had  overt:,.  ii  i'  .•  eity  walln  he 
built  a  eitadel  in  the  lower  part     f  li       it-  .  f'      "     '"'--e 


ut 
I  o 
I 


!•  :  -S- ra  i«  1  "^ed 

II    >»■   \<  ro   .vas 

;  (3i  •■ ;  I  't  was 

y    -.tf    Xf.Tli/    .ToA»« 


I 


iir;    ■,..irt  very 


WJiH  high  and  overltHikwl  the  ".     jtli',  t.ii  "if. ..  n 
he  fortifl«Hl  it  with  hi^h  wal*:-    id    ')W(   s   .  «!  pul 
It    a    pirriHon    of    Mace«l    i  '    •  '    "  T '^'    iiiip.)Uh 
wieked   iwrt   of  the  Jews',    n,  .:,!i!i   'i\s   ..  olt   in 
<itadel." 

In  the  (SnH'k  of  thin  tp.  'i.i  .'ii  k  > 
twlee.  It  iH  elear  (1»  that  "  i.'  >  .  .u 
hijih;  (2)  that  it  overl(M»k«'<l  tin-  Teiii;il< 
In  the  Lower  City,  ni  t<r  kuloo  j.'  < 
{Antiq.,  XII.  v.  4);  (4)  and  that  . 
<oniin«MliouH.  The  fact  that  A» la  waH  hijrh  and  donii- 
nat*-*!  the  Temple  wan  mowt  fortunate  for  AntiochuH  an«l 
nioHt  unforttinate  for  the  Jews.  He  eontprehended  at 
onee  the  Htratenie  im|M»rta!ice  of  this  jdace  for  hiH  pur- 
jMiw  of  «ontroHin>:  the  city  and  the  Temple. 

It  is  here  statt-d  that  AnticM-hus  IV.  built  this  cita- 
di'l;  but  here  as  in  si'veral  other  instances  the  word 
"built"  must  »M'  understiMMl  as  tised  for  relmilt.  for  in 
the  time  of  Anti<».hns  III.,  «allnl  the  C.reat.  tu'.  223-1S7. 
it  had  the  sjime  stnite«ie  importance  for  controUin}:  the 
<ity  that  it  liad  Hffy  years  later  in  the  tim«'  of  Antiochus 
IV.  {Aiithi..  XII.  iii.  :U.  In  ii.c.  VM  Scopas.  tlic  -reneral 
of  Ptolemy  v..  Kpijihanes.  cnptnreil  this  citadel  and 
placed  in  it  a  niirrisoii  of  Kjiyi»tian  soldiers.  Some  time 
snlisefpient  to  this  the  <oiitrol  shifted  apiin,  for  in  a 
h'tter  written   by   Antiochus  111.   he  says:  "the  Jews 


226 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


in  Jerusalem  reteiveil  us  in  a  splendid  manner,  pave 
abundanee  of  provisious  to  our  soldiers  uud  to  the  ele- 
phants, and  join*"*!  with  us  in  ejectiuK  the  garrison  of 
the  Ejryptiaus  that  were  in  the  citadel"— Aera  (An.  u 
XII.  iii.  3).  ■' 

STL^J^**      After  the  death  of  Mattathias,  b.c.  167,  Ju.las  and  hi» 
MB  Other  sons  were  successful  In  several  eu{!af;eiiients  with 

the  forces  of  Antiochus  IV.,  so  there  was  ho{K'  of  restor- 
inj;  their  national  existence.  Their  first  thought  was 
for  the  Temple,  which,  through  n<'glect,  was  In  a  terrible 
condition.  Judas,  and  many  of  the  iK'opie  with  him, 
"came  to  Jerusalem  and  found  the  Temple  deserted,  its 
gates  buriMHl  down,  and  plants  growing  In  the  Temple 
of  their  own  accord  on  account  of  its  desertion,  and  they 
bt'gan  to  lament  and  were  quite  confiunnhMl  at  the 
sight."  Judas,  thinking  he  had  suflicient  powi'r  to  nmke 
it  safe  for  him  tct  attempt  to  do  so,  iM'gan  to  purify  the 
Temi»le  In  order  to  reestablish  Its  worship;  Init  he 
found  the  garrison  In  A(  la  a  source  of  constant  and 
great  annoyanc-  as  w.-ll  as  <Ianger;  and  to  overcome 
this  obstacle  h«'  began  a  counter  attack  to  divert  tiie 
attention  of  th.-  garrison.  "He  chose  out  som«'  of  his 
soldiers  and  gave  fh«.m  onlers  to  figbt  against  those 
guards  that  were  In  A«ia  >intil  he  should  have  puriHinl 
the  Temple"  (  l;i//V/.,  XII.  vii.  (!». 

The  guards  mentioned  were  the  Mac.'donian  garrlsc.n, 
pla.<Hl  In  .\(iii  by  .\ntio(  hus  IV.,  ami  thes..  .'vents  took 
place  in  ii.c.  ltJ.-».  tlin-e  years  aft«'r  Antiodius  had  dcme 
so  miiih  harm  and  two  years  after  the  death  of  .Mat- 
tathias. A  year  or  two  later  this  annoyan.e  is  referred 
t»  again,  and  it  is  sai.l  that  "tl»'  garrison  in  the  A.  ra  in 
Jerusalem,  wiili  (I,,-  J.-u  isli  ninagafes.  did  a  great  deal 
of  iiarni  to  tli..  Jews;  f.u-  the  soldiers  that  were  In  that 
«itadel  nislu'd  out  upon  the  sudden  ami  destroved 
sucli  as  wcr..  going  up  f.  (Im-  Temple  (..  offer  th.-ir  sacri- 
fices, for  th..  .\rra  lay  over  against  the  Temple."  Ju.las 
ther.fore   ies,dv.'d  to  destr..y  th<-  garri.son.  and  got  hl» 


AORA,   OK   THE   CITADEL 


227 


8uhli(>rH  t«»Ketlu'r  "und  vijtoroiinly  besU'fjtHl  tlioHP  that 
were  in  the  fitiidel.  II*'  iiiiule  i>ii}<;iiK'H  of  war,  and 
tTot'ti'd  huhvarlvH,"  and  apparently  would  have  suc- 
t-eiMled  had  it  not  been  that  "hoiiu*  of  the  runapites  who 
were  in  the  i)la(e  went  out  h.v  ni^lit  and  informed  Anti- 
oehus"  of  what  was  fio'm\i  on.  Whereupon  AntiocbuH 
tient  an  army  into  Judea,  and  Judas  wan  obli{!;(>d  to 
abandtui  the  Hi«'j;e.  This  was  Antioehus  V.,  Eupator, 
B.r.  1«4-1«2  (Aiilitj.,  XII.  ix.  3). 

After  the  death  of  .ludas  MaeralH'us,  whi<*h  occurred 
in  n.v.  HJCI,  Hacchidcs,  the  general  of  Demetrius  I., 
Soter,  who  reijjned  from  it.o.  Ui'2  to  it.r.  I'tO,  was  in 
Judea  witli  an  army,  and  he  (K-cupied  Acra  with  his 
soldiers.  He  fortified  many  cities  and  towns,  and  it  is 
ssiid  that  "ln'  also  fortifl«Hl  the  Acni  at  Jerusjilem  more 
than  all  the  rest.  Moreover,  he  took  the  sons  of  the 
])rinci])al  Jews  as  pUnlKes  and  shut  thcM  up  in  the  Acra" 
(Aiiliii.,  XIII.  i.  :n. 

After  Judas  .Maccabeus  was  dead  his  brother  Jona- 
than became  the  leader  of  the  Jews.  ii.c.  Hi0-14.*{.  and  the 
Acra  at  Jerusalem  was  still  octupied  by  the  {garrison  of 
Daccliides  (.\iiti(/.,  XIII.  ii.  1». 

Still  later,  in  the  time  of  Demetrius  II.,  Nicator,  ii.c. 
14(!-i;{8,  the  foreifin  «;arrison  beinfi  still  very  trouble- 
some, Jonathan  "levied  an  army  out  of  all  Judea  and 
attacked  the  Acra  at  Jerusjilem  and  besie<i«'d  it ;  it  was 
held  by  a  garrison  of  Macedonians  and  by  some  of  those 
men  who  had  deserte«l  the  oistoms  of  their  for«'fatliers. 
These  men  at  first  desjtisiHl  the  attempts  of  Jonathan  f<H' 
takini;  the  ]>lace,  as  they  <le|H-nde<l  on  its  strenjith." 
Demetrius  led  the  army  ajiainsl  Jonathan,  but  some 
sort  of  <'omprnmise  was  made  whereby  he  retired;  but 
Jonallian,  on  his  ])art.  did  not  desist  from  bis  sicp'  of 
Acra  \.\iiti<i..  XIII.  iv.  !>). 

Subse(|uetitly,  it  is  sniil  that  "Jonathan,  being  desir- 
ous to  get  clear  of  those  that  were  in  the  .\cra  at  Jerusa- 
lem and  of  the  Ji'wish  ilcscrfers  and  wirkcd  men,  as  well 
as  of  those  in  all  the  garrisons  in  the  countrv,"  sent  to 


228 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


m 


BMtraetiOB 
•TAan 


Demetrius  II.  and  "entreated  him  to  take  away  his  sol- 
diers out  of  the  strongholds  of  Judea"  (Antiq    XIII 
V.  2). 

A  war  followed  not  long  after,  in  whith  Jonathan 

defeated  Demetrius'  army  in  the  north,  and  later  the 

Nabatheans  in  the  south.     Jonathan  and  his  brother 

Himon  returned  to  Jeru.salem  and  began  to  rebuild  what 

had  been  destroyed ;  and  as  the  garrison,  besides  other 

lawless  aets,   were   plundering   the  people,   espe<ially 

those  in  the  Lower  Market,  the  two  brothers  formed  a 

plan  by  which  their  power  of  doing  miwhief  might  be 

•  urtailed.    Accordingly,  in  addition  to  other  building, 

they  decided  "to  construct  another  wall  in  the  midst  of 

the  city  in  order  to  exclude  tlie  Market  place  from  the 

garrison  which  was  in  the  Acra,  and  by  that  means  to 

hinder  them   from  obtaining  a  supply  of  provisions" 

(Antiq.,  XIII.  v.  11).    After  Tryphon  had  usuhmhI  the 

kingdom,  b.c.  142,  the  Acra  garrison  apjK'aled  to  him 

for  help;  "thow  tluit  were  in  the  Acra  sent  to  Tryphon 

and  besought  him  to  make  haste  and  come  to  them  and 

to  send  them  provisions'   {Antiq.,  XIII.  vi.  (1).     This 

appeal  shows  that  the  plan  of  Jonathan  and  Simon  for 

cutting  oflF  the  supply  of  provisions  from  the  garrison 

had  been  successful.     (S«»e  Illustration  of  the  remains 

of  this  wall  in  Chapter  XXX VI II.) 

Simon  Ma<<alK'Hs,  ii.r.  U.'MIC),  after  the  death  of  his 
brother  Jonathan,  became  tlie  leader  of  tlie  Jews.  'In 
the  very  tirst  year  of  his  reign"  it  is  said  that  he  "set  his 
people  frw  from  flieir  slavery  under  the  .Macwloiiians." 
One  of  his  earliest  acls  was  to  rid  the  city  of  its  foreign 
garrison  and  to  destroy  tlie  citadel  itself.  Accordingly, 
he  "took  tlu'  Acra  of  Jerusalem  by  siege  and  cast  it 
down  (<i  the  ground,  that  it  iiiigbf  not  be  any  more  a 
place  of  refuge  to  their  enemies  when  they  t<K)k  if  t(»  do 
them  mi.scliief,  as  it  iiad  been  till  now." 

Simon   thouy;lil    the  best   w.ay  to  eradicate  this  evil 
entirely  was  to  remove  tlu'  bill  itself,     .\ffcr  consulting 


lit 


ACKA,   OK   THE   CITADEL 


229 


tlu'  ptMtjdf  to  awcrtuiij  if  tlu'y  were  williu};,  tliiH  (•»)ur^*e 
was  (h'cidwl  upon,  llf  "put  tlu'in  in  niiu«l  what  niisi'r- 
ii'M  tlii'y  nii}j;lit  luTj-aftci-  sulTt-r  in  caw  any  forcinnort* 
Hhouhl  obtain  the  kiu};<h>iu  and  put  a  };arriKon  into 
the  citaik'l."  "So  they  all  wt  thi-niwlves  to  work  and 
h'veilcHi  the  mountain,  and  in  that  lalior  siH-nt  lK>th  day 
and  nijjht  wiliiout  interniisnion,  whiih  «'08t  them  three 
whole  years  befcm*  it  wa«  removed,  and  hrou^tlit  it  to  an 
entire  level  with  the  plain  of  the  rest  of  the  eity."  It  is 
addiHl  that  "after  the  eitadel  and  the  hill  itself  had 
been  demolished  the  Temple  was  the  highest  of  all  the 
buildings"  (.l/i/ir/.,  XIII.  vi.  7). 

The  date  of  the  destruction  of  Aera  is  fixed  at  140 
B.C.,  I»ut  the  name  «lid  not  go  out  of  existence.  It  was 
or  became  identified  with  a  certain  <|uarter  of  Jerusa- 
lem, and  continued  thus  till  the  time  of  Titus,  a.d.  70, 
when  it  was  the  well-known  and  common  name  of  that 
part  of  the  city.  From  Kx.  140  to  .\.i».  70  is  a  period  of 
210  years.  We  can  trace  the  name  back  beyond  B.C.  140 
to  at  least  200  B.C.,  thus  jtrolonging  the  period  of  its 
known  existence  to  well-nigh  three  centuries.  At  the 
beginning  of  this  period  it  stK'ms  to  have  been  as  well 
known  as  it  was  at  its  very  close.  Did  the  name  Acra 
suddenly  spring  into  existt-nce?  In  the  light  of  the 
history  attached  to  it  such  a  <|uestion  can  receive  only 
a  negative  answer.  Something  went  before  the  earliest 
date  here  given. 

The  situation  of  affairs  in  Jerusalem  during  the  p<'riod 
we  are  now  considering  s«'ems  almost  in«'redible — 
namely,  the  Temple  in  possession  of  the  Jews  and  the 
onlinary  services  actually  going  on,  some  other  parts 
of  the  city  in  their  pos.session  also,  and  all  the  time 
Acra  in  the  hands  of  a  foreign  autl  hostile  garrison. 
This  fact  will  only  cease  t<i  be  an  anomaly  when  we  bear 
in  mind  the  vast  ditrerence  between  ancient  and  modern 
warfare.  In  ancient  times  a  large  projMirtion  of  warfare 
was  hand  to  hand  work.  Even  in  sieges  the  combatants 
on  lM>th  sides  talke«l  freelv  with  each  other.  «'ven  while 


1 


280 


ANCIENT  JEKU8ALEM 


■Maiagof 

thtward 

Aon 


they  were  fiRhtinR;  so  that  there  jh  nothing  strange  in  tho 
fact  that  at  Jerusalem  the  Citadel  was  held  by  one  party 
and  the  Temple  by  the  other. 

The  word  Acra  means  properly  summit,  peak,  top  of 
a  hill,  high  headland ;  and  in  this  sense  it  is  usetl  several 
times  by  Josephus.     The  meaning  "citadel"  is  a  later 
adaptation  of  its  usage.     On  one  (xcasion  at  Jericho 
several  hundred  people  fled  from  the  city  "and  took 
refuge  on  the  top  of  a  hill,"  mra  (Aiitiq.,  XIV.  xv.  3). 
At  another  time,  this  was  also  at  Jericho,  "«,000  men 
came  down  from  the  tops  of  the  mountains."    new  acra 
is  u«Hl  in  the  plural.    Alexandrium,  a  strong  fortress 
east  of  She<hem  near  the  Jordan  valley,  is  described  as 
situated  "on  the  top  of  a  mountain."    The  word  for  top 
is  acra  {Antiq.,XlV.  iii.  4).  In  one  ca.se  it  seem.s  to  mean 
borders,  where  probably  the  extreme  parts  were  thought 
of  as  high    {Antlq..  XIV.  xii.   1).     Again,  Ilerodium, 
which   Herod   fortiflwl  and   which   iK'came  his  burial 
place,  was  on  the  summit  of  a  mountain;  the  word  for 
summit  being  acra  (I.  xxi.  10).     At  Alexandria  there 
was    an    acra— the    highwt    part    of    the    city    being 
meant   {Antiq.,  XII.  ii.  11).     Damascus  had  an  acra 
(.In^i^.,  XIII.  XV.  1)  ;  likewise  Apamia  {Antiq.,  XIV 
iii.  2). 

It  is  interesting  to  And  in  tlie  case  of  Jerusalem  that 
its  "citadel"  is  always  calbHi  Acra.  There  is  never  any 
confusion  in  the  application  of  the  word.  It  in  nervr 
opplinl  to  Aiitonid.  In  the  Aiitiqiiitirx,  from  XII.  iii. 
to  XIII.  vij,  acra  is  ushI  twenty-six  times  and  in  every 
nine  it  means  the  citadel  that  was  destrovtnl  by 
Simon  .Maccabeus  in  it.c.  HO.  l,,  XIII.  ii.  1  a<ra  is 
used  twi.e  and  aci-oiH.iis  also  twice,  all  within  a  few 
lines.  Only  one  place  is  referre.l  to,  and  "acroi.olis"  is 
aj.parently  hmhI  to  avoid  rci.eating  the  word  acra.  In 
XII.  vi.  2  "a<ropo]is"  is  used  for  acra,  nnless  possibly 
the  w(.rd  refers  to  Jerusalem  as  the  headquarters  or 
«bief  citv. 


<:  1^1 


ACRA,  OR  THE   CITADEL 


231 


jjOTE. — In  di-HiTibinj:  the  n-biiihling  of  flie  Temple  by 
liero<l  the  word  "atm"  Ih  uwil  four  timen,  always 
meaning  the  top  or  Hummit  of  the  hill  {Antiq.,  XV. 
xi.  3). 

(1)  Acrn  was  in  the  Lower  City.     The  hill  of  the  iBamaryM 
I'piwr  City,  that  of  the  Temple,  and  that  of  the  site  of  ^'i*^;^ 
Antonia— since  Antonia   in   no  way  belonged   to  the  of  Am 
Lower  City — must  1k'  e.xeluded. 

(2)  Its  situation  was  high. 

(3)  It  dominatwl  the  Temple.  This  fact  is  always 
prominent.  The  grotind  where  it  stood  is  at  presiMit  (SO 
fift  higher  than  the  Temple  area  and  50  feet  higher  than 
the  platform  of  the  Temple  itself.  IJefore  the  cutting 
down  of  Acra  the  difference  l)etween  the  levels  would  be 
far  gn'Uter,  and  as  to  the  «-astle  built  on  that  iwint 
dominating  the  Temple  there  could  be  no  possible 
question. 

(4)  Kecause  it  dominated  the  Temple,  its  foreign  gar- 
rison was  always  troublesome  to  the  Jews. 

(5)  Whoever  controlled  Acra  generally  controlled  the 
entire  lity,  altlumgh  in  one  or  two  instances  while 
the  foreign  garrison  held  Acra  the  Jews  held  the 
Temple. 

(Ci)  It  was  very  near  the  Lower  Market-i)lace.  and 
to  prevent  the  garrison  from  i»lundering  the  people  in 
the  market  a  wall  was  built  between  the  .>Iarket  place 
jiml  Acra.  There  was  no  markct;tlace  near  .Kntcfuia. 
There  is  no  historical  reference  to  any  market-place  on 
Ophel,  nor  could  a  more  unsuitable  spot  be  named  for 
such  a  purpose. 

(7»  It  was  always  important;  tin-  stnmghold  of  the 
city  fr«mi  tin-  first  mention  of  it,  altout  '200  B.C..  until 
its  destructicm  B.C.  140. 

(S)  It  was  a  place  of  great  size;  all  the  notices  of  it 
give  fills  impression.  It  could  accommochite  a  large 
number  of  troops,  and  besides  these  many  (mtlaws,  des- 
i)erad<M's,  and  Jewish  deserters  resorted  to  it. 


23S 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


(9)  It  was  of  BUfh  iiiiportunre  that  its  name 
was  pr«?8t'rv«'d  for  over  two  buudnnl  yean*,  being 
transferrwl  from  the  eita«h'l  after  that  waH  destroyed 
to  the  tity  that  grew  about  it,  that  is,  the  Lower 
City. 


is  "Wan," 
TI.TiU.4 


I 


In  the  account  of  the  capture  of  the  Upper  City  the 
word  "acra"  is  ustnl,  and  its  appearance  here  has  led 
to  some  impossible  topographical  conclusions.  Chief 
among  thi'se  is  the  one  that  makes  this  acra  a  place 
outside  and  lM>yond  the  walls  which  the  Romans  were 
thou  iHwieging,  and  connwted  somehow  with  Acra,  tlie 
other  name  for  the  I-ower  City.  These  mistakes  might 
have  lieen  avoided  by  careful  study  of  the  history  of  this 
.vor«l  and  the  discriminating  use  made  of  it  in  Josephus' 
hist<»ries.  The  I^tin  version,  wherever  acra  in  the 
({reek  refers  to  the  citadel  of  Jerusalem,  translates  it  by 
iir.r.  Wlienever  it  refers  to  the  summit  or  top  of  a  hill 
it  is  translitttH]  by  vertrjr,  stimmua,  culmcn,  or  some 
«r«ivi»lent  of  these  words.  In  this  instance  the  word  is 
•amply  transf»'rred.  There  may  have  been  a  doubt  as  to 
tow  it  should  have  bei-n  understood,  but  whatever  the 
reas^m  may  have  been  the  result  has  been  mislead- 
ing.    I'or, 

(1)  There  was  no  citadel  in  the  Upper  City. 

(2.)  There  was  none  in  the  Lower  City  or  anywhere 
fine. 

a)  At    that    time    "the    Acra"    meant    the    Lower 

*    1    V. 

I)  Everything  outside  the  walls  of  the  Upper  City 
wa.s  in  tilt'  hands  of  the  Romans. 

(.">)  In  this  case,  therefons  the  word  acra  must  refer 
to  something  in  tlie  Upper  City  itself. 

((!)  Should  Herod's  fortified  palace  be  thought  of, 
tliis  was  never  in  all  its  history  called  acra.  but  always 
pJi  tour  ion. 

Hence  the  common  meaning  of  the  word  is  the  proper 
one,  that  is,  top  or  mmmit.    "The  Jews  withdrew  from 


ACKA,   OR   TUE   CITADEL 


233 


the  wallH  to  or  towanlH  the  acrn,"  the  highest  part  of 
the  I'pper  City  (VI.  viii.  4).  The  nature  of  the  ground 
juHtifies  thiH  explanation,  if  any  juHtifieation  were 
neiHltHl.  The  KUinniit  would  Ik-  fiO  feet  higher  than  the 
I)oint  where  Titus'  attack  was  made. 


^41         .1' 


|S 


ri 


I  i 


Ophtl. 
Uu  and 
mMnlDr  1b 
tlwBibU 


CHAPTER  XXXIII 

OPHEL 

A  Wall  and  a  Tower-Small  Area-An  AeUunct  to  the   Royal 
Palace— No  Part  in  Siege 

CAREFtx  attention  mu8t  bo  paid  to  the  U8e  of  the  word 
Opiu'l  in  the  Uil»Ie.  It  oecure  fourteen  times,  six  of 
which  are  in  a  Hpeeial  sense  and  do  not  need  to  be  con- 
sidered. Once  it  is  translated  "forts"  or  "cleftR,"  but 
the  passage  has  nothing  to  do  with  Jerusalem' (Isa. 
xxxii.  14).  Again  it  is  used  in  a  i)oetical  sense  of  Jeru- 
salem, which  is  called  "a  stronghold"  (Mie.  iv.  8).  In 
-'Kings  V.  24  it  is  rendered  "tower,"  marg.  "secret 
place,"  referring  to  Samaria. 

There  remain  five  passages  to  be  considered,  two  in 
Second  Chronicles  and  thrw  in  Nehemiah.  In  2  Chron. 
xxvii.  3  it  is  said  of  Jotham  tliat  "on  the  wall  of  Ophel 
he  built  much."  The  margin  reads  "tower."  In  2 
Chron.  xxxiii.  14  it  is  said  of  Manasseh  that  he  "com- 
p-issed  about  Ophel,— marg.  "tower,"— and  raiw-tl  it  up 
a  verv  great  height."  In  the  first  passage  the  word  for 
"mu(  h,"  nM,  an.  is  in  a  large  nmjority  of  cas«>s  n'u- 
iJennl  "abumlantly."  In  the  second  passage  for  "raised 
it  up  a  very  great  height"  we  ma.v  translate,  "he  height- 
ened it  greatly."  This  would  be  a  most  natural  thing 
to  say  of  a  tower. 

The  Ih'brew  word  means  something  that  rises  up  con- 
•spicucusly,  sharply,  abruptly.  It  is  an  interesting  fact 
that  in  all  five  caws  w«'  have  to  consi.ler,  the  English 
tinnslators  thought  of  -tower."  The  Ux  o  passages,  from 
Chronicles  make  it  .-ertaiii  that  whatever  this  structure 
was,  at  least  two  king-s,  half  a  century  apart,  labored  to 
complete  it. 

234 


OPHEL,  PLAN  I. 

The  n't)  cnnKo  iimrk  ike  level*  itiKOMcd. 


.* 


Thtridn 
•oath  of  El 


B        i 

s     ■ 


ii 


»36 


AXCIEXT  JEUrSALEM 


Thf  pnpMMKfH  in  Xt-hc-iiiiah  art',  iii.  2«,  "the  Nethinim 
«l».'lt  iiiOplu.l— luarK.  tow«T,"a i.liniw whi.li i** leiK-at,^ 
in  xi.  I'l ;  anil  iii.  l>7.  wImtv  it  iH  urn*!!  aH  a  mark  of  aivi- 
Hion,— "unti.  Hu'  wall-  niarB.  tower— «if  Oplui  tIicw 
paMHajjeH  hI.ow  uh  that  the  Xctliiniui,  the  nvrvtux'^  of  the 
'Hniple,  n'Hi«l«-<l  in  Ophi'l. 

In  all  til.-  ri'ti'Tt'im-H  to  ()ph«>l  the  word  for  wall  |g 
uwtl,  whih-  tli<>  tlioHj;ht  of  "tower"  Ih  always  in  the 
mind.  The  fa.t  in  that  the  two  wiw  in  thiH  plu, ,.  inex 
tn.ahly  eonnwt.tt.  The  prineipal  thin^  wum  the  tower: 
hut  no  t«.wer  couhi  exist  without  first  huildinK  a  hiph 
Htr.»njr  wall  on  a  ver.v  stwp  hillside  and  tilling  the  spare 
<»n  the  inside.  When  this  was  done,  a  vast  work  in  itstdf. 
a  foundation  was  prepare«l  on  which  a  tower  e.mld  be 
erti't*"*!. 

The  Level  237!»  tonehes  the  wmth  line  of  the  Temple 
an-a  al»«ut  .ITM  hft  from  ti,,.  southeast  eorner,  as  indi- 
cated on  Plan  I.,  x.  1.     The  U-vel  2279,  KM)  fw-t  lower 
•  hail  the  first,  touehes  the  s».utheast  corner  of  the  Tem- 
ple area   (Plan  I.,  x.  2l.  runs  in  a  muitherlv  dimtion 
to  a  . ertain  pi.iut  als.ut  500  f.^-t  dinntly  south  of  the 
Temple  area  wall  (Plan  I.,  x.  3),  and  turns  thenee  in 
a  northerly  dire<tion,  in  nearly  a  straight  line,  towards 
the  southwest  corner  of  the  Temple  ari-a.  but  at  60 
f<H't  fnmi  it  iK'nds  abruptly  to  the  south  (Plan  1..  x   4) 
The  s<MalhHl  "wall  of  Ophel"  l)eBinH  at  the  southeast 
comer  of  the  Temple  area   (Plan  11.  A),  and  follows 
clowly  the  Level  227!»  to  near  its  first  turninR,  when  it 
disap|M.ars  ( IMan  11.  B(.     The  area  of  this  trianRular 
sjKUc  is  easily  ni<-asur<Ml,  the  Ophel  wall  f.irminjj  one 
line  and  the  mnitli  wall  of  the  Temple  area  the  north 
side,  except  that  we  lose  of  this  alsMit  V.U)  feet  of  itH 
entiiv  lenfrth.  'XW  feet.  ..n  a.connt  ..f  the  vallev  which 
runs  under  the  sonthwest  ait^'le  of  the  Temple  area. 

Hut  this  space  d.M-s  not  all  belonf;  to  Ophel.  The 
east.'iii  wall  of  the  city,  whi.h  is  old,  rnns  south  from 
the  wall  of  the  Temple  at  ri«ht  angles  to  it.  and  this  line 


i 

\\ ' 

1. 

1 

i 

Uutliiiv  and  art'it  of  Ophtrl. 


MKIOCOrV   IBOWTION   TBT  CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


|2j8 

1^ 

]Si 

■  2.2 

1^ 

■■■ 

140          1 

■  2.0 

1.8 


1.6 


jA 


APPLIED  IM/CE    In 

1653  Eost   Motr.  5lr*«t 

R(Xh«Sl*r,    New    York  14609        USA 

(716)  «82  -  0300  -  Phofw 

(716)   26b  -  5989  -  Fa« 


:i: 


1 


ii.  f 


Purpon  of 

OplMl 


238 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


continued  to  the  Level  2279  (Plan  IL  B  C)  would  form 
the  west  side  of  the  triangle,  the  area  of  which  gives  us 
all  that  properly  can  be  reckoned  to  Ophel.  Ophel  was 
"a  place,"  "a  tower,"  which,  with  the  ground  about  it, 
occupied  only  a  limited  space.  Its  greatest  area  is 
less  than  three  acres.  It  is  on  the  extreme  eastern  side 
of  this  two  and  a  half  acres  that  the  Ophel  Tower 
stood. 

As  to  the  area  of  this  spur,  we  take  Level  2229,  east 
of  which  no  building  is  possible  (Plan  III.  A).    Follow- 
ing it  north  for  800  feet  we  touch  Level  2279,  Plan  III.  B, 
and  follow  that  for  800  feet  to  the  southeast  corner  of 
the  Temple  (Plan  III.  C).    No  building  is  possible  east 
of  this  line  of  1,600  feet.    Passing  to  the  west  side  of 
the  spur  we  take  the  same  Level,  2229,  Plan  III.  D,  and 
follow  it  north  for  800  feet,  thence  on  Level  2279  in  the 
same  direction  for  aoo  fwt  ( Plan  III.  E ».    West  of  this 
line  of  1,100  feet  no  building  is  possible.     The  line  of 
this  ridge  does  not  run  exactly  north  and  south;  but 
starting  at  the  south  wall  of  the  Tenjple  area  at  Level 
2379,  Plan  III.  V,  and  following  down  the  ridge  to  the 
south  a  distance  of  1,500  feet  to  Level  2229,  Plan  III.  O, 
the  drop  is  150  feet,  or  one  foot  in  ten.    Measuring  all 
the  available  ground  suitable  for  building  purposes 
on  this  spur,  we  have  not  less  than  nine  and  not  more 
than  thirteen  acres. 

What  was  the  purpose  for  which  Ophel  was  built? 
This  is  a  fair  question  and  one  which,  in  studving  the 
subject,  constantly  arises.  It  is  first  mentione<l  in  the 
middle  period  of  the  kingdom  of  Judah,  although  no 
one  can  deny  that  it  originated  at  a  much  earlier  date. 
It  is  never  said  that  Millo  and  Ophel  were  identical. 
-Millo  was  not  .lestroyed  to  make  jdace  for  Opiu'l.  for 
it  existed  in  the  time  of  llezekiah ;  the  two  pla.es  existed 
simultaneonsly.  It  is  nowhere  intimate.l  that  Ophel 
was  built  for  defence,  nor  is  there  any  indication  that  it 
was  ever  use<l  for  sucl,  a  i)Hr|K)se.     Two  great  towers 


Tomb*  of--i 


OPUKF.,  l'I,AX  III. 

Showlni!  the  levels  and  the  utmo't  powible  ixtcnt  nf  Opiiel. 


240 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


for  defence  on  this  spur  of  mountain  tannot  be  thought 
of.  If  it  was  built  for  defence  what  could  it  defend? 
Certainly  no  enemy,  nothing  could  approach  it  from  the 
east.  It  could  not  defend  the  city  to  the  north,  towards 
the  Temple,  for  the  ground  on  which  the  Temple  stands 
is  150  feet  higher  than  Opliel  and  less  than  1,000  feet 
distant.  It  could  not  have  "teen  built  to  defend  the 
southern  portion  of  this  spur,  since,  in  that  case,  it 
would  have  been  place<l  farther  to  the  south.  More- 
over, Jlillo  would  have  been  between  it  and  the  build- 
ings it  was  to  protect.  The  only  use  for  this  tower 
mentioned  in  the  Bible  was  as  a  place  of  residence  for 
the  servants  of  the  Temple.  It  is  most  unlikely  that  thi- 
could  have  l)een  the  original  purpose  of  such  a  peculiar 
structure  as  Ophel. 

This  tower  was  an  adjunct  to  the  Royal  Palace 
erected  for  the  pleasure  of  those  who  lived  in  it,  and  as 
a  public  ornament  as  well.  Such  was  the  Tower  Pseph- 
inus  built  by  Herod  Agrippa  I.;  and  such  to  a  certain 
degree  is  the  present  Russian  Tower  on  the  Mount  of 
Olives.  This  may  have  afiforded  an  outlook  for  the 
giiards,  or  a  place  to  visit  for  diversion ;  certainly  it  was 
a  structure  in  which  the  public  took  pride.  The  entire 
history  of  this  tower  gives  no  hint  contradicting  the 
statement  now  made.  Whon  the  Chaldeans  were  in 
Jerusalem  at  the  final  destruction  of  the  kingdom  of 
Ju<lah  and  "the  house  of  the  Lord,  and  the  king's  house, 
and  all  the  houses  of  the  principal  men  were  burned 
with  fire"  (Jer.  lii.  13),  the  Ophel  Tower  perished  with 
the  rest  or  at  least  was  ruined.  A  humbler  structure 
was  erected  later,  which,  although  bearing  the  same 
name,  was  devoted  to  utilitarian  uses — the  servants  of 
the  Temple  resided  there.  This  would  be  about  150 
years  after  the  destnictiim  of  the  city  (  Neh.  iii.  2(!,  27). 
In  Joseplins'  time  it  had  become  still  more  obscure,  it 
was  simply  "a  place  called  Ophla." 

Tlie  "king's  house"— the  PaliHc  of  Solomon — was  sit- 
uateil  at  the  north  ciid  of  tli(>  Ophel  ridge,  and  the  rea- 


OPOEL 


241 


sons  for  the  choice  of  this  site  are  given  in  another 
chapter. 

Ophel,  or  "Ophla"  as  Josephus  calls  it,  plays  a  very  ^^*'*^ 
small  part  in  the  siege  of  Jerusalem. 

(1)  In  the  time  of  Florus,  a  certain  revolutionist 
leader,  after  his  followers  were  defeated,  ran  away  to  "a 
place  called  Ophla,"  whence  he  was  dragged  forth  and 
killed  (II.  xvii.  9|. 

(2)  The  Old  Wall  bent  around  modern  Zion  on  the 
south,  and  "extending  to  a  certain  place  designated 
Ophla,  joined  the  eastern  colonnade  of  the  Temple" 
(V.  iv.  2). 

(3)  In  the  division  of  territory  between  John  and 
Simon,  John's  jurisdiction  included  "the  place  called 
Ophla"  (V.  vi.  1). 

(4)  After  the  Temple  was  taken,  certain  portions  of 
Jerusalem  were  burned ;  and  among  them  was  "the  place 
called  Ophla"  (VI.  vi.  3). 

It  does  not  appear  to  have  been  reckoned  as  an  im- 
portant part  of  tlie  city;  it  is  always  :  poken  of  as  some- 
thing apart  by  itself,  a  sort  of  outlying  member,  an 
adjunct,  an  appendix  to  Jerusalem. 

If  it  was  a  stnmghold  why  did  not  the  Jews  go  there? 
It  was  never  occupied  by  troops,  it  was  never  captured ; 
but  it  could  be  "burned";  lience  the  upp"r  portion  at 
least  was  ccmstructed  largely  of  wood  (VI.  vi.  3). 

At  present  we  are  accustomed  to  apply  the  name 
Ophel  to  the  entire  ridge  south  of  the  Temple  area,  but 
this  is  not  correct — iu  fact,  it  never  was  correct. 

In  the  siege,  Ophla  was  "a  place,"  and  the  south  wall 
of  the  city  reached  it,  but  did  not  enclose  it.  Whatever 
it  was,  all  the  hints  we  have  show  that  it  was  not 
important. 


I; 


: 


Jwualama 

mosnUin 

brtmi 


The  City  of 
IhiTid 


CHAPTER  XXXIV 

JERUSALEM  A  MOUNTAIN  FORTRESS 

Various  De»ignatioiM-The  Name  Millo—The  Predecessor  of  Acra 

In  the  earliest  times  Jerusalem  was  a  mountain  fort- 
ress not  easy  to  rapture. 

"David  took  the  stronghold  of  Zion ;  the  same  is 

the  City  of  David"  (2  Sam.  v.  7).    "David  dwelt  in 

the  fort  and  called  it  the  City  of  David"  (2  Sam. 

V.  9).    "David  took  the  castle  of  Zion,  which  is  the 

City  of  David"  (1  Chron.  xi.  5).    "David  dwelt  in 

the  castle,   therefore  they  called   it   the  City  of 

David"  (1.  Chron.  xi.  7). 

The  three  words  "stronghold,"  "fort,"  "castle"  are 

diflferent    translations    of    the    same    Hebrew    word, 

mitziidah,  mno.     The  word  "Zion"  is  used  as  though 

it  was  the  name  of  this  fortress  before  it  was  captured 

by  David.    After  its  capture  the  name  "City  of  David" 

is  applied  to  it.    It  is  essential  to  remember  that  the 

names  Zion,  City  of  David,  fort,  castle,  stronghold,  all 

refer  to  identically  the  same  place.    If  we  find  one  we 

find  all. 

The  notices  of  the  City  of  David  during  his  life  and 
8ubse(|uent  to  his  death  are  interesting  and  important 
in  fixing  its  site. 

When  the  Ark  was  to  be  brought  from  Kirjath- 
jearim,  David  at  first  "would  not  remove  it  unto 
him  into  the  City  of  David"  (2  Sam.  vi.  10).  Later 
he  changed  bis  mind  "and  brought  the  Ark  of  (Jod 
into  the  City  of  David"  (2  Sam.  vi.  12).  "The  Ark 
came  into  the  City  of  David"  (2  Sam.  vi.  1(5). 
When  Solomon  married  his  Egyptian  wife  "he 
242 


li 


MILLO,  CITV  OP  DAVID 


244 


ANCIENT   JEKUSALEM 


brought  her  into  the  City  of  David,"  because  his 

own  house  was  not  c-oinpleted   (1  Kings  iii.   1). 

>\'hen  her  house  was  ready  "Pharaoh's  daughter 

came  up  out  of  the  City  of  David  unto  her  own 

house"   (1  Kings  ix.  24).     "Solomon  brought  up 

the  daughter  of  Pharaoh  out  of  the  City  of  David 

unto  the  house  that  he  had  built  for  her,  for  he 

said.  My  wife  shall  not  dwell  in  the  house  of  David 

king   of  Israel"    (2   Chron.   viii.    11).     Solomon 

brought  the  Ark  out  of  the  City  of  David,  which  is 

Zion  (1  Kings  viii.  1). 

The  house  where  Solomon's  wife  had  resided  for  many 

years  was  in  the  City  of  David,  the  house  or  paluce  that 

David  had  occupied.    The  new  residence  was  not  in  the 

City  of  David. 


•1 


MM.*  "David  made  him  houses  in  the  City  of  David" 

**•  (1  Chron.  xv.  1) ;  and  "Hiram,  king  of  Tyre,  sent 

messengers  to  David  and  cedar  trees  and  carpenters 
and  masons, — marg.  hewers  of  stone  of  the  wall,— 
and  they  built  David  a  house"  (2  Sam.  v.  11).    The 
same  account  is  repeated  in  1  Chron.  xiv.  1.    In  2 
Sam.  vii.  2  David  tells  Nathan,  "I  dwell  in  a  house 
of  ccHlar,  but  the  Ark  of  Ood  dwelleth  within  cur- 
tains."   "David  walked  up<m  the  roof  of  the  king's 
house"  (2  Sam.  xi.  2).    "['riah  slept  at  the  door  of 
the  king's  house"  (2  Sam.  xi.  9). 
David's  residence  was  a  house  or  palace  that  with  the 
aid  of  King  Hiram  had  been  specially  built  for  him,  and 
it  was  situated  in  the  City  of  David. 

KUio  This  interesting  name  suddenly  appears  in  the  history 

of  Jerusalem,  and  after  a  certain  period  of  years  it  as 
suddenly  disjipiM-ars  altogether.  When  it  appears  it 
does  so  witlnmt  any  explanation  (»r  qualiflcation  of  any 
kind,  as  if  it  were  the  only  and  well-known  name  of  a 
certain  place.  It  was  situated  in  the  City  of  David. 
After  David  had  reigned  seven  and  one-half  years  in 


JERUSALEM  A  MOUNTAIN  FORTRESS  245 


Uebrou  he  Itecainu  king  of  till  iHrael,  and  about  tliiu  time 
came  into  possession  of  Jerusalem  by  conquering  it  from 
its  Jebusite  inhabitants.    The  phue  was  so  strong  that 
these  who  held  it  had  no  fear  ot  its  iM'ing  taken.    Rut 
•'David  took  the  stronghold  of  Zion;  the  same  is 
the  City  of  David"  (2  Sam.  v.  7).    "David  dwelt  in 
the  fort  and  culled  it  the  (Mty  of  David ;  and  David 
bull  I  round  alH)ut  from  Millo  and  inward"  (2  Sam. 
V.  9).    The  account  of  David's  taking  Jerusalem  in 
First  Chronicles  is  similar  to  that  in  2  Sam.  v.  9 — 
namely,  "David  dwelt  in  the  castle,  therefore  they 
called  it  the  City  of  David;  and  he  built  the  city 
round  about,  even  from  Millo  round  about,  and 
Joab  repaired  the  rest  of  the  city"  (1  Chron.  xi. 
7,8). 
Millo  is  also  mentioneil  in  connection  with  the  exten- 
sive building  operations  of  Solomon.   It  is  said  that 
Solomon 

"raised  a  levy  of  thirty  thousjind  men,  to  build  a 
house  of  th(>  Lord,  and  his  own  bouse,  and  Millo, 
and  the  wall  of  Jerusalem"  (1  Kings  v.  13;  ix.  15). 
"Pharaoh's  daughter  came  up  out  of  the  City  of 
David  unto  her  house  which  Solomon  had  built  for 
her;  then  did  be  Imild  Millo"    (1  Kings  ix.  '2i). 
"Solomon  built  Millo,  and  repairetl  the  breaches  of 
the  City  of  David  bis  father"  (1  Kings  xi.  27). 
Jlillo  is  again  mentioned  in  the  time  of  Joasb,  B.(\ 
878-839, — corrected  date  it.c.  837-798, — when  a  conspi- 
racy was  formed  against  him: — 

"Ills  servants  aros«'  and  slew  Joash  in  the  house 

of  Millo, — marg.    Beth-uiillo, — which  goetb  down 

to  Silla"  (2  Kings  xii.  20). 

The  last  mention  of  Millo  is  when  Sennacherib  was 

approaching  Jerusalem ;  it   is  said   that   Ilezekiab,   in 

making  preparations  to  resist  liini, 

"built  up  the  wall  that  was  broken  and  raised  it  up 
to  the  towers,  and  another  wall  witlxmt,  and  re- 
pain^l  Millo  in  the  City  of  David"  (2  Chron.  xxxii. 


246 


AXCIKXT  JEHUHALEM 


i 

1'   * 

1  :i 

i 

H:     ill 


ri 


■  i 


V 


5),  B.C.  720-«l)8;  cormtetl  date  of  Hezeklah,  719- 
fiOl.    TluH  event  wuh  b.c.  701  or  Jiefore. 

The  fortif.ving  of  JeruHulein,  the  buildioK  of  Millo, 
and  the  ralsiuK  of  this  great  army  of  workmen,  seem 
to  have  been  the  cauBe  in  some  way  of  the  rebellion  of 
Jerol>oam  (1  Kingu  xl.  27). 

The  name  Millo  \h  uihhI  only  in  the  early  recordn  of 
JewiHh  hiKtory,  and  the  period  from  the  flrHt  mention  of 
it  to  the  last  in  the  reign  of  llezekiah  may  lie  rtn-koneil, 
accordinp  to  the  marginal  dates,  an  335  years,  or  cor- 
rected date  303  years. 

Millo  and  the  building  of  it  was  a  matter  of  great 
importance  in  the  early  history  of  Jerusalem. 

The  name  appeared  and  disappeared  suddenly;  it 
was  the  name  of  a  place  or  an  object  that  was  well 
known;  that  place  or  object  was  certainly  in  the  City 
of  David. 

It  was  one  of  four  great  works:  the  Temple,  the 
King's  palace,  Millo,  and  the  wall  of  Jerusalem. 

Solomon  did  not  begin  work  upon  Millo  till  his  queen 
had  removed  from  the  house  of  David  to  her  own  palate, 
which,  together  with  the  house  of  the  Lord,  was  twentv 
years  in  building  ( 1  Kings  ix.  10,  24 1.  To  have  an  army 
of  workmen  altout  her  would  have  inconvenienced  her 
Majesty  greatly. 

The  difficulty  of  explaining  the  name  Millo  in  Hebrew 
prompts  the  suggestion  that  it  was  employed  by  th«' 
early  occupants  of  the  place  long  before  the  time  of 
David.  Still  its  usjige  leads  to  the  conclusion  that  it 
certainly  had  to  do  with  the  fortifications  of  the  city. 

It  is  almost  certain  that  by  the  building  of  MilU*  is 
meant  the  rebuilding  of  it.  Several  other  instances  of 
the  same  kind  have  been  noticed. 

It  is  certain  also  tliat  .Millo  was  in  the  City  of  David, 
and  that  fort,  castle,  stronghold,  City  of  David,  Zion, 
Millo  all  refer  to  one  and  the  same  thing,  to  (»ne  and  the 
siinie  place.  This  stronghold  was  pretty  much  all  tlier*' 
was  of  Jerusalem.     It  was  citadel  and  palace;  it  was 


JERUSALEM   A   MOUNTAIN    FOKTItEHS     247 

muHMivo  and  spaciouH.  The  early  iuhalntantK  t»x»k  pride 
in  itH  Mtrenjjtli.  David,  and  eM|K'fiall.v  Soi<»iiu>n,  made  i* 
the  fliief  defence  of  tlieir  eity. 

Two  huudretl  j-earn  iM'fore  Clirist  it  Iuik  Inn-n  Hhown 
that  .leruwileni  liad  a  Htronj:  eitadel,  Acra.  There  iH 
u<»  reaHon  why  thew  tw<»  fortreHHeH  Hhould  not  have 
occupied  tlie  winie  mte.  On  tlie  contrary,  there  iH  every 
reaHon  to  believe  that  the  Hite  was  one  and  the  same. 
Acra  was  a  fortrews,  very  Htrou};,  eawily  ilefendetl,  and 
eontrollint!  I»y  itH  |)OHition  the  dcHtinieH  «»f  tlie  city. 
Precinely  the  name  can  lie  naid  of  the  Htron^hold  uf  the 
City  of  David. 

If  thin  ancient  fortreHH  wan  Hituntinl  on  the  spur  of  the 
hill  which  projectn  southward  fr«)ni  the  Temple  area,  it 
iH  reanonable  to  ask  why  it  was  built.  What  was  it 
designed  to  defend?  The  nature  of  the  ground  Ih  hucU 
that  no  enemy  could  nppn)ach  it  from  the  east  or  west; 
and  the  Temi>le  was  fitr  to  the  north  of  it,  rising  from 
a  rocky  site  100  fwt  higher  than  the  fortress.  A  strong 
fortification  at  this  point,  one  of  8»»loniou'H  great  works, 
would  seem  t(»  be  wholly  without  a  purpose.  Jerusalem 
needed  imperatively  strong  fortifications  on  the  north 
and  northwest. 

The  mention  of  Millo  in  connecticm  with  the  aHsassi- 
nation  of  J«Mish  (2  Kings  xii.  20)  ntHnls  a  moment's 
attention.  The  dwd  was  conimitte»l  "in  the  house  of 
Millo,  which  giM'th  down  to  Silla."  "Silla"  means  cause- 
way. From  MiUo  there  seems  to  have  been  an  elevated 
passage  leading  down  to  some  point,  and  thence,  proba- 
bly, up  again  to  some  other  point.  «»n  the  descending 
causeway  was  the  scene  of  this  murder.  Elsewhere  the 
ascending  causeway  is  mentioned.  (See  Chapter  XL. — 
The  Stairs.) 


■  I. 


H 


CIIAPTEH  XXXV 
THE  SITE  AND  THE  BUILDING  OF  THE  TEMPLE 

Temple  and  Solomon  a  Palace  outxide  the  City  of  David— Queen' a 
He»idence  Distinct  f,t,m  the  Hoyal  Mtueum-Heanona  for  Se- 
lection of  Strange  Site 

2; wtSi"  .  *^"'"' **  "^'■""'^  '^''"''■'''  "'*'''■  •'••'  kingdom  was  e. tab- 
itiuTtmfit  •'»<l'«'«l,  waH  to  l>uiia  a  bouw  of  Hod,  a  Temple,  ami  he 
toiiMultiHl  with  the  prophet  Xathau  alntut  it.  The  work 
was  deiidwl  upon  favorably,  but  afterwards  the  plan 
was  deferretl  (2  «am.  vij. ,.  During  the  reijrn  of  David, 
and  also  that  of  Solomon  previous  to  the  building  of 
the  Temple,  there  was  no  regular  plaee  of  worship; 
"the  piHipJe  sacriHccHl  in  high  places."  "Solomon  went 
to  (libeou  to  sacritice"  (1  Kings  iii.  2-4). 

David  made  preparation-  for  building  the  Temple  and 
near  the  end  of  his  life  he  seleitwl  the  site  {'2  8ain.  xxiv. 
!><■-'.-.;  1  Cbron.  xxi.  18-aO;  xxii.  2-4;  2  Chron.  iii.  1). 
Solomon  afterwards  built  the  Temple  ou  the  site 
selected  by  his  father. 

Notwithstanding  all  the  preparations  that  David  had 
made  f».r  building  the  Temple  and  Solomon's  great 
wealth  un.l  his  army  of  30,000  workmen,  it  was  a  long 
time  before  it  was  completjMl  :— 

"S(domon  was  building  his  own  house  thirteen 
years"  (I  Kinj;s  vii.  1  i.  "At  the  end  of  twenty 
years,  when  Solonum  bad  built  the  two  houses,  the 
house  of  the  Uml  and  the  king's  house"  (1  Kings 
'x.  10;2Chron.  viii.  If. 

S-d"aa1\h*.     ,  '^l'  "^  .^"lomon's  greatest  works  were  the  building  of 

kingihonM     f"«'  I«'nipb'  iinil  bis  own  palare,  an«l  twenty  vears  were 

r.M|niicd  for  their  .oniideticm.     Several  tiim-s  thev  are 

meuti(.ne<l  (ogetber,— "Tlu-  two  houses,  the  house  of  the 

248 


■  t. 


J 


BITE   AND   BUILDING   OF  THE   TEMPLE     249 

l^rtl  and  the  kiii^'H  Iioum-"  (1  KIiikh  ix.  lU).  The  mar- 
ginal date  for  thiM  in  ii.c.  9'JJ,  the  eorreetwl  date  plui-ett 
it  about  It.c.  U-IO.  Louj;  afterwunlM  in  the  time  of  Jere- 
ntiali,  during  un  outltreuk  upiiuHt  tliin  propliet  witen  he 
eaine  near  loHiug  hiM  life,  it  in  miid  tliat  thoHe  who 
opp«n«ed  hiui 

"eanie  up  from  tlie  Iting'H  houw  unto  tlie  liouMe  of 
tlie  I^rd"  {.ler.  xxvi.  10). 
Uere  tiie  wime  wordM  are  reiK'Uted  aH  were  umnl  when 
Solomon  had  eompletetl  hiH  wori<  of  building.  Tlie  mar- 
ginal date  of  thiM  event  in  ii.c.  (i((!),  eorreetiil  to  <iO<i.  A 
few  yearM  later,  when  the  ChuldeunH  hud  taken  JeruHU- 
lem,  it  i8  Hoid  that 

"they  burnwl  the  houne  of  the  Ixird  and  the  king's 
houHe,  and  all  the  houHen  of  Jt'ruHaletii  and  all  the 
houw'H  of  the  great  men"  ( Jer.  lii.  13). 
In  thiH  pluee  again  the  Hanie  wordH  are  umhI  aH  in  the 
other  puHHOgeH.  The  «late  \h  n.c.  588,  (orrectiHl  to  B.C. 
58(t;  HO  that  lH>tw(>en  the  huililing  and  the  burning  of 
thewe  famous  ntrnctures  there  was  un  interval  t)f  404 
year**,  eorrwte<l  to  3'A.  Sligiitly  different  rinkonings 
are  mude  of  the  length  of  thiH  iM-ritMl,  but  it  in  HUtHiieutiy 
i'orriH't  to  say  that  it  was  betwwn  thrif  and  a  half  and 
four  eenturien. 

In  2  Sum.  xi.  2  it  is  suid  that  "David  walked  upon 
the  roof  of  the  king's  house."  Tlii«  was  the  house  in 
the  City  of  Dnvid  that  llirani  had  assistt'd  him  in  Ituihl- 
ing,  and  had  notiiing  to  do  with  the  houH«>  that  Solomon 
Hubsefiuently  erwtetl,  the  same  as  that  meuti(HKHl  iu 
Jer.  xxvi.  10. 


For  the  siike  of  elearness,  emphasis  slinuld  be  placed  soiomon'i 
upon  the  fact  tliat  tlu'  site  chosen  by  David  for  tlie  Teni-  i^auSn 
pie  where  it  was  afterwards  built  by  Solomon,  and  the 
site  of  bis  own  house,  were  outside  the  City  of  David. 
They  were  apart  and  distinct  from  the  City  of  David, 
from  Millo,  Zion,  and  the  Fortress,  all  of  which  were  one 
and  the  same  place  (1  Kings  ix.  24;  2  Chnui.  viii.  11). 


;■: 


1 1 


250 


ANCIENT  JEKUSALEM 


Nothing  is  said  about  it  diwetly,  but  during  liis  build- 
ing oiK'rations  the  fact  lonu's  out  tliat  there  were  two 
parts  to  Solomon's  house,  two  vast  sections— one  his 
palace,  where  his  .juwu  together  with  the  multitude  of 
women  connecte<l  with  the  household  resitled,  and  the 
other  his  throne-room,  where  his  court  was  held.  This 
was  .alkHl  the  House  of  the  Forest  of  Lebanon;  and 
here  were  (h'posittnl  golden  shields  and  golden  vessels  of 
every  description ;  here  were  his  ivor.v  throne,  chairs,  and 
footst<M)l ;  here  were  the  great  lions  that  lined  the  steps; 
and  the  shiploads  of  curiosities  which  his  own  navy 
brought,  coming  every  three  years,  from  Tarshish;  so 
that  his  Cedar  Palace  might  be  called,  not  an  "armory," 
but  a  Koyal  Museum.  These  two  s«'ctions  easily  com- 
municating with  ea«h  other  are  described  as  "his  hcmse" 
(1  Kings  vii.  2;  x.  17,  Ul;  2  Chron.  ix.  IC,  20). 

Toavoid  misunderstanding  it  may  be  repeated  that  Sol- 
omon's palace  was  not  the  palace  of  David  his  father, 
it  was  not  the  "stronghold"  which  David  took  from  the 
Jebusites,  it  was  not  Zion,  it  was  not  Millo,  it  had  noth- 
ing to  do  with  the  City  of  David,  but  was  outside  and 
distinct  from  all  these— wbicli,  as  elsewhere  shown, 
were  one  and  the  same  place. 

When  Solomon  married  his  Egyptian  wife  soon  after 
the  death  of  his  father,  because  his  own  palace  was  not 
yt't  built,  they  lived  in  the  City  »»f  David  in  the  palace 
that  belonged  U.  David.  In  fact,  just  about  half  their 
married  lif,>  was  spent  there,  that  is,  twenty  vears. 
When  after  twenty  years,  seven  for  the  buiiding  of 
the  Temi)le  amd  thirteen  for  bis  palace,  his  lu.use 
was  completed,  they  removed  to  it  fr<mi  the  Cltv  of 
David. 

There  were  reasons  why  Solomon's  Palace  re(|uired 
for  its  building  nearly  double  the  time  that  was  siM'ut 
on  th«'  Temple.  It  covered  more  space,  and  it  contained 
iilmost  an  infinite  nunilx-r  of  r.ioins.  balls,  ami  dining 
aiKirtments,  for  (bere  was  a  household  uiiiirecedented  in 
number  to  be  provided  for;  not  as  slaves  ..r  soldiers 


SITE   AND   BUILDING   OF   THE   TEMPLE     251 

iii!<;ht  be  providwl  for,  but  most  of  tliem  with  royal  mag- 
nificence (1  KingH  lit.  1;  vil.  1;  ix.  24). 

It  seems  possible  to  locate  the  residence  of  Solomon, 
which  he  built  for  his  Egyptian  wife  and  his  vast  house- 
hold, with  considerable  certainty.  The  ground  at  the 
north  end  of  the  spur  south  of  the  Temple  area  must  be 
<'losely  examined.  On  the  east  side  we  cannot  go  east 
of  Level  2279  and  on  the  west  side  we  cannot  go  west  of 
the  same  Level.  It  will  be  understood  that  this  Level 
projects  southward  fron>  the  Temple  area  something  like 
an  ox  bow  with  the  open  end  towards  the  nori!'.  More- 
over, we  cannot  go  further  north  than  Level  2370,  100 
feet  higher  than  the  other.  The  distance  from  the 
extreme  jMiints  north  and  s.iutb  is  5o0  feet.  Dividing 
this  we  have  275  feet  each  way,  north  and  south,  to 
which  the  distance  east  and  west  happens  to  correspond. 
It  is  within  these  limits,  which  probably  should  be 
somewhat  reduced,  that  the  Hoyal  Palace  must  be 
located. 


The  spur  south  of  the  Temple  area  did  not  then  appear  *,J**^"1^ 
as  now;  tens  of  thousands  of  massiicre<l  Jews  were  sits 
dumped  here  because  they  could  not  be  buried,  and 
through  nmny  long  centuries  rubbish  has  accumulated 
so  that  the  sharpness  of  the  ridge  has  disappearetl  to  a 
great  extent;  but  in  Solomon's  time  there  could  have 
lieen  only  tlie  most  limited  opportunities  for  gardens, 
walks,  and  shade  trws,  and  none  whatever  for  fountains 
of  water.  The  site  was  not  <  hosen  for  any  attractions 
which  the  gnmnd  itstdf  possessed.  The  chief  reason  that 
presents  itself  why  his  palace  was  erected  on  this  site  is 
that  it  might  be  inaccessible.  Stretching  with  its  outer 
ccmrts  nearly  or  entiri'ly  across  the  hill  his  harem  would 
be  secluded  and  there  could  be  no  access  to  it  or  inter- 
fi'n'uce  with  it  from  tlie  east  or  west,  hardly  from  the 
south,  and  on  the  north  was  the  Tciii])li>  with  such  area 
as  it  (hen  bad.  which  was  strongly  guardetl.  The  place 
seems  somewhat  shut  in;  but  it  must  be  remembered 


I: 


il 


:    1 


» '  4.    ' 
'I   *    ' 

1     ■   :     ■: 


252 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


that  Orientals  have  never  had  that  pansion  for  extensive 
or  beautiful  views  which  Occidentals  have,  and  the 
ladies  of  Solomon's  Palace  were  more  deeply  interested 
in  the  silks  and  other  costly  things  which  caravans  and 
ships  brought  to  them  from  distant  lands  than  they 
were  in  all  the  inspiring  sights  which  the  hills  of  Judea 
afforded. 


m 


CHAPTER  XXXVI 


BOYAL  BURIAL  PLACES 

Lia  of  Kings  Buried-Jewish  Tomba-Oriental  Burial  Plaeea 
Compared  uHth  Cemeteries  in  the  Western  World 

The  figures  indicate  the  beginning  of  each  reign,  the  J^Uta^ 
first  the  marginal  and  the  second  the  corrected  dates.       J«rniri.m 

was  buried  in  the  City  of  David 

(1  Kings  ii.  10). 
was  buried  in  the  City  of  David 

his  father  (1  Kings  xi.  43).    The 

same  in  2  Chron.  ix.  31. 

was  buried  in  the  City  of  David 

(1  Kings  xiv.  31).    The  same  in 

2  Chron.  xii.  16. 
they  buried  him  in  the  City  of 

David    (1    Kings   xv.  8).     The 

same  in  2  Chron.  xiv.  1. 


D.WID 

1055—1011 

Solomon 
1015—971 

Rehoboam 
975—931 


AKIJaH 
958—915 


Aba 
955—913 


JEHOSHAPHAT 

914—873 


was  burietl  with  his  fathers  in  tJie 
City  of  David  his  fatlier  (1  Kings 
x^'."24). 

They  buried  him  in  his  own  sep- 
ulchres which  he  had  made  for 
himself  in  the  City  of  David  (2 
Chron.  xvi.  14).  Special  honors 
were  paid  him— "a  very  great 
burning" — at  his  funeral. 

was  l)urietl  with  his  fathers  in 
the  City  of  David  his  father  (1 
Kings  xxli.  50). 

was  Imried  with  his  fathers  in  the 
City  of  David  (2  Chron.  xxi.  1). 
2S8 


I    i: 


'  ^ 

B 

w^M 

Mil 

i 


Tomba  of  ^«. 


CITY  OF  DAVID.    nUUIAI^PLACES 


ROYAL  BURIAL  PLACES 


255 


Jehoram.    Jobam 
892—849 


Ahaziah 

885—842 


Athaliah 

884—842 


Jehoash.    Joash 

878—837 


Amaziah 
839—798 


AZARIAH.       UZZIAH 

810—790 


was  buried  with  Ills  fathers  in  tlie 
City  of  David  (2  Kings  viii.  24). 

They  burie<l  him  in  the  City  of 
David,  but  not  in  the  sepulchres 
of  the  liings  (2  Chron.  xxi.  20). 

They  buried  him  in  his  sepulchre 
with  his  fathers  in  the  City  of 
David  (2  Kings  ix.  28). 

was  slain  by  Jehu  in  Samaria, — 
"when  they  had  slain  him  they 
burie<l  him," — it  is  not  said 
where  (2  Chron.  xxii.  9). 

was  slain  by  the  way  by  which  the 
horses  come  into  the  king's  house 
(2  Kings  xi.  Ifi). 

slain  at  the  entering  of  the  horse 
gate  by  the  king's  house  (2 
Chron.  xxiii.  15).  It  is  not  said 
in  either  Kings  or  Chronicles 
where  she  was  buried. 

They  buried  him  witli  his  fathers 
in  the  City  of  David  (2  Kings 
xii.  21). 

They  buried  him  in  the  City  of 
David,  but  they  buritnl  him  not 
in  the  sepulchres  of  the  kings  (2 
Chron.  xxi  v.  25). 

was  buried  at  Jerusalem  with  his 

fathers  in  the  City  of  David  (2 

Kings  xi  v.  20). 
They  burie<l  liim  with  his  fathers 

in  the  City  of  Judah  (2  Chrou. 

XXV.  28). 

They  buried  liini  with  his  fatliors 
in  the  City  of  David  (2  Kings 
XV.  7). 


256 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


li 


\  >  r 


JOTHAM 
758—739 


Ahaz 
742—735 


Hezekiah 
726—719 


Maxasseh 
698—691 


Amon 
643-  337 


They  buried  him  with  his  fathers 
in  the  field  of  the  burial  whieh 
belonged  to  the  kings,  for  they 
said  "he  is  a  leper"  (2  Chron. 
xxvi.  23). 

was  buried  with  his  fathers  in  the 
City  of  David  (2  Kings  xv.  38). 

was  buried  in  the  City  of  David 
(2  Chron.  xxvii.  9). 

was  buried  with  his  fathers  in  the 
City  of  David  (2  Kings  xvi.  20). 

They  buried  him  in  the  city,  in 
Jerusalem,  but  they  brought  him 
not  into  the  sepulchres  of  the 
kings  of  Israel  (2  Chron.  xxviii, 
27). 

In  2  Kings  xx.  21  it  is  not  stated 
where  he  was  buried.  They 
buried  him  in  the  chiefest — 
marg.  highest — of  the  sepul- 
chres of  the  8«)ns  of  David  (2 
Chron.  xxxii.  33).  Great  honors 
were  paid  him  at  his  death. 

was  ImritHl  in  the  garden  of  his 
own  house,  in  the  garden  of  Uzza 
(2  Kings  xxi.  18). 

They  buried  him  in  hii»  own  house 
(2  Chron.  xxxiii.  20).  This  was 
in  Jerusalem. 

was  burietl  in  his  sepulchre  in  the 
garden  of  Uzza  (2  Kings  xxi. 
26). 

They  "slew  him  in  his  own 
house" — but  it  d«H's  not  sjiy 
where  he  was  buried  (2  Chron. 
xxxiii.  24).  It  was  in  Jerusa- 
lem. 


KOYAL   BURIAL  PLACES 


257 


JOSIAH 

641—636 


Jehoahaz 
610—606 


JEHOUKIM 

610—606 


Jeiioiachin 
5»9— 596 


/edekiah 
599—596 


jEUOUnA 


Tbey  buried  him  in  his  own  sep- 
ulrhre  in  Jerusalem  (2  Kings 
xxiii.  30). 

They  burietl  him  in  —  marg. 
among — the  sepulchres  of  his 
fathers  (2  Chron.  xxxv.  24). 
There  was  special  mourning  for 
him. 

die<l  in  Egypt  (2  Kings  xxiii.  34). 
was  carried  to  Egypt  (2  Chron. 

xxxvi.  4).    It  is  not  said  where 

burie<l. 

It  is  not  said  where  he  was  burietl 

(2  Kings  xxiv.  6). 
was  carried  to  Babylon  (2  Chron. 

xxxvi.  (i).     It  is  not  said  where 

buried. 

was  carried  ti)  Babylon  (2  Kings 
xxiv.  15).  It  is  not  sjiid  where 
buried.  The  same  in  2  Chron. 
xxxvi.  10. 

carried  to  Babylon  (2  Kings  xxv. 
6,  7;  2  Chron.  xxxvi.  10-21).  It 
is  not  said  in  either  Kings  or 
Chronicles  where  he  died  or  was 
buried. 

the  High  Priest  in  the  reign  of 
Joasli,  lia<l  been  of  such  great 
service  to  the  nation  and  was  of 
such  an  honorable  character, 
that  be  was  honored  at  bis  death 
with  burial  in  the  City  of  David 
(2  Cbron.  xxiv.  16).  "Tbey  bur- 
ied liim  in  the  City  of  David 
among  the  kings  because  be  had 
done  good  in  Israel  both  toward 


i1 


■aaauyef 
dtuUi 


258  ANCIENT  JEKU8ALEM 

God  and  toward  Iuh  hou8e."  2 
Kings,  chapterH  xi.  and  xii.,  do 
not  mention  liis  burial. 

There  were  twenty-thiw  Kings  of  Jndali,  in- 
cluding one  (iuwn  and  one  High  Priest, 
making  twenty-three  in  all 23 

The  burial  places  of  Athaliah,  .Tehoahaz,  Jehoi- 
akim,  Jehoiachin,  and  Zedekiah  are  not 
known  5 

Manasseh  and  Anion  were  burie<l  in  the  garden 
of  I'zza,  s«mie  place  connected  with  the 
houses  in  which  they  lived 2 

Asa  and  Josiah  were  buried  near  the  royal  sep- 
ulchres, but  in  tombs  of  their  own  con- 
struction    2 

Azariah  (Tzziah),  being  a  leper,  was  buried  in 

a  field  near  the  royal  sepulchres 1 

JelMmim    (Joram),  Jehoash,  and  Ahaz  were 

buried  near  the  royal  sepulchres 3 

Ilezekiah  was  buried  in  a  special  tomb  near 
the  royal  sepulchres,  so  near  that  it  was 
reckoned  among  them  1 

David,  Solomon,  Kehoboani,  Abijah,  .leiiosha- 
phat,  Ahaziah,  Amaziah,  Jotliam,  and  the 
High  Priest  Jehoiada  were  buried  in  the 
royal  sepulchres  in  the  City  of  David 9 


23     23 
Sixteen  were  buried  in  the  City  of  David  in  or  near  the 

royal  sejtulclires. 
Two  were  buritnl  in  Jerusiilem. 
Five  liurial  places  not  known. 

The  Rililical  details  as  now  presented  require  nine 
tombs  in  line  place,  and,  in  the  Cliunh  of  the  Sepulchre, 
at  tlic  place  iiiarked  by  tradition  as  tlie  tombs  of  Joseph 
of  Ariiiiathea  and  Xicodemus,  we  have  nine  kokim  or 
ancient  Jewish  tombs. 


ROYAL   BIRIAL   PLACES 


259 


TheHe  detnilH  Bhow  that  Mdiiii'  kinuH  providwl  them- 
Bclves  with  tombs  while  othern  were  provided  for  by 
the  State. 

The  account  of  the  burial  of  llezekiah  deserves  our 
attention.  He  was  buried  "in  the  chiefest — marg. 
highest — of  the  sepulchn's  of  the  sons  of  David"'  (2 
Chron.  xxxii.  S3).  The  word  mitalih,  niiyo>  means 
ascent.  The  translation  would  be  the  us«*ent  of  the  sep- 
ulchres. The  meaning  is  that  the  gnnind  rose  from  the 
point  wliere  the  roval  sepulchres  were  to  a  higher  point. 
From  the  royal  sepulchres  there  was  a  slope  upward, 
and  Ilezekiah's  tomb  was  on  the  highest  part  of  this 
slope.  There  is  no  indication  that  the  distance  from 
the  royal  sepulchres  was  great,  it  was  really  only  slight. 

Another  fact  made  clear  by  these  details  is  that  near 
the  royal  8ei)ulchres  there  was  an  open  or  vacant  space, 
not  very  large,  but  still  sufficient  to  give  an  opportunity 
for  individual  tombs  should  any  king  or  the  State  desire 
to  make  them. 


H 


A  person  familiar  only  with  Occidental  ideas  would  Sfl^ietoM 
say  at  once  that  the  ground  set  apart  as  the  Burial  J"uoni'"' 
Place  of  Kings  must  have  been  spacious,  elaborately 
laid  out,  and  ornamente<l  in  a  skilful  and  costly  man- 
ner. Ai  first  glance  this  apjH'ars  plausible,  for  around 
our  great  cities  we  have  vast  cemeteries  tastefully 
arranged  and  adormtl  at  lavish  expense.  The  higher  in 
position  the  person  or  Hie  more  wealthy,  the  costlier  the 
monument  ere«t(Hl  to  his  memory  and  the  more  beautiful 
and  attractive  the  adjoining  grounds.  To  carry  our 
ideas  to  the  East  and  exjtect  to  find  the  same  thing 
existing  there,  especially  in  Hebrew  lands  at  any  period 
of  Jewish  history,  wouhl  be  the  greatest  possible  mis- 
take, (fiven  the  face  of  a  rock  eight  feet  high,  a  small 
doorway  cut  in  the  siinie.  and  within  a  small  box-like 
chamber,  six,  eiglit.or  ten  feet  square,  and  we  have  a  tomb 
sufficiently  elegant  for  the  burial  of  a  royal  family  or  a 
p«'rson  of  princely  wealth.    In  general  no  one  is  incom- 


■  a 


S60 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


niodcd  by  the  inakin|r  of  such  a  toiiib^the  land  could 
always  be  cultivated  clear  to  its  door.  It  Ih  probable 
that  08  '.ve  approach  the  time  of  ChrlHt  theue  under- 
ground chanilM>rM  or  toiiilm  iMHUiue  wore  and  more  elab- 
orate, a8  in  the  cane  of  the  TombH  of  Helena,  the  8o-called 
"ToiiibH  of  the  KinKH."  ExunipleH  of  ancient  Jewish 
tombH  exiHt  in  great  numlierH  in  the  hills  about  Jerusa- 
lem and  throughout  the  country. 

Jewish  tombs  were  nearly  all  small;  the  receptacles 
for  the  bodies  were  called  ktikini  or  lonili.  ^1^,  plural 
D'3l3,  JB  a  late  Hebrew  word  meaning  niche.  The 
Latin  word  IockIiih,  plural  loculi  (cotUu),  is  now  gener- 
ally used  to  designate  this  kind  of  tomb.  These  were 
close  together  and  side  by  side;  from  two  or  three  to  a 
dozen  leading  off  from  the  three  sides  of  a  chamlR'r  only 
a  few  feet  square.  They  were  in  the  solid  rock  un«l  con- 
cealed under  ground.  8ome  of  these  are  known,  and 
doubtless  many  others  have  never  been  brought  to  light. 
Men  plant  and  build,  trws  grow  to  a  great  size,  buildings 
are  erected,  beconie  old  and  are  demolishwl,  and  acci- 
dentally we  discover  under  them,  beneath  the  surface  of 
the  ground,  some  interesting  rock-hewn  sepulchres  of 
the  ancient  Jewish  period.  These  tombs  or  these  grave- 
chambers  cut  in  the  rock  had  n(t  reference  to,  and  no  con- 
nection whatever  with,  the  surface  of  the  ground  above 
them.  The  entrance  to  the  chamber  was  safely  gnarde«l ; 
but  there  is  no  evidence  that  ground  was  set  apart  as 
belonging  to  these  sepulchres  as  we  would  enclose  graves 
in  a  cemetery.  The  royal  sepulchres  in  the  City  of 
David  were  underground  and  occupied  «uily  a  very  lim- 
ited space  and  had  ground  allotted  to  them  as  is  shown 
by  the  use  of  tiie  word  "field";  but  this  was  the  excep- 
tion. The  rule  was  the  opposite  of  this.  Even  in  the 
case  of  the  royal  sei)ul<lires  in  the  City  of  David  tlie 
area  devoted  to  them  could  have  been  only  very  snmll. 


CUAPTER  XXXVII 


(JIHON 

Bible  Une  of  W(rrd— Water  Si(/)/>///  <>/  .TerumU'm—Hezekiah'a 
Work—Siloum  Tunnel— Cotifirtiicp  irith  Amiiiriiin  (ieiieniln— 
Anoint hifi  Solonum  and  Adonijah—l'latfurm  or  ilaatatteh 
at  Place  of  Water  Supjilu 

Tins  naino  is  uwmI  Hve  tinioH  in  tlip  Old  Tostament.  Wk« 
tlirt'c  tiiiu'H  in  connt'Hiou  with  tiic  anointing  of  Hoionion 
an  kinj:,  and  once  wuh  in  (••innwtiou  witli  lli-zeliiah  and 
Manassfli,  wliiih  would  Im*  a  littlo  iK'forc  and  a  little  after 
700  ii.c.  It  may  lie  alluded  to  elsewhere,  but  these  are 
the  only  instances  where  the  name  oecurs.  These  few 
iudiiations  show  that  it  was  situated  scuaewhere  away 
from  the  city,  and  in  a  phue  where  there  was  ample 
room.  I)avi<l  {lave  orders  that  Sohunon  he  taken  down 
to  (jihon  to  he  anointed: — 

"Cause  Solomon  my  son  to  ride  upon  ndne  own 

mule  and  hrin};  him  down  to  Oihou."     And  they 

"eaust'd  Solomon  to  ride  upon  David's  mule  and 

hrotiftht  him  down  to  (Jilion  to  he  anointed."    After 

the  anointinji   it   is  said   "Zadok    the  priest  and 

Nathan   the  pntphet   have  anointed   him  kiufi  in 

(lihon,   and    they   are   come    up   from    theme   re- 

joicins." 

The  prophet,  the  priest,  the  commander  of  David's 

Life  (Suards  and  the  forces  under  him,— namely,  the 

Cherethites  and  the  Pelethites. — and  a  vast  ccmcoursi- 

of  people  with  musical  instruments,  are  mentioned  as 

ftoinj:  to  witness  the  anointinj:.     The  };reat  assembly 

sh«uited,  "(lod  save  Kinj;  S<domon";  there  was  fireat 

rejoiciu}!,  "so  that  the  earth  rent  with  the  sound  of  it." 

and  the  multitude  came  back  to  the  « ity  "rejoicing  so 

that  the  city  ran},'  again"  ( 1  Kings  i.  3^-45). 

261 


262 


AXCIEXT   JEHL'SALEM 


Sucli  tin  iiii|M)rtuiit  fert'iiiouy  iu  the  royal  liouHeliol«l 
and  in  the  liiHtur.v  <if  tlii>  uatitin  would  not  Im*  attended 
li.v  a  few  wore  or  even  l>,v  a  few  liun«lre4lH  of  |N'ople,  but 
hy  many  tliouwindM.  The  entire  iNtpulation  of  the  eit.v 
would  naturally  turn  out  on  Hueli  an  <K-euHion.  A  deep 
narrow  valley  would,  therefore,  l«»  a  nioHt  uuHuitable 
place  for  a  niultituile  to  celebrate  mucIi  an  event. 

In  all  thiM  account  no  jMnd  Im  mentioneil  in  connection 
with  (lihon;  but  thiH  in  naturally  iuferrwl. 

The  phram>H  <|Uot<Hl,  "brinjj  him  down,"  "they  came 
up,"  "broujiht  him  to  <5ihon,"  are  not  to  Ih»  prewMMl. 
David  wan  in  the  "Htronghold  of  Zion,"  and  it  would  Ik? 
natural  to  my  "jjo  down  to  Oihon"  when  they  went  out, 
and  "came  up  from  Oilion,"  wherever  the  pool  was  situ- 
atwl,  when  they  returned. 

In  2  Chron.  xxxii.  30  the  writer,  in  K'viiiK  a  '^rief 
Hummary  of  the  acts  of  Ilezekiah  in  connection  with  the 
water  wupply  of  Jerumlem,  states  that 

"Ilezekiah  also  stopped  the  upiHT  water  course  of 
(Mhon,  and  brought  it  straight  down  to  the  west 
side  of  the  City  of  David."  As  the  word  motza, 
infto,  means  bursting  forth,  or  egress,  we  should 
translate — "stopped  the  egress  of  the  waters  of  the 
UpiK'r  (lihon  and  Iwl  them  straight  down  to  the 
west  side  of  the  City  of  David." 
This  was  in  n.c.  712,  corrected  to  n.c.  704-701. 

In  2  Chron.  xxxiii.  14  it  is  said  that  "Manasseh 
built  a  wall  without  the  City  of  David  on  the  west 
side  of  (lihon  in  tlie  valley,  even  to  the  entering  of 
the  Fish  (Sate."  \Ve  may  translate  this  "built  an 
outer  wall  to  the  City  of  David  westward  of  (Jihon 
in  the  valley,  nachal,  i^m,  j'ven  to  the  entering  in 
of  the  Fish  (Jate." 
This  was  in  n.c.  (i77,  correctwl  to  n.c.  (;r)2. 

In  all  these  notices  of  (Jihon  the  word  "pool"  is  never 
added.  The  passage  referring  to  Ilezekiah  shows  that 
in  his  time  there  exist«Hl  au  I'pper  (iihon. 


i 


GIIIOX 


263 


Ah  tliere  Ih  a  wrii'M  <if  iwmhjihi'm  n-lntiii;!  t«  tin-  wnttT  WMwmttr 
RUpply  of  .ItTUHJlli'lil  wIhto  (he  wohl  Ollioil  in  iiu-li-  umttMU 
tiouwl  without  tin*  mltlilioii  of  i'.u"  word  |mm)I,  mo  then' 
lit  unothcr  Inti'tH'Mtinn  wri«'M  w\wrv  Tool,  I'pimt  1'<m»1. 
I^wcr  Vwi\,  lU-wrvuir,  and  <M»I  1'ikiI  ur«'  lut'iitioiu"*! 
without  thf  addition  of  tlic  word  (Silion.  All  tlit-w 
puwtt«>j«'M  iM'lonu  to  the  time  of  Imiiuli  in  the  reitJUH 
«f  Ahuz  and  llewkiuh.  IJezin,  kinjt  of  Hyria,  and 
Tekah,  kin<;  of  Inruel,  fornie<l  an  alliane«'  apiinnt  Ahaz, 
king  of  .ludah,  and  niarehwl  apiinut  him.  Imiiah,  to 
eomfort  Ahaz,  Im  e«ininmnde«l  to  jjo  with  hin  w)n  to  meet 

him 

"at  the  end  of  the  conduit  of  the  TpiHT  Po«d,  in  the 

hljthway  of  the  FuIUm-'h  Field."    For  "hitshway"  the 

marKiu  ImH  rauHewa.v.    The  word  meanw  a  Htreet  or 

road  matle  hitiher  than  the  land  aliout  it  and  heme 

eaBier  to  walk  on  (Iwi.  vil.  3).     The  date  U  B.o. 

742,  eorreete,.       ...c.  T.'W. 

I.rfiter,  in  the  rei    i  of  llezekiah,  Hennaeherib,  while 

bi'HiejiinK  Uuhinh,  nent  Home  <>f  IiIk  jjenerals  and  a  part 

of  liiH  army  up  into  the  mountains  of  Judea  to  eapture 

JeruHalem : — 

"And  when  they  were  come  up  to  .TeruMalem  they 

came  and  Hto«Ml  by  the  conduit  of  the  I'pper  Pwd 

which  Ih  in  tlie  hiphway  of  the  Fulh'r'H  Field"  (2 

KinpH  xviii.  17).     Hame  account  in  Isa.  xxxvi.  2. 

The  date  in  B.C.  710,  corrtn-ted  to  n.c.  701. 

Somewhat  earlier  than  the  arrival  of  the  Assyrian 

anny  iK'fore  Jerusalem,  when  the  re|M»rt  of  this  invasion 

first  rea -IhhI  llezekiah,  he  conferred  w  ith  hi>  chief  men 

as  to  the  best  means  of  defendinji  the  city,  and  they 

decidetl 

"to  stop  the  waters  of  the  fountains  which  were 
without  the  city."  Acccirdinply  "tln'y  stoppinl  all 
the  fountains  and  the  brook  that  ran  through  the 
midst  of  the  laud,  sjiyinp.  Why  should  the  Assyrians 
come  and  find  much  water?"  (2  Cliron.  xxxii.  3,  4). 
The  date  is  a  little  before  u.f.  701. 


I 


Little  said  in 
the  Bible  of  a 
water  lappl^ 


264 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


In  2  KinftH  xx.  20  tliere  is  a  brief  summary  of  the 
acts  of  Hozokiah;  it  is  said, — 

"Hezeliiali  made  a  pool  and  a  i-onduit  and  brought 

water  into  tlie  cit.v."    The  Hebrew  reads,  "brought 

water  to  tlie  <-ity.'' 

Isaiah,  referrin<j  to  some  great  tliauRes  that  had  been 

made  in  connection  with  the  walls  and  the  water  supply 

of  Jerusalem,  says : — 

"ye  pathennl   together   the  waters  of  the   Lower 
Pool.     Ye  made  also  a  ditch  between  the  two  walls 
for  the  water  of  the  Did  Pool"  (Isji.  xxii.  »,  11). 
For  "ditch"   it  is  possible   to  read   reservoir,  al- 
though  the   Hebrew   means  a  collecting  place,  a 
natural  hoHow  or  a  place  scooped  out  and  without 
walls  or  cement. 
These  references  show  that  in  the  time  of  Aliaz.  about 
B.C.  73."),  and  Ilezekiah,  there  were  an  Upper  Pool,  a 
Lower  Pool,  and  an  Old  Pool,  which  were  of  sp<'cial 
importance  in  the  water  supply  of  Jerusalem.    In  none 
of  these  instances  is  (lihon  mentioned  in  connection  with 
pool.     These  designations  could  not  be  used  at  a  time 
when  only  one  pool  existed.     Ilezekiah  is  siiid  to  have 
built  the  pool,— that  is,  the  I^)wer  Pool,— but  Isaiah 
speaks  of  the  Upper  Pool  as  existing  in  the  time  of  Aliaz 
his  predecessor.    Two  pools  existed  at  the  time  of  writ- 
ing; and  the  language  used  in  describing  them  may  have 
been  carriwl  back  to  a  time  when  only  one  pool  existed. 
This  is  i)ossible,  and  nothing  further  can  be  said,  unless 
it  be  that  this  is  a  case  where  building  is  used  when 
rebuilding  is  meant. 

Uonsidering  that  an  ample  supply  of  water  was  such 
a  necessity  for  Jerusalem,  one  is  struck  with  the  fiict 
tliat  so  little  is  snid  aliout  it.  The  word  (Jihoii,  as  has 
been  shown,  is  mentioned  five  times  in  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, three  times  in  connection  witli  the  anointing  of 
Solomon  iis  king,  and  (uice  each  in  connection  with 
Ilezekiah  and  Mauasseh. 


GIUON 


265 


There  are  a  few  passages  where  th«'  word  pool  is  nse«l, 
evidently  referring  to  Uihon :  one  .'ferring  to  Aliaz, 
one  to  llezekiah,  two  others  probably  to  Uezekiah,  two 
to  the  invasion  of  Sennacherib,  and  perhaps  one  to  Nehe- 
niiah,  seven  in  all,  whieh  are  reduted  to  four  dittfrent 
oetasions  or  events. 

Moreover,  Siiiloah  is  mentioned  but  twice  in  the  Old 
Testament:  once  in  Isaiah  and  once  in  Nehemiah  ( Isa. 
viii.  fi;  Xeh.  iii.  15).  The  passage  in  Isiiiah,  taking  all 
the  verses  that  belong  to  it, — 5-8, — is  very  ditScult 
to  understand;  for  how  can  a  tunnel  1,200  cubits 
long  through  the  spur  of  a  hill  below  Jerusalem,  in  a 
dee])  valley,  and  carrying  a  very  small  amount  of  water 
from  one  point  to  another,  att'ord  a  basis  for  any  com- 
parison with  the  king  of  Assyria  who  came  into  the  land 
as  a  con(|ueror?  Possibly  Siloam  and  its  tunnel  are 
not  referred  to. 

The  references  are  as  follows: — 

(Jilum,  I  Kings  i.  33,  38,  45;  2  Chron.  xxxii.  30; 

xxxiii.  14;  three  ocasions. 
Conduit  of  the  Upper  Poid,  Isa.  vii.  3;  xxxvi.  2;  2 

Kings  xviii.  17;  two  occasions. 
Hezekiah  made  a  Pool,  2  Kings  xx.  20;  Water  of 
the  Old  Pool,  Isa.  xxii.  11;  Water  of  the  Lower 
Pool,  Isii.  xxii.  9;  these  three  as  one  occasion. 
The  Pool  that  was  mad<',  Neh.  iii.  10;  one  occasion. 
Shiloah,  Isa.  viii.  0;  Neh.  iii.  15;  twooccasiims. 
Hesides(iih(m,  Pool.andShih»ah,a  brook  is  mentioned 
— "the  brook  that  ran  through  the  midst  of  the  land"  (2 
Chron.  xxxii.  4t.     This  refers  to  something  in  Jerusa- 
lem and  could  not  refer  to  some  distant  object.    Could 
"stopping  the  brook  that  ran  through  the  midst  of  the 
land"  refer  to  some-thing  that  was  done  previous  to  the 
building  of  the  Lower  I'ool? 

In  2  Kinus  xx.  20  it  is  said  that  llezekiah  bnmglit  y"" 

.       ,   ,.        .  ,      ,        brought  to 

water  to  the  city.     In  the  .Vuthon/.cil  \  crsion  and  also  th«city 

in  the  Heviscd  Version  "into"  is  used  in  place  of  "to." 


11 
I 


'  :1 


i 


266 


ANCIENT   JEIU'SAI.EM 


The  Septuagint  lias  rin,  ei;,  which  may  he  rendered  by 
in  or  into.  Wlint  {tuidwl  tlie  Englinh  translators  i» 
not  known,  bnt  "towards"  or  "to  the  city"  is  all  that 
the  Hebrew  justifies.  From  early  times,  pt'rhaps  penera- 
tions  l>efore  the  time  of  Hezekiah,  there  existed  a  pool 
outside  and  at  some  <listame  from  the  city,  which  as 
soon  as  a  swond  pool  was  constructed  would  be  calleil 
tlH'  Old  Pool.  The  water  of  the  first  would  be  led  into 
the  second,  therefore  one  would  be  calltHl  the  Fpiwr  Pool 
and  the  other  the  Lower  Pool.  Water  was  led  from  one 
pool  to  the  other  by  means  of  a  "conduit."  A  conduit, 
taalah,  n'^sn.  does  not  mean  a  "tunnel,"  for  which 
there  is  no  word  in  Hebrew,  but  a  canal  large  or  snmll. 
The  "trench"  about  Elijah's  altar  on  Mount  Carniel  was 
a  conduit  (1  Kiu-.-ixviii.  32),  and  so  likewise  was  a  small 
canal  in  a  garden  which  conveyed  water  to  the  different 
trees  (Ezek.  xxxi.  4). 

Sw^^PmI:  '•''"''■'*  '"^  "  ^■'^'■•1  f'*""  ^■"'■•1  resemblance  between  the 
PuUer'iPieid  account  of  Ifezin's  invasion  of  Judah  in  the  reign  of 
Ahaz  and  the  invasion  of  Sennacherib  in  the  reign  of 
Hezekiah.  The  invasion  of  Rezin  was  at  the  very  begin- 
ning of  the  reign  of  Ahaz,  sav  in  b.c.  742,  corrected  B.C. 
734. 

"Isaiah  and  his  son  went  out  to  meet  Ahaz  at 
the  end  of  the  conduit  of  the  Tpper  Pool  in  the 
highway  of  the  Fuller's  Field"  (Isa.  vii.  3). 
Tlie  invasion  of  Sennacherib  is  placed  in  B.C.  710,  cor- 
rected to  B.C.  701. 

"The  Assyrian  generals  stood  by  the  conduit  of 
the  T'pper  Pool,  which  is  in  the  highway  of  the  Ful- 
ler's Field"  (2  Kings  xviii.  17). 
Taking  the  account  as  it  stands  it  is  certain  that  at 
the  time  of  this  occurrence  Ahaz  was  not  in  Jerusalem 
but  was  coming  fi-oni  somewhere,  and  the  prophet  and 
his  son  had  to  go  out  of  the  city  to  meet  him.    There  is 
no  explanation  of  this. 

Sennacherib  was  at  Lachish  and  came  thence  to  Jeru- 


GIHON 


867 


salem.  There  whh  a  south  way  via  Hebron,  likewise 
a  more  northerly  route,  by  either  «)f  which  he  would 
approach  Jerusalem  from  a  w<>sterly  directiou. 

The  "conduit  of  the  Upper  Pool"  was  near  the  wall 
of  the  city,  for  in  the  conferem-e  betwe<'n  the  Assyrian 
generals  and  the  messengers  of  ITezekiah  the  people  ou 
the  wall  heard  all  that  was  said,  lien«e  the  messengers  of 
Ilezekiah  entreatetl  the  generals  to  speak  in  another 
language  so  that  the  people  might  not  understand.  The 
request  was  the  occasion  for  renewed  insults  from  the 
Assyrians. 


The  phrase  or  name  "Fuller's  Field"  is  interesting. 
The  word  for  "Fuller"  is  kahan,  oaa,  and  is  use<l  fifty- 
one  times  in  the  Bible,  always  meaning  nuKliiiit/  or  to 
vanh,  with  the  exception  of  four  times  where  it  is  trans- 
lated "fuller."  As  three  of  these  passages  (2  Kings  xviii. 
17;  Isa.  vii.  3;  xxxvi.  'D  refer  to  the  same  thing,  they 
may  be  counted  as  one.  The  fourth  passage  is  in  Mai. 
iii.  2,  translated  "fuller's  soap."  In  all  these  insti'.nces, 
really  but  two,  the  word  could  just  as  well  be  translati 
tcaKh,vaxliin{i , iranhvrn ;  snap  of  thoxc  who  uuxh  clothvx; 
field  of  icaHhhiff.  A  fuller  had  to  wasii  his  cloth;  but 
washing  cloth  and  fulling  it  are  (piite  different  proc- 
es.ses.  The  inhabitants  of  Jerusalem  had  a  place  where 
washing  was  done  outside  the  «ity,  as  is  now  the  case  in 
many  European  towns.  The  act  of  washing  clothes  is 
clearly  meant  by  the  Hebrew  word.  Very  little  <au  be 
learned  from  the  Rible,  almost  nothing  in  fact,  of  tlie 
fuller's  art  among  the  Hebrews.  The  washing  of  soilc<l 
clothes  is  entirely  distinct  from  the  work  of  fulling 
cloth.  The  latter  requires  considerable  niachinery, 
caldrons  for  boiling  the  cloth,  large  rollers,  and  room 
for  drying. 

The  supply  of  water  in  the  Fountain  of  the  Virgin,  Virgin'! 

.         .        »      .       «    ^^.i  Fountain  and 

together  with  that   in  the  Pool   <>f  Siloam,  seems  so  pooiofsiioam 

meagre  as  to  make  it  impossible  for  a  large  and  wealthy 


■    !•': 


fii 


268 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


.  I 


Old  raterroir 
below  Siloam 


city  to  depend  upou  it.  It  was  never  more  than  an 
auxiliary  supply.  Why  should  the  attention  of  modern 
iuvestifjators  be  turmnl  in  this  direction  so  exclusively 
as  it  has  been?  With  the  jireat  reservoirs  at  Solomon's 
I'ools  and  the  sources  miles  beyond  them,  with  the 
natural  watersheils  to  the  west  and  northwest  of  the 
city,  most  fa^orable  for  furnishing  a  vast  supply  of 
•  omparativelj'  pure  water,  wliy  not  admit  that  the  old 
Hebrews  were  pra<tical  men  and  would  make  use  of  these 
advantages? 

In  tli»  valley  below  the  Po-d  of  Siloam  there  is  a 
large  reservoir  supportinl  on  the  lower  side  by  a  dam  of 
considerable  strength,  and  it  has  been  suggested  that 
this  (•i)rresponds  to  one  of  the  piM)ls  now  under  consid- 
eration. It  might  catch  some  overflow  from  the  I'ool 
of  Siloam,  but  for  a  main  supply  it  w<mld  depend  upon 
surface  water.  It  must  always  have  receiviil  the  wash  of 
the  city,  and  <onse<|ueiitly  the  water  it  contained  must 
always  have  been  foul  and  unfit  for  use  except  for  pur- 
poses of  irrigation. 

"The  King's  (larden"  would  newl  an  ample  and  a  per- 
manent supply  of  water.  This  could  be  obtained  by 
means  of  the  surface  reservoir  now  described.  The  old 
canal  led  the  water  from  the  Fountain  of  the  Virgin 
around  the  hill  Into  the  reservoir.  This  was  not  wholly 
satisfactory;  hence  tlu'  tunnel  was  ma<le  that  the  supply 
in  the  reservoir  might  be  greater  and  there  be  less  dan- 
ger of  the  supply  for  the  garden  failing  during  the  hot 
summer. 

The  present  IJirket  es  Sultan,  the  so-«alle<l  Lower 
Poid  of  (Jibon,  Is  a  good  Illustration  of  the  pool  below 
Siloam.  IJirket  Sultan  receives  the  wash  from  the  hills 
about  It  and  is  so  foul  that  the  water  can  only  be  used 
for  Irilgatlon.  The  water  in  the  reservoir  below  Siloam 
must  have  been  worse  than  that  in  the  Illrkt't  Sultan. 


^  !     t 


Siloam 
Tannel 


Til '  work  of  excavating  the  Siloam  Tunnel  must  have 
been  \u  ig  and  difficult,  and  the  conii»letion  of  it  would 


GIHON 


269 


certainly  be  an  occasion  for  rejoicing  as  its  inscription 
indicates.    This  is  a  silent  kind  of  inscription,  omittiuj,' 
everything  we  want  to  know  about.    What  king  ordered 
if  'who  was  tlie  ruler  at  that  time?    What  was  the 
date  of  the  work?    Why  were  they  ordered  or  led  to 
make  this  excavation?    Everything  swms  to  justify  the 
conclusion  that  the  workmen,  coming  from  Phwnicia, 
and  able  to  write,  made  tne  inscription  of  their  own 
accord  and  with<mt  the  promptiii-  and  direction  of  any- 
body; and  to  them  the  only  thing  of  importance  was 
that  they  were  fortunate  enough  to  meet  eath  other 
underground  and  in  the  middle  of  the  rock.    Scholars 
do  not  seem  to  have  determined  with  any  degree  of  <er- 
tainty  when  this  tunnel  was  excavated. 

When  the  tunnel  through  the  mountain  at  Dog  River, 
Beirut,  was  excavated  to  convey  water  from  that  river  to 
the  citv,  both  Arab  and  European  workmen  were  em- 
ployed'; and  when  the  two  parties  coming  from  opposite 
dirtHtions  met,  the  Europeans  shouted  "hurrah"  and  the 
Arabs  shouted  "hamdillah"— praise  God. 

In  2  Chron.  xxxii.  3,  4,  there  is  a  description  of  the  «;«J^^"* 
efforts  of  Hezekiah  to  prevent  the  Assyrians,  at  the  time  .uppiy 
of  Sennacherib's  invasion,  from  obtaining  water,  which 
reads  as  follows:  "the  fountains  outside  the  city  were 
closed  and  the  brook  that  ran  through  the  midst  of  the 
land  was  stopped."  The  word  f..r  "brook"  is  mirhal, 
hn:,  which  means  a  water  course  that  is  dry  in  sum- 
mer but  whieii  carries  water  during  the  rainy  season. 
Both  large  and  small  water  courses  are  designated  by 
tiiis  term.  For  a  single  well-known  example  may  be 
mentioned  the  Kedntn,  which  is  a  nacbal,  to  which,  how- 
ever, the  naehal  in  this  passage  cannot  possil)ly  refer. 

In  tlie  phrase  "through   .he  u.idst  of  the  land"  we  ;'^^';™J^ 
have  a  difficulty  in  the  'vords  "the  lanil,"  for  "haaretz" 
means  the  earth,  tli"  world,  am.  also  I'ab'stine.     But 
the  writer  is  describing  what  took  pbu-e  in  Jerusalem 


II 


!i 


\i 


.i 

- 

PLAN  I.-NACHAL 


GIHON 


271 


itself,  hence  thetw  words  ran  apply  only  to  the  city. 
"Through  the  midst  of  the  city"  would  give  a  clear  and 
definite  meaning.  Each  of  the  two  words  "city"  and 
"land"  is  comi)osed  of  thrw  letters,  and  we  may 
suppost?  that  a-r-tz,  pK,  was  written  when  k-i-r,  ry, 
was  meant.  If  there  was  a  surplus  of  water  in  the 
I'pper  Pool  of  (lilum  it  would  overflow  and  either  run 
to  waste  or  be  utiliztMl  for  tlu'  city's  needs.  Even  now, 
if  the  water  falling  upon  the  sIoik's  that  naturally  lead 
into  the  I'pper  Pool  of  (lihon  was  conducted  to  it,  the 
p<K)l  would  he  fllle<l  and  an  overflow  would  take  place, 
necessitating  a  channel  by  which  it  could  be  carried 
away.  This  surplus  if  allowed  to  run  down  the  valley  of 
Ilinnom  would  be  lost,  but  if  carrietl  to  the  city  and 
thence  down  the  Tyropean  valley,  would  be  of  service 
to  the  inhabitants.  The  present  aqueduct  comes  from 
the  UpiKT  Pool  of  <5ihon  and  enters  the  city  at  the 
head  of  the  Tyropean  valley.  This  is  the  "uachal"  that 
ran  through  the  "midst  of  the  city." 

It  may  be  well  to  emphasize  the  fact  of  the  favorable 
situation  of  the  I'pimt  Pool  of  (lihon  for  receiving  a 
vast  amount  of  water.  The  area  of  this  pool  is  7,a38 
s(|uare  yards,  which  is  not  far  from  double  the  area  of 
the  Pool  of  Hezekiah.  If  the  wiile  slopi's  about  TpiM-r 
(lilion  were  still  ojx-n  country  and  means  were  taken 
to  lead  the  rain  which  falls  upon  them  into  this  pool, 
the  most  sceptical  would  be  fon-ed  to  admit  the  import- 
auce  to  ancient  Jerusalem  of  such  a  gigaTitic  store  of 
water.  An  a<|uwluct  leading  thence  to  the  Pool  of  Heze- 
kiah would  fill  the  latter  several  times  «»ver  if  allowinl 
to  do  so.  This  flow  of  water,  lieiug  diverted  at  the  head 
of  the  Tyropean,  would  be  carried  through  the  city. 

If  (uie  observes  what  lakes  place  now  in  the  rainy  sea- 
son, he  can  form  a  pretty  good  idea  of  the  conditions 
existing  in  ancient  times.  As  a  single  example,  it  may 
be  mcutione<l  that  at  the  end  of  December  100.'  there 
had  bwu  during  the  three  immediately  preceding  weeks 


km 


f 
is 

iirl 


i?  i 


272 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


a  fall  of  15  inches  of  raiu.  The  aqueiluit  leading  to  the 
Pool  of  Ilezekiah  being  ont  of  reiwir,  the  water  that 
eollet'twl  in  the  Pool  of  (Sihon  tiowed  without  much 
hindrance  down  the  Ilinnoui  valley.  The  stream  thus 
formetl  was  a  large  one,  in  H«)me  place  twenty  feet  wiile 
and  so  deep  that  a  man  with  high  lH)ots  could  not  wade 
across  it.  There  are  many  economic  reasons  why  the 
inhabitants  of  ancient  Jerusalem  would  have  taken 
pains  to  utilize  this  overflow  and  carry  it  through  the 
city  rather  than  to  allow  it  to  run  entirely  to  waste. 
When  once  filled,  mouths  would  elapse  before  the  water 
iu  the  Pool  of  Ilezekiah  w<mld  become  e.xhaustiHl;  and 
the  great  store  of  water  in  the  Upper  Uihon  could  be 
gradually  release«l  and  carrie«l  by  the  aqueiluct  to  the 
city  and  thence  down  through  it,  and  thus  be  made  an 
unsiK'akable  benefit  to  the  public. 

There  are  two  passages  (2  Kings  xx.  20  and  2  Chron. 
xxxii.  30)  which  assert  plainly  that  Ilezekiah  did  some- 
thing special  and  important  in  connection  with  the 
water  supply  of  the  city,  although  the  details  of  his  work 
are  not  defined.  The  statements  are  as  follows:  "Ileze- 
kiah made  a  ikk)1  and  a  conduit  and  brought  the  water 
into  the  city."  "Ilezekiah  brought  the  water  straight 
down  to  the  west  side  of  the  City  of  David."  This  topic 
is  examintHl  later  in  this  chapter. 

These  statements  of  Kings  and  Chronicles  are  definite, 
but  they  should  be  compared  with  those  in  the  book  of 
Isaiah.  Issilah  lived  under  four  different  kings:  Uzziah, 
i!.r.  810-7r)8  (TltO-744)  ;  Jotham,  n.c.  758-742  (744-735)  ; 
Aliaz,  it.c.  742-72(5  (735-719);  and  Ilezekiah,  B.C.  720- 
(i!)8  (71!»-ti!(l);  and  he  c<mimands  resj)ect  both  on  ac- 
count of  bis  eminent  character  and  bis  remarkably  long 
public  life.  In  chap.  xxii.  Sill,  a  curious  historical 
fragment,  there  are  mentioned  a  number  of  particulars; 
among  them  are  "the  waters  of  the  Lower  Pool";  and 
"a  ditch  between  the  two  walls  for  the  water  of  the 
t>ld  Pool." 


GIUON 


273 


The  tone  of  the  entire  puHHage  Hef>iuM  to  be  one  of 
rebuke;  uud  it  iM  HU>>iM)He<l  tliut  Hliel)uu,  a  lii(;li  olUciul 
in  tlie  eourt  of  llezekiuii,  in  the  jxTson  whom  tlie  prophet 
had  in  mind.  Ituiiuh,  in  expreHHint;  Iiih  diHph'UHure  nt  the 
etmduet  of  Mhebnu,  wum  1«h1  to  refer  to  eertuin  chau^^eH 
that  had  taken  place  in  tlie  eit.v.  lienee  in  this  imsMage 
both  the  Old  Pool  and  the  Lov.er  Pool  are  nieutioneu. 
The  moment  the  Old  P(K)1  is  mentioned  the  Xew  Pool 
Ih  under8t«M)d,  and  Lower  P<m)1  presujipoHeH  an  I'piK'r 
Pool.  The  imuKHliate  pre<leceHW)r  of  llezekiah  was 
Ahaz,  who  reigntnl  HixtiH'u  years.  Very  early  in  his 
reign  the  I'pper  Pool  is  mentioned,  which  implies  the 
existence  even  at  that  time  of  the  Lower  P(Md.  Isaiah 
and  his  son  went  out  of  the  city  to  nie-.^t  Ahaz  (who  was 
absent)  "at  the  end  of  the  conduit  of  the  I'pi  .'r  Pool" 
(Isa.  vii.  3).  The  passages  in  Kings  and  (Mironiclw, 
already  consider<Ml,  ascribe  the  construction  of  the 
Lower  Pfxil  to  Mezekinh;  but  Isa.  vii.  3  shows  that  the 
Lower  Pool  was  in  existence  some  years  at  least  before 
Ilezekiah  came  to  the  thnuu'.  Isaiah  d<H's  not  actually 
mention  Ilezekiah  as  having  anything  to  do  with  bring- 
ing water  to  Jerusalem  or  with  the  construction  of  any 
pool.  Nor  does  he  mention  in  such  a  <oune«'titm  the 
name  of  any  one  else.  It  is  reasonable  to  suppose  that 
Ilezekiah's  part  in  completing  these  public  works  so  far 
surpassed  that  of  any  or  all  of  his  predecessors  as  to 
JH.  ..fy  their  Iteing  ascribed  to  him  as  is  done  in  Kings 
and  Chronicles. 

At  this  conference  it  is  said  (2  Kings  xviii.  17,  2(i,  28)  Confancoeof 
that  the  people  on  the  wall  could  hear  the  conversation,  ^^^4**"* 
and  Ilezekiah's  messengers  rtniuestetl  that  another  Ian-  in«M«ngen of 
guage  be  used  to  prevent  this.    The  re»|Uest  was  refused. 

It  is  well  known  that  in  Pab-stine,  because  the  atmos- 
phere is  so  «-lear,  the  voices  of  ])cople  eiif,  •";e<l  in  earnest 
conversjiti«)n  can  be  heard  at  an  astoiiisbing  distance; 
and  if  a  person  shouts  he  can  be  heard  half  a  mile  and 
Bometimes  nearly  a   mile — as.   for  example,   from  the 


I 


n 


1 


I  ^^ 


_Trmb«  of 


aT.mibi  of 
Ku 


^^^^  ttflwtSM'a     (H2i     Cell 

^L  jk'-^"^  Hrn..|0«l*., 

^  AdmlnlitratloD^   ---■^         ^Cini«fc  **^ 

l'°^S^     V^"^""'/  0.0.-.  Ow/"*"^ 


,mmrdaB 
CcBieUrr 


1^ 


PLAN  II.— UANGE  OP  THE  CUIEUS  VOICE 

Position  nf  the  rritT  a!!;!  rar;;rr  of  hi?  Ynici'.  '.vho.  in  fiirimr  iinie*.  "tood  !:a!f-way  belw^n  the 
Jaffftfiiite  mill  riit-  iiorrhwetit  cnnier  nf  the  city  wall  to  cull  out,  a  little  before  Banset,  that 
tile  time  furclui^iii^^  the  ^'utes  hud  come. 


GIHON 


'.to 


wallH  «»f  J(>riiHaU>in  ncroKK  to  tlu'  Mniint  of  OHvoh.  One 
cxuinpli'  Ih  tlie  following;,  wliicli  Iiuh  (;i'nt>ral  iuU'rt>Mt 
lM>Hi(IoM  Iwin^  illuMtrativo  of  tin-  pn-M-nt  i-uw. 

In  foruHT  tiiiicM  whon  tin*  pit«'M  of  tlu*  v'lty  were  elomnl 
at  nifiht,  a  watcliman  wan  Htatiouetl  outHide  the  JatTu 
(late  about  lialfway  betwcH'n  it  anil  tlie  nortliweMt  eor- 
ner  of  tlie  rit.v  wall,  wliosi-  duty  it  wan  to  call  out  that 
the  pite  waH  to  Ih'  whut.  This  he  did  ten  or  fift»H'n  ndn- 
Htes  before  the  time  of  iloHin^,  that  any  |M'rNon  who  wan 
outside  nii^dit  Ik'  warned  and  eonie  in.  Then  it  was 
not  safe  to  renniin  overni);ht  outside  the  walls.  On  all 
pleasant  afternoons  the  ]M'opl(>,  then  as  now,  tloekeil  to 
the  slojies  east  and  west  of  Hirket  es  Sultan  and  to  the 
so-ealleil  Xieoforieh  olive  ^jroves.  As  simiii  as  the  rail  was 
heard  everylMMly  hastened  to  return  to  the  city.  This  cus- 
tom continued  until  thirty-tive  or  forty  years  ajjo.  There 
were  then  no  h<iuses  outside  the  walls  and  no  huihlin^s 
built  apiinst  them  as  at  present.  There  was  nothiu};  to 
obstriict  the  crier's  voice,  which  ranji  out  a<ross  the  val- 
ley and  »'ould  be  heard  distinctly  at  Rishop  Oolmt 's 
Schocd,  Hirket  es  Sultan,  the  Xieoforieh  olive  j;rov«'s, 
Ilirket  .Mamilla  or  the  I'piH'r  <iihon,  and  round  as  far  as 
the  east  side  of  the  liussian  <;rounds.  In  clear  weath»'r  his 
voice  could  be  heard  for  '2,{W()  or  l',.">00  fe«'t ;  and  at  a  dis- 
tance of  l,i»()0  or  l,r»0()  ftH't  his  wonls,  without  any  effort 
on  his  part,  couhl  Ik'  easily  understcHxl.     (See  Plan  II.) 

The  day  after  this  ])ara^raph  was  written  the  writer 
had  occasion  to  j;o  to  Silwan.  The  morning  was  clear 
and  (|uiet.  A  man  on  the  wall  at  the  southeast  corner 
of  the  Ilaram  (Temple)  area  was  calling'  to  a  friend  in 
the  Silwan  villajte.  He  did  not  shout  lu-  raise  his  voice 
to  half  the  pitch  that  is  often  d<mi'  in  the  streets,  but 
both  men  \\i'"  heard  with  the  <;reatest  ease.  The  dis- 
tance between  the  sjwakers  was  at  least  l.L'OO  feet. 

It  is  not  to  be  suppostnl  tliat  the  pomiuius,  browbeat- 
ing;, impudent  Assyrians  oti  the  one  haml.  ami  the  ex- 
cited, nervous,  and  timid  .Jews  (»n  the  other,  would 
sjieak  in  very  quiet  tones.     Were  an  earnest  conversa- 


U 


I 


i  H 


276 


ANCIENT   JKUIHALEM 


tion  to  he  carriinl  mi  imxr  tin-  TpiH-r  P«h>1  of  Ollion  (tht* 
Dirkct  Mumilln),  iHH>pl«>  ou  tlu'  wall  ut  tlu>  uurthweMt 
corniT  of  thf  v\ty  could  with  i-aw  hi'ur  n<»t  only  the 
voiccM  of  thi'  HiK'i'kerH  hut  thoir  wortlB  uh  woll.  I'l'oplc 
MOW  rtnneinlHT  that  fr«>m  tho  wall  ut  thin  jxiint,  liefon'  m» 
many  houwH  wi*r«>  huilt  o(itHi<lt>,  thi*  lauKhitiK  uu*l  talk- 
ing of  thow  who  jiathtTwl  ulMiut  thiH  jmhiI  for  rwrt>utiou 
rould  fUHJly  Ih'  heard,  and  not  iufriMjuvntly  partH  of  their 
couTcnuition. 


Oihen  Kid  th« 
Ophcl-ridf* 
tiMoryoftk* 
CityofDkTid 


I. 

Whore  did  Itmiah  and  hin  hou  go  to  meet  Ahaz? 

A.  They  went  out  of  the  city. 

To  what  point? 

A.  To  "the  end  of  the  conduit  of  the  Upper  Pool," 
which  can  only  mean  a  iH»int  at  or  near  it8  termination. 

If  "the  Upper  Pool"  i«  the  Fountain  of  the  Virgin,  and 
"the  c(mduit"  i«  tlie  tunnol  leading  under  OpliJ,  would 
not  "the  end  of  the  conduit"  1r'  at  the  Pool  of  Hiloam? 

A.  There  can  he  no  douht  alM)Ut  that. 

Would  a  tunnel  leading  under  the  Ophel  hill  Ik'  uhwI 
aH  a  landnmrk? 

A.  It  is  v»'ry  improbable.  It  was  out  of  sight,  its 
course  under  the  hill  was  not  marked,  and  m.u  .-ould  not 
possibly  know  if  they  were  standing  over  it,  "by  it,"  or 
anywhere  near  it. 

If  the  point  where  Isaiah  and  his  son  were  to  go  was 
near  where  the  tunnel  terminates  in  the  Pool  of  Kiloam. 
would  they  not  have  been  told  to  go  to  the  Pool  of 
Siloam? 
A.  That  nmy  be  considernl  certain. 
If  this  is  the  place  to  which  Isaiah  and  his  son  went, 
by  what  route  would  Ahaz  apitromh  or  enter  the  city? 

A.  He  would  pass  over,  or  around,  either  the  Temple 
hill  or  modern  Zion,  go  down  into  the  TUM'p  narrow  val- 
ley, and  enter  near  the  point— that  is.  Siloam— where 
Isaiah  and  his  son  were  waiting  for  him. 


OIUON 


277 


II. 

When  tho  Am^Tian  K*'nt>rulH,  in  tho  tinio  of  Ilozckiah, 
nitiintui-bcci  JiTunalfUi,  -vhert'  did  tlit-y  Htauil? 

A.  We  art*  told  tliut  it  wum  "Ity  tbt*  conduit  of  the 

IpfHT  P(M»1." 

Ih  tliiH  th(>  Haiiii*  "rondiiit"  nH  tlint  mcntlonotl  in  the 
acfount  of  thf  r»'turn  t«»  tlif  city  of  Ahuz? 

A.  It  Ih  tlu'  Willie. 

If  tlu'  Foiiutnin  <tf  tlie  Virgin  in  the  "I'pper  Pool," 
would  it  Ih'  {MtHHihle  for  uiiy  one  to  Htund  by  "the  conduit" 
of  it,  thut  Ik,  the  tunnel  Hunk  deep  under  ^'round,  which 
leadH  thence  to  Hiloain? 

A.  The  nature  of  the  ground  niakett  thin  abwilutely 
inipoHHible. 

But  Hupp<»Hi>  that  the  AHxyrinn  generalH  Htoinl  "by  the 
conduit"  neur  the  Hiloaui  end,  where  would  they  lie 
Mtandin);? 

A.  They  would  Im'  Htandiu};  on  Ophel. 

Ih  Huch  a  Hupinmition  natural  or  probable? 

A.  It  Ih  extremely  unnatural  and  improbable. 

Are  Dot  "Upp«'r  I'imiI"  and  "the  conduit  of  the  I^pp«>r 
Pool"  usetl  in  Huch  a  way  as  to  imply  that  they  were 
well-known  landmarkH? 

A.  Certainly  they  are  so  useil.  They,  and  the  entire 
p.Tra}irapli  iih  well,  inij)'iy  tl.at  there  was  a  main  thor- 
outjhfare  to  and  from  the  city. 

Would  the  AHKyrian  jienerals  have  approached  the 
city  by  any  obwure  and  indire<t  path? 

A.  Huch  a  Huppositiun  is  unreasonable. 


III. 


In  the  summary  of  the  acts  of  ITezekiah  (2  Kinps  xx. 
20),  it  is  ssiiii  that  "he  made  a  jxioi  and  a  conduit  and 
liroujiht  the  water  into  the  city."  What  is  the  explana- 
tion of  this  passa<ie? 

A.  Those  wh«t  hold  the  Ophel  hill  theory  of  the  City 


' 


1 


J 

4-1       - 


278 


ANCIENT   JEIJUSALEM 


of  David  understand  that  tlu'  "pool"  meant  is  tlie  Pool 
of  l!^iloani,  and  that  "the  eonduit"  is  the  tunnel  bring- 
in}?  the  water  to  it  from  the  Fountain  of  the  V'irjtin, 
which  they  considered  to  be  the  Upper  (iihon.  But  the 
Hebrew  word  for  "conduit"  ui'ver  means  tunned ;  and  to 
think  of  its  nieanin;;  the  tunnel  under  Uphel  is  pure 
assumption. 

If  we  couple  with  this  passa>{e  the  statement  in  2 
Chron.  xxxii.  30,  that  llezekiah  "brcm^rht  the  water 
straif^ht  down  to  the  west  side  of  the  City  of  David," 
what  lifjht  is  thrown  on  the  theory  in  question? 

A.  It  seems  to  nmke  detiuite  the  point  to  which  the 
water  was  broufjlit. 

Is  this  really  the  case? 

A.  It  is  not;  fiu"  the  Pool  of  Siloam  is  at  the  extreme 
southern  end  of  the  ridjie  called  Opliel,  and  to  speak  of 
its  Iteing  on  its  "west  side"  would  be  untrue.  The  city 
would  lie  entirely  to  the  north  and  northeast  of  iSiloam. 

Do  the  Hebrew  words  themselves,  which  are  rendered 
"straight  down  to  the  west  side,"  afford  any  additional 
light? 

A.  None  whatever.  They  are  correctly  translated; 
the  water  was,  from  some  point,  brought  down  direct  to 
the  city. 

What  is  the  precise  direction  of  the  Pool  of  Siloam 
from  the  iMtuntain  of  the  Virgin? 

A.  Tlie  Pool  of  Siloam  is  l(t  degrees  s.  of  s.w.  from  the 
Fountain,  and  the  so-called  "Old  Pool"  below  Siloam  is 
20  (b'grees  .k.  of  s.w. ;  conse(|uently.  tbe.si'  tw(t  points  are, 
from  the  Fountain  of  the  Virgin,  practically  in  the  same 
<linHtion.  Hiit  from  the  centre  of  ()j)liel,  if  that  is  the 
("ity  of  David,  the  Pool  of  Siloam  is  only  10  degrees 
w.  (»f  s.,  wliicli  is  almost  directly  souib  and  never  could 
have  Imi'h  si>oken  of  as  "west"  of  the  city. 

Some  writers  locate  the  "Old  Po(d"  in  tli(>  valley  below 
the  Pool  of  Siloam;  are  there  any  objections  to  this 
theory? 

.\.   In  the  earliest  period  but  one  |»o«>l  existed;  and,  of 


GIHON 


279 


course,  at  that  time  the  designations  "Old,"  "Upper," 
and  "Lower"  tould  not  have  been  used.  Tliey  would 
be  ineanin<;less  until  after  more  than  one  jmmiI  liad  bwn 
built.  Some  one  whether  llezekiah  or  some  other  kiiijj 
«h>es  not  msit'- 1-.  i.ii-ujiiit  the  water  from  a  higher  to  a 
lower  point  iuut,  by  In-iuii  w  ir  the  city,  it  iiiifjlit  accom- 
modate the  ill ''bitants  bi  Mer.  Th«'  connectinj;  canal 
would  be  tl.',  '.(indiiir.  ■  he  startinji  jtoint  would  be 
the  "I'pper  I'ool  ami  l!'"'  terminus  would  be  the  "Lower 
Pool."  The  "Upper  Pool"  wouhl  also  lu'  called  the 
"Old,"  or  the  ori<;inal  Pool.  At  the  jioint  referred  to 
below  the  Pool  of  Siloam  there  are  the  remains  of  an  old 
reservoir;  but  the  sewage  of  the  city  must  always  have 
been  collected  here.  This  "pool"  is  so  distant  from  the 
city  and  so  far  below  it  that  water  could  not  liav«'  been 
led  from  it  anywhere  except  farther  down  the  valley. 

How  far  is  the  so-called  "Old  Pool"  frcnn  the  Pool  of 
Siloam? 

A.  About  2r>0  feet. 

If  the  "01<1  Pool"  cauftht  the  sewajte  of  the  city,  would 
not  the  P(K)1  of  Siloam  be  open  to  the  same  objection? 

A.  No;  for  the  "Old  Pool"  is  a  larfje  open  basjn,  and 
always  was  so,  while  the  water  comin}^  to  the  Pool  of 
Siloam  could  not  be  (-ontaminated  by  sewafie  unless  it 
percolated  throu}ih  the  solid  rock.  Only  the  wat(>r  as  it 
c<mies  from  the  rock-cut  tunnel  is  used  for  drinkinfi  and 
d(Mnestic  jnirposes.  The  overtlow,  cau<rht  in  an  artificial 
reservoir  near  the  end  of  the  tunnel,  is  not  used  in  this 
wav. 


IV. 


In  2  f'hron.  xxxiii.  14  it  is  stated  that  "Manasseb 
built  an  outer  wall  to  the  City  of  David  westward  of 
<tihi>n  in  tlie  valley  ( naclial ).  even  to  the  enterini;  in  of 
the  I'isli  (Jate."  What  Iiints  dues  this  jtassafre  afford  as 
to  the  location  of  "(Jilion,"  "the  valley."  ami  "the  City 
of  David"? 


880 


ANCIENT  JEKUSALEM 


I] 


.V 


A.  EviTything  d'.'ix'nds  upou  wbiTe  the  City  of  Daviil 
is  locatwl. 

Where  do  some  writers  loeate  it? 

A.  On  the  Ophel  ridfje.  They  not  only  snggest  tliis 
locution  but  they  boldly  assert  it  as  though  it  had  been 
established  beyond  dispute. 

Is  this  all  that  is  elainied  by  them? 

A.  No;  they  assert  that  (Jihon  was  at  the  Fountain  of 
the  Virgin,  and  that  the  valley,  naehal,  was  the  Kedron. 

Was  not  the  KiMlron  ealletl  a  "naehal"? 

A.  Certainly;  but  it  was  not  the  only  naehal  oon- 
neetwl  with  Jerusalem. 

Accepting  the  Ophel  ridge  as  the  City  of  David,  on 
which  side  of  it,  that  is,  east  or  west,  would  the  wall  be 
built? 

A.  It  is  not  known;  but  the  supposition  is  that  it 
would  be  on  the  east  side. 

SVhat  is  the  ground  of  this  supposition? 

A.  Because  (lihon  is  claimed  to  correspond  to  the 
Fountain  of  the  Virgin,  which  is  in  the  deep  valley  east 
of  the  Ophel  ridge. 

With  the  wall  of  Manasseh  on  the  east  side  of  the 
Ophel  ridge,  how  would  it  be  related  to  the  supposed 
Gihon? 

A.  It  would  be  almost  vertically  100  feet  above  it. 
The  wall  could  not  have  IxH'n  built  east  of  Level  12229, 
and  the  horizontal  distance  thence  to  the  Fountain  of 
the  Virgin  is  about  200  feet.  The  incline  is  one  foot  in 
two  feet,  and  if  measured  exactly  would  ex.eeil  one 
foot. 

What  connection  could  (Jihon  have  with  a  hill  100 
fe«'t  directly  above  it,  or  rather  immediately  over  it? 

A.   None  whatever. 

Why  was  it  mentionnl? 

A.  No  reasonable  explanation  can  be  given ;  for  the 
wall  did  not  begin  or  etid  at  that  point. 

What  was  the  extent  of  Manasseh's  wall? 

A.  It  extended  the  entire  length  of  the  Ophel  ridge 


GIHON 


281 


on  its  east  side,  and  the  viifwo  length  of  the  Temple 
hill  on  its  east  side,  and  terminatetl  at  the  Kish  Gat;', 
whose  iH>sitiou  is  known  as  north  of  the  Temple  area  and 
not  far  from  the  Tower  of  Autonia. 

North  of  the  Temple  hill  was  there  a  wall  to  Jerusa- 
lem previous  to  Manasseh's  time? 

A.  This  is  made  certain  l^v  the  mention  of  the  Fish 
Gate,  which  was  tlu'  terminus  of  Manasseh's  \\\l\. 

If  Manasseh's  wall  extended  the  entire  lenjith  of  the 
Ophel  ridge  and  the  Temple  hill  on  tiieir  east  sides,  it 
is  proper  to  ask  how  the  corresponding  west  sides  of 
these  sections  were  defended? 

A.  This  question  only  increases  the  puzzles  cunnected 
with  the  Ophel  ridge  theory  of  the  City  of  David. 

Accepting  the  position  claimed  for  Manasseh's  wall, 
was  it  a  new  structure? 

A.  If  we  say  that  it  was,  then  it  follows  that  Jerusa- 
lem on  that  side  was  nctt  defended  by  a  wall  for  300 
years,  or  about  the  lenuth  of  time  between  Solomon  and 
JIanasseh. 

But,  we  may  ask,  what  is  really  at  stake  that  certain 
writers  should  contend  so  earnestly  for  the  Ojihel  ridge 
theory  of  the  City  of  David? 

A.  It  is  <liilicult  to  sjiy.  Apparently  no  serious  ques- 
tion is  involved,  while  the  contradictions  and  ditticul- 
ties  are  so  many  and  of  such  a  character  as  to  make  i'  , 
validity  questionable. 

Suppose,  however,  that  in  process  of  time  this  theory 
should  be  established  as  true,  what  would  follow? 

A.  Certain  things  which  are  most  inipntbable,  and 
which  have  never  been  true  of  any  city  in  the  world, 
would  be  established  as  true  with  regard  to  Jerusjilem. 
For  e.vample,  (a)  in  rebuilding  the  city  it  was  so 
changed  as  to  be  totally  unlike  the  original;  (li)  its 
walls  were  not  tlu'  same;  ( c  |  its  castles  for  defence  were 
not  the  same;  (d»  its  public  buildings  were  not  the 
same;  (e)  none  of  these  things  followed  the  same  lines, 
or  were  located  in  the  same  places  as  at  first;  (f)  no 


I   H 


I  <<   *u 


I      -;t 


I  J.     J 
I      -I 

la.   .5  1' 


'1     ^  J 


'■  J. 


282 


AN'CIENT   JERUSALEM 


scnililanee  of  the  old  city  remained;  (g)  iin*  .er,  the 
very  site  was  not  only  olditerattnl  but  for{,'«nieu;  and 
all  this  took  place  seven  or  seven  and  a  half  centuries 
after  Jerusalem  was  tirst  built. 


What  do  you  think  of  the  extent  and  population  of 
ancient  Jerusalem? 

A.  Such  (luestions  cannot  be  deterniinetl  accurately  as 
can  be  done  in  tlie  case  of  a  modern  city;  but  we  know 
that  it  was  a  jtlace  of  fireat  importarce  in  the  cen- 
turies precedin*;  the  Exile. 

On  what  jirounds  do  y<m  c(msider  that  to  be  true? 

A.  First,  the  universal  voice  of  history  cann(»t  be  dis- 
rojjarded.  Second,  the  size  of  the  hostile  armies  sent 
from  time  to  time  to  capture  it  show  that  it  was  far 
fnun  beins  *•  small,  insifrniticant  mimntain  town. 

What  do  you  say  of  the  statement  of  some  writers, 
some  scholars  even,  who  di'dare  that  ancient  Jerusalem 
was  "about  liki-  the  present  villa^'e  of  Silwan"? 

A.  It  is  pure  as.sertion,  so  wild  ai»d  reckless  that  it 
is  a  wonder  that  any  intellijient  and  fair-minded  person 
should  nuike  it. 

What  is  the  size  of  Silwan? 

A.  Silwan  (Sih»am)  is  a  .Moslem  village  containin<;: 
1(K>  hcmses.  most  of  which  have  but  one  t>r  two  rooms 
each.  The  houses  clinjr  to  the  rocky  clill'  like  wasp 
nests  to  the  side  of  a  wall.  The  entire  area  covered  by 
the  village  is  a  little  less  than  live  acres.  It  contains 
less  than  ],(»0()  inhabitants,  countin-i  men,  women,  and 
children. 

If  it  were  snrnmnded  by  a  stronj;  wall,  could  it  not 
defend  itself  for  a  lonj;  time? 

A.  No  doubt ;  but  much  wimld  depend  upon  the  size  of 
the  force  sent  auainst  it. 

How  many  males  are  there  in  Silwan? 

A.  There  were  in  IJtOS  four  hundred  and  ninety-eijjht. 


ot 


.£■5 
|l 

5: 11 


OS    ES 

M   lis 


f"'< ; 


!>■ 


If 


*! 


OIHON 


283 


This  includcM  iM  men  and  boys.  Accordinji  to  the  rule 
tliat  one  man  iM'hind  intren;hment.s  in  e<iual  to  three  out- 
wide,  and  8upiMiMin}:  tlmt  tlie  entire  45KS  were  able-bodied 
men,  1,500  would  be  HuiUcient  to  rapture  the  place. 


VI. 

What  according  to  the  Ophel  ridge  theory,  was  the 
sizeof  Jerusjilem? 

A.  About  ten  rcres,  or  at  most  not  over  thirteen 
acres. 

M'ere  not  its  defences  strong? 

A.  It  is  suppo-siHl  that  it  was  entloswl  by  a  massive 
wall,  although  no  renmins  of  such  a  wall  have  ever  been 
found. 

(^ould  a  hostile  army  easily  approach  the  walls? 

A.  So  far  as  the  east  and  west  walls  an-  concerned,  it 
could  not  be;  for  theslopesof  the  hill  are  almost  vertical, 
and  no  soldiers  could  clind>  u)»  them  or  stand  to  work 
against  the  walls.  On  the  south,  where  the  suppose<l 
city  «omes  nearly  to  a  point,  tlu'  approach  would  be 
less  difticiilt.  On  the  north,  however,  the  matter  would 
be  (piite  «lillerent,  for  the  hill  rises  so  that  the  enemy 
would  be  50  or  100  feet  higher  than  the  city  and  its 
inhabitants  would  be  at  their  mercy. 

Ihul  the  city  a  water  supply? 

A.  So  far  as  is  known,  it  had  not  an  ample  supply  in 
the  way  of  cisterns.  Ami  if  tlie  Pool  of  Siloam  then 
existed,  every  per.son  from  the  city  i'  K  niptiug  to  bring 
water  thence  would  be  kille<l,  ami  lliis  from  the  nature 
of  the  ground  would  be  far  more  certain  to  be  the  fate 
of  those  attempting  to  bring  water  from  the  Fountain 
<»f  the  Virgin. 

Was  then'  iio  way  of  attacking  the  city  from  the  east 
and  west  sides? 

A.  Yes;  although  the  hill  dropped  abruptly  from  the 

city  walls  to  the  valleys,  the  ground,  on  tl pposite 

Bides  of  the  valleys,  rose  abrui>tly  again  in  either  direc- 


284 


ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


'•1  r. 


tion,  HO  that  nt  u  distance  of  500  feet  on  the  east  and 
400  fi>et  on  the  west  war  en^ineM  eould  l>e  placed  which 
could  sliower  tiieir  niiHHilcH  dinrtly  into  the  city. 

Would  Huch  u  poHitlon  l)e  considered  a  strong  one  in 
warfare? 

A.  Precisely  the  opposite  would  be  true.  The  enemy 
directly  over  the  city  on  the  north,  engines  pouring  in 
missiles  from  the  east  and  west,  the  water  supply  cut  off, 
such  a  place  could  not  hcdd  out  long. 

Would  a  large  army  be  necessary  to  capture  such  a 
city? 

A.  The  question  answers  itself. 

If  this  was  the  size  and  situation  of  Jerusalem,  what 
are  we  to  think  of  those  hostile  kings  who  led  against  it 
powerful  armies  numltering  many  thousands  of  men? 

A.  Either  the  records  we  have  are  not  history  but 
pure  tiction,  or  the  records  being  true,  those  kings  were 
tlementiHl.  Then'  is  no  conceivable  reason  why  they 
should  have  sent  50,000  men  to  do  the  work  which  5,000 
could  have  accomplishe<l  as  well. 

VII. 

What  are  we  to  say  of  Solomon's  horsemen,  horses, 
and  chariots? 

A.  We  sHpi)ose  he  had  a  great  many,  as  would  be  per- 
fectly natural  for  an  Oriental  monarch  of  wealth  and 
jKiwer. 

Is  not  the  numlK-r  mentioned  altogether  too  great? 

A.  Even  if  we  allow  that  there  were  not  so  nmny  as 
state<l,  they  must  have  iK-en  very  numerous,  and  a  place 
where  they  could  be  kcjit  must  be  provide<l. 

Could  ii  place  have  been  provided  for  them  on  the 
Opdiel  ridge? 

A.  We  can  assert  that  it  would  have  been  impossible. 

If  the  Opliel  ridge  was  Jerusalem,  and  Soloiixm's 
chariots  and  horses  could  not  be  kejjt  there,  other  ques- 
tions arise,  as:  (1)   Where  were  they  kept?     (2)   Did 


GIHON 


285 


8oloinon  never  drive  into  his  city?  (3)  How  far  from 
the  Ophel  ridge  did  Holonion  and  liig  courtierH,  or  liin 
<iueen  and  her  attendants,  liave  to  wullc  before  they 
could  enter  their  carriages  when  going  on  a  pleasure 
drive? 

A.  Such  puzzling  questions  cannot  be  answered. 


VIII. 

But  there  are  other  problems  which  constitute  serious 
objections,  for  example  the  following : — 

Accepting  the  Ophel  ridge  th«'ory  of  the  City  of  David, 
there  also,  of  course,  would  Ih'  situated  the  Palace  of 
David.  This  was  the  residence  of  Solomon  and  his 
queen  for  twenty  years  of  their  married  life.  The  work 
of  building  the  Temple  lasted  for  seven  years;  all  this 
time,  at  a  distance  of  between  500  and  600  yards  from 
the  royal  apartments,  there  was  an  army  of  workmen 
busy  with  stones  and  every  phase  of  labor  connected 
with  masonry.  If  the  qHiH?n  wanted  to  go  nortli  she 
must  encounter  debris,  stones,  great  wagons,  and  labor- 
ers innumerable,  besides  the  noise  of  thousands  of  ham- 
mers and  the  confusion  of  a  multitude  of  voices.  But 
for  thirteen  years  after  the  T<'mple  was  «omplete(l,  nmt- 
ters  were  much  worse,  sim-e  these  same  conditions  were 
brought  nearer  to  her  palaci> — in  fact,  only  about  I'OO 
yards  distant.  To  have  got  away  from  her  home,  she 
must  hav<  uoue  through  the  crowd  of  workmen  to  the 
north,  or  dcscendetl  to  the  point  of  Ophel  and  thence  up 
through  the  Kedron,  the  Tyropean,  or  the  Ilinnom  val- 
leys. Life  under  such  circumstances  must  have  been  far 
from  pleasant. 

But  by  placing  the  City  of  David  and  his  palace  at 
Acra  the  confusion  of  building  would  have  been  500 
yards  distant  in  the  case  of  the  Temple  and  700  yards 
in  the  case  of  her  own  palace,  and  she  would  have  been 
separated  from  it  all  by  a  deep  valley  which  she  would 
have  no  occasion  to  cross.    Moreover,  through  the  broad 


I;  ■ 

I' 


286 


ANCIENT   JEHU8ALEM 


i 


:  ,  \ 


Ths  anoint- 
ingoflolo- 
mon  and  tk* 
uointing  of 
Adon^ali 

I.  Th*  an- 
ointing of 
Solomon 


open  fountry  to  tlu-  uortli  ami  went  of  her  v\iy  she  could 
have  iiioviHl  to  and  fn»  without  tlie  HlitjIiti'Mt  iutouveu- 
ientt".  The  two  hualitieH  differetl  ho  widely,  to  any  uoth- 
\u^  of  the  »'.\poHure  of  royal  wonieu  to  a  vaHt  uuiuher  of 
workiiK'u,  that  the  one  would  be  iiinueaNuralily  prefer- 
able to  the  other. 

Two  iiiiiM)rtaiit  historiial  events  niunt  be  eoUKJdered : 

W«'  are  asked  to  believe  that  the  anointiuK  of  Solomon 
t<Kik  place  at  what  is  now  known  as  the  Fountain  t»f 
the  ^'ir;;ill. 

We  pi  to  the  top  of  the  ridge,  Level  l»2l'9,  ahnost  over- 
hanj{iu{t  this  fountain,  the  li«>rizontal  distance  from  it 
beiuj;  I'OO  feet  and  the  drop  100  feet,  or  1  foot  in  2 
feet.  On  such  an  incline  men  cannot  stand.  From  the 
bottom  of  the  valley,  which  is  100  fi-et  east  of  this 
fountain  and  TjO  feet  lower,  the  as«ent  to  the  same  Level 
(I'l'JlM  ami  nurd  is  ir)0  feet,  the  horizontal  distance 
beinfi  300  fwt.  On  these  abrupt  sIojh's  jM-ople  could  not 
,)')ssibly  stand,  and  tlu-  available  standinj;  room  in  the 
itotiom  of  the  valley  is  very  limited.  It  may  be  said  that 
"the  crowd  could  stand  on  the  hills  above  these  levels." 
Possibly;  but  in  that  case  they  would  be  only  distant 
and  idle  spectators  and  not  intcn-sted  participants  as 
the  inhabitants  of  Jerusalem  must  have  Ikhmi  <m  such  a 
national  occasion.  There  was  a  vast  thronfi  of  partici- 
pants, and  for  these  there  certainly  was  not  r«H»m  in  the 
narrow  valley. 

The  only  way  to  justify  this  theory  is  to  belittle  the 
occasion  and  to  minimize  the  number  of  those  who  par- 
ticipated in  this  great  event. 


n.  The  an- 
ointing of 
Adonijah 


When  Adonijah  attemjtted  to  usurp  the  kingdom  of 
his  father  David,  as  represeiite<l  in  1  Kings  i.,  he  ma<lea 
feast  at  Zidieleth  and  En  L*og<'l,  places  situated  in  the 
Kedron  valley  southeast  of  the  »ity.  It  was  on  the 
same  day  that  Solomon  was  crowned  king  at  (Silion. 
This  occasion  was  attended  by  a  multitude  of  jRHiple, 


oinox 


38 1 


and  tlif  i«'ji»i<in>:  wiih  gn-ut.  Wlion  tlu'  Hlmutinn,  the 
mmu;  iiiul  tli»'  friiniiM'tM  wow  iM'iird  liv  thow  witli  Ado- 
nijali  tlit'y  mU\ :  "What  in  mt'nm  ou  iu  tin*  «it>-  that  i»(  the 
(HiiiNioii  of  all  thin  noiw?" 

It  Ih  iiiipoHHihh*  that  thiw  two  cvt-ntH  Hhould  havt- 
taken  place,  at  the  sjime  time,  in  the  siuiie  valley  at 
IKiints  much  less  than  half  a  mile  apart,  and  practically 
in  n\}i\\t  of  each  other— that  in.  if  En  Hop'l  Ih  |dace«l  at 
Hir  Eyuh  and  tiihon  at  the  Fountain  of  the  Vir;:in. 
Hut  if  the  Fountain  of  the  Vir>;in  is  En  Rop'l  where 
can  (iihon  be?  It  is  supposed  ihat  the  Pool  of  Siloam 
did  not  then  exist,  so  this  could  not  have  lieen  (Jiht>n. 

The  distance  from  Hir  Eyuh  to  the  Pool  of  Siloam  is 
4(t0  yards;  and  from  Hir  Eyuh  to  the  Fountain  of  the 
Virjiiu  it  is  730  yards.  From  actual  exiM'riments  by  the 
writer  it  is  certain  that,  while  the  I'ool  of  Siloam  itself 
cannot  lie  seen  from  Hir  Eyuh,  the  {ground  within  a 
fi'w  feet  of  it  all  round  <an  he  stn-n,  a-t  that  the  two 
points  are  practically  in  plain  si};ht  of  ea  h  other.  In 
like  manner  the  Fountain  of  the  Virgin  cannot  actually 
be  seen  from  Hir  Eyuh,  since  th«'  fountain  is  pu.slie<l 
into  the  foot  of  the  hill,  but  the  place  where  the  foun- 
tain is  and  the  rising  <;round  about  it  within  50  or  100 
yards  are  in  full  view.  It  is  «-ertaiu  that  anythiu};  piinj,' 
on  at  the  one  place  would  be  observed  at  the  other. 

If  in  reftard  to  these  two  events  one  is  placinl  in  the 
Kedrcm  valley,  the  more  quiet  of  the  two,  and  the 
grander  atfair,  be.ause  of  its  national  importance,  is 
placi-d  at  Hirk«'t  Mamilla,  each  could  have  occurred 
without  the  knowNMlge  of  the  other  until  Adonijah's  p«H)- 
ple  w«'re  arouse<l  by  the  shouting  of  the  lojal  multitude 
with  Solomon. 


The  Illustration  of  the  Kedron  valley,  looking  south, 
shows  the  two  points— the  Fountain  of  the  Virgin,  which 
is  claimed  to  be  t Iihon,  and  Hir  Eyub,  supposed  to  Ik' 
En  Hogel— within  sight  tif  each  other,  the  distance  be- 
tween them  being  about  730  yards.     The  deep,  narrow, 


'JhH 


AX<"IKNT    .IKIMHALKM 


1 


i 


Highway  of 
the  Follar'i 
Field 


•  oiUniclnl  «liuni<  tcr  of  tin*  vallt'.v  Im  rt»uH|»i«n<»u8.  Hy 
oiif  thfory  two  hostile,  or  at  hunt  rival,  |Hirti»M  lit'ltl 
aHHciiihlifN  of  national  ini|Minuni»'  iu  thin  vall«'.v  ou  th«' 
Miiiif  tlav,  within  Mifjlil  of  <a<li  otinr.  ami  alnioxt  within 
hearing  of  .-arh  otht-rV  voirrx.  Il.v  tin-  oth.'r  th»-or.v,  the 
IMirty  to  whom  wMiccy  wax  cHHi'iilial  Im  jdatt'd,  aH  the 
Itihlc  Htatfs,  in  th«'  narrow  valley,  ami  the  hiyal  iMirty,  to 
whom  the  bulk  of  the  inhaliitants  helonfjetl,  Ik  phueil  on 
the  hroad  level  jrrouml  Hurronmliiij!  the  I'pjH'r  1*<m»I  of 
(iihon,  the  i»r.wnt  Uirket  Mamilla.  Here  wan  ample 
Hpaee  for  all  the  dinplay  that  wouhl  aeeompany  MUih  an 
event.  One  of  these  tlu-orien  in  unreuwouahle ;  the  other 
in  reasonable  and  worthy  of  ae<eptanee. 

The  Illustration  of  Uirket  Mamilla.— This  Hirket  is 
ait;  fiH-t  lont;  from  east  to  west  an<l  averages  from  north 
to  south  LMK»  feet,  one  end  beinj;  a  little  wider  than  the 
other.  The  ih-ptli  is  1!t  feet.  About  it  there  is  even  now 
ami»le  oi,.-n  trrouml .  »i(H»  fe«'t  on  the  south,  4(K»  feet  on 
the  west,  and  l.tMHl  f»Ht  on  the  north,  the  east  side  not 
bein^  estimated  beiause  it  is  eovered  with  Mohammedan 
jiraves.  This  ojien  rej^ion  has  never  been  enruudH'r«Ml 
with  houses  or  other  building's.  I'or  a  lonjj  period  it  wa> 
the  drill  firtmnd  of  the  soldiers  belonjiinti  to  the  pirrisot 
in  the  <ity.  It  served  also  as  a  iday-jironnd  for  school 
boys,  Ix'injj  almost  the  only  place  near  the  eity  suitabb 
for  the  purpose,  allliou;:h,  since  tlu'  cemetery  was  wall»>i 
in,  it  is  no  lonjrer  used  as  such.  The  };roun<l  ii 
comparatively  level  as  it  ap|H'ars  in  the  illustration 
and  jiretty  frtn-  from  stones.  Mere  s<ddiers,  schoolboys 
and  picnickers  had  room  to  move  about  as  they  wished. 

Tn  the  account  of  Sennacherib's  invasion  (2  Ki"}! 
xviii.  17)  it  is  sjiid  that  his  messengers  when  the 
reached  Jerusah'ni  "lame  and  stood  by  the  condui 
of  the  I'piM'r  l'<Md,  which  is  in  the  hi}iliway  of  th 
Fuller's  Field." 

The  same  circumstances  are  recorded  in  Isji.  xxxvi.  "J 


,A4f  vi'!-"if-'«    Wf.'Si- 


■*•    --^W"#iiiJr- J 


'    ^**at*iib:.tr^ 


ii'i 


TIIK  iri'KU  l*iM>|,nr(i||l(i.N,  llIltKKT  MA.Mll.h.V. 

l,ttoKI.\<i  KAST 

Till*  fiinifritiiitil  IN  ihi-  ui'»t  t'liit  til  i|k>  |i.m»1.   'I  Ih-  |)lti«i*it;rHtih  »iif  tukt-ii  t»eitt>-il\L-  or  ttilrt)' 
jfiatu  aijii,  HlK'ii  linn-  liwi  inrii  »tr>  imlif  IjuiIuiiik  iiiiivuli'  ilic  "■lli-. 


THE  IPl'EK  I'OOI,  OF  (illloN,   LOOKING  M>inil 

AND  NoinilWEST 

ThiK  photograph  wu  taken  iu  IWH,  and  ili,-  r.ir.i;n.uiiJ  In  ih.-  conipinlon  plciurf  i»  on  the 

left  in  tills. 


j'  i| 


GIHON 


289 


*'by  the  conduit  of  the  Upper  Pool  iu  the  highway  of  the 
Fuller's  Field." 

Early  in  the  reign  of  Ahaz,  when  Hezin  and  Pekah 
planned  to  invade  Judah,  llezekiah  and  Im  turn  were 
told  to  go  to  meet  Ahaz,  who  was  absent,  "at  the  end  of 
the  eonduit  of  tlie  Upper  Pool  iu  the  highway  of  the 
Fuller's  Field"  (Isa.  vii.  3). 

"Highway"  is  also  "«auseway."  It  means  a  raised 
plarv.  It  may  mean  a  raised  road  like  an  embankment, 
but  not  necessarily.  A  raiswl  place  could  lie  s(|uare  or 
any  other  shaiH>  as  well  as  long  like  a  road.  Anmnd  a 
fouutain  or  a  great  birkeh  there  is  often  a  raised  plat- 
form, a  low  wall,  or  parapet  running  around  the  edge  of 
the  same,  with  a  pavcnl  fl(K>r.  This  is  for  the  convenience 
of  those  who  come  to  the  place  to  wash  clothes  or  to  get 
water.  People  meet  there,  sit,  talk,  chatter,  wash 
clothes,  fill  water  skins,  and  come  and  go  all  day.  This 
raised  platform  is  a  thing  well  known  in  the  life  of  this 
country;  it  is  not  only  a  convenience,  it  is  an  absolute 
necessity.  It  is  called  mnntahch  in  Arabic,  and  must 
have  had  a  name  in  Hebrew. 

About  any  city  this  was  the  natural  meeting  place. 
Horsemen  and  drivers  of  chariots  would  stop  for  a  ilrink 
of  water,  an«l  espe«'ially  messengers,  tired  and  dusty, 
would  stop  here  to  refresh  themselvi's  and,  in  cas«'  they 
were  strangers,  to  ini|uire  for  those  in  the  town  to  whom 
they  had  been  sent.  New  arrivals  would  stoj)  here  to 
report  any  news  they  had  brought.  This  would  be  the 
I»lace  to  make  ini|uiri«'s  about  any  important  i>ersi)nages 
approaching  the  city  on  the  public  road.  It  is  at  such 
a  place  that  the  messengers  of  Sennacherib  would  stop 
after  their  wearisome  climb  up  the  mountains  of  Judea. 
It  seems  certain  that  next  to  the  Market-place  the 
mastabeh  of  tlie  Public  Place  for  Washing  was  of  chief 
importance  for  rumors,  information,  ami  news,  and  we 
feel  confident  that  it  was  to  this  place  that  llexekiah 
and  his  son  went  out  to  obtain  reiMirts  of  Ahaz,  who  was 
nee<led  in  the  citv. 


(. 


4    i 

J  I'  - 


li 


'ri 


11     I  -r.l     I 

II    1  '-:'■    I 


/  h        i y   1      '    0<iUI-9chool  Jf        Is    \     i       \     (     \      ""-  ^  ' 


z*--^/  J  17711  =  '/ 


^ 


SECTION    NORTH    AND   SOITII   TIinoiGII   THE   Ml'KISTAN  AND 
THE  HOLY  SEPULCHRE 


i  J  i 


CHAPTER  XXXVIII 


MAKTESH.  THE  MARKET-PLACE 

Upper  and  Loicer  Market -Importance  of  Ascertained  Levels— 
Threshold  in  Russian  Church  Examined— Compared  with 
Other  Thresholds  —  Vast  Cluinges  in  Ground  at  Holy 
Sepulchre 

This  word  is  connectiHl  with  Canaanites,  or  Phoeni-  Haktatttte 
(ians,  who  were  mertlmuts,  and  with  traffic  which  was  ""'"'■'"*** 
canitHl  on  in  Jerusalem.  It  has  tlio  detiuite  article  and 
was  a  particular  and  well-known  spot.  In  Zeph.  i.  11  it 
is  said:  "howl,  ye  inhabitants  of  Maktesh,  for  all  the 
merchant  people  are  cut  down."'  Revised  Ver. — "people 
of  Canaan  are  undone."  The  word  is  no  common,  being 
U8e«l,  besides  the  above,  in  only  two  other  places, — 
Judfjes  XV.  11)  and  Prov.  xxvii.  I'l',— translated  respect- 
ively "hollow  place"  and  "mortar."  It  was  not  a  valley, 
but  a  basin  or  saucer-shaped  part  of  Jerusalem  where  a 
market  was  held. 

In  Neh.  xiii.  1.'),  lf>,  a  particular  place  in  Jerusa- 
lem is  referrtnl  to  where  traffic  was  carried  on;  the 
merchants  of  Tyre  are  specitied,  and  they  nuule  them- 
selves obnoxious  to  the  strict  Jews  because  they  sold 
their  wares  ^m  the  Sabliath.  Nehemiah  protested 
strongly  against  this  practic(>,  and  it  seems  that  he  went 
to  the  Market-place  himself  and  spoke  directly  to  the 
offenders. 

The  nature  of  the  ground  on  which  Jerusalem  was 
built  was  s(uh  that  two  nuirkt't-i)laces  were  always 
necessary — one  in  the  Cpper  City  and  one  in  the  Lower 
City.  (See  Plan  of  the  relative  jiositions  of  the  two 
markets  in  Chapter  XIII.).  The  Maktesh — market- 
l>hice — mentioned  in  Zeph.  i.  11  is  the  one  in  the  Lower 
City,  because  it  is  mentioned  in  connection  with  the 

291 


If. 

'I 


Ej 


993 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


H 


Fish  Gate,  which  was  on  the  north  side  of  Jerusalem. 
Maktesh  was  to  Jerusalem  whatever  agora — market- 
place— was  in  later  times  to  a  Greek  or  Roman  city. 
Because  the  word  is  sometimes  rendered  "mortar," 
it  does  not  follow  that  it  meant  a  deep  hole  only  a  few 
yards  in  diameter.  "Hollow  place"  is  the  best  transla- 
tion and  gives  the  exact  meaning  which  is  illustrated 
and  fully  justified  by  A^'arren's  Levels.  From  the  Holy 
Sepulchre  south  to  modern  Zioii  and  from  Christian 
street  east  towards  the  Temple,  there  existed  formerly 
a  great  basin,  which  in  process  of  time  was  filled.  The 
extent  of  tliis  basin,  or  hollow  place,  is  about  500  fwt 
from  north  to  south  and  at  least  1,000  feet  from  west 
to  east.  In  later  times  a  portion  of  the  area  of  this 
basin  was  occupitnl  by  what  is  known  as  the  Muristan. 
After  the  process  of  filling  had  gone  on  for  some  cen- 
turies the  many  structures  to  which  now  the  general 
name  Muristan  is  given  were  built,  which  in  turn,  as  the 
process  of  filling  never  ceased,  came  to  be  an  under- 
ground ruin. 

We  find  that  some  of  the  ancient  mortars  brought  to 
light  in  excavating  were  sbape<l  like  a  large  soup  plate; 
and  althougli  this  does  not  correspond  to  our  idea  of  a 
"mortar,"  still  it  illustrates  very  well  the  Hebrew  word 
Maktesh.  \  view  of  such  an  ancient  mortar  is  shown 
in  the  Illustration. 


11 


LeTcIi  of 
KaktMh  or 

thtBuin 


It  is  not  necessary  to  remove  the  mass  of  rubbish  and 
reconstruct  the  Jluristan  basin  in  order  to  show  its 
former  condition.  The  Levels  have  done  this  already. 
When  we  are  in  David  street,  at  any  point  east  of  its 
junction  with  Christian  street,  we  are  on  the  southern 
Itorder  of  the  Muristan  basin.  Christian  stnn't  may 
likewise  be  reckoned  its  western  border.  The  ridge  run- 
ning east  and  west  where  the  Holy  Sepulchre  stands 
would  be  its  north  border.  Taking  Level  24.'?!>  as  fairly 
n'presenting  tb<'  botton)  of  the  basin,  we  have,  from  the 
remains  of  the  old  north  wall  of  Zion,  100  feet  north- 


MAKTE8H,   THE   MARKETPLACE        293 

ward  horizontal,  a  drop  of  40  feet  vertical;  from  the 
Pool  of  Hezekiah,  220  feet  eastward  horizontal,  a  drop 
of  50  feet  vertical ;  from  the  ridge  where  the  Holy  Sepul- 
chre stands  150  feet  southward  horizontal,  a  drop  of  50 
feet  vertical.  This  great  basin  slttpes  gradually  from  west 
to  east,  and  on  the  east  side  there  is  no  lip  or  border  to 
the  basin.  But  a  soup  plate  does  not  cease  to  be  nuch 
even  if  «>ne  edge  is  broken ;  and  this  basin  does  not  cease 
to  be  a  niaktesh  even  if  its  eastern  border  is  wanting  to 
complete  its  perfect  dish  shape. 

Although  the  horizontal  distance  from  Level  2439  is, 
as  just  stated,  220  feet  from  the  Pool  of  Hezekiah,  the 
western  wlge  of  tlie  basin  really  begins  at  Christian 
street,  only  50  feet  from  the  pt)ol.  In  1884,  Christian 
street  was  to  be  paved.  At  its  south  end  where  it 
joins  David  street,  there  is  an  arch,  and  about  at  the 
north  side  of  the  arch  the  workmen,  when  they  were  dig- 
ging up  the  ground,  cut  oflF  tlie  top  of  a  house.  The 
hole  was  filled  as  soon  as  possible;  but  as  the  present 
writer  happened  to  be  tliere  at  the  moment  of  its  dis- 
covery, a  note  was  made  of  the  fact  and  of  its  depth, 
which  was  a  little  more  than  18  feet,  so  that  18  or  20 
fi-et  would  be  the  height  of  the  house. 

We  have  further  evidence  in  the  Church  of  St.  John 
the  Raptist,  a  little  further  to  the  north  of  the  point  just 
de.scrib«Hl  and  immediately  to  the  right  of  Christian 
street.  The  bottom  of  this  church,  which  is  25  feet 
l»elow  the  level  of  Christian  street,  '^"ce  representeil 
the  surface  of  the  ground.  The  bottoi.  ^f  the  Pool  of 
Hezekiah  is  itself  10  feet  below  the  level  of  Christian 
strwt;  but  we  have  to  provide  for  a  massive  embank- 
ment or  wall  on  the  east  side  of  the  pool.  (See  Chapter 
XL.). 

Traffickers  chming  from  the  south  wtmld  follow  the 
path  up  along  the  Tyropcan  valley,  pass  under  the  great 
Causeway,  and  going  (iOO  to  1.000  feet  further,  would 
be  in  the  Market-place  of  the  Lower  City. 

The  city,  as  is  well  known,  grew  towards  the  north; 


2\)i 


ANCIENT  JEUU8ALEM 


and  as  the  country  feeding  it  lay  t«)  the  nortn  and  north- 
west the  iuiportauee  of  the  Lower  Market  would  con- 
stantly increase,  whicli  could  not  possibly  be  true  of 
the  Upper  Market  on  Mount  Zion.    As  residences  and 
other  interests  multiplied  on  the  north,  the  market 
would  inevitably  tend  to  move  itself  somewhat  in  that 
direction.     To  reach  out  after  patronage  is  a  law  to 
which  even  market-places  are  subject.     It  is  not  sup- 
postHl  that  this  entire  basin  was  devoted  to  market  pur- 
poses; for  this  object  a  small  city  like  Jerusalem  could 
not  spare  so  much  territory.     Moreover,  buildings,  such 
as  storehouses  and  the  like,  would  gradually  encroach 
upon  its  limits.    In  the  severe  factional  fights  between 
the  forces  of  John  and  Simon,  nearly  all  of  which  took 
place  in  the  Lower  City,  many  vast  storehouses  were 
destroyed.     As  each  party  alternately  advanced  and 
retreated  they  in  turn  "set  Are  to  the  storehouses  which 
were  filletl  with  corn  and  provisions  of  every  kind"; 
"the  provision  which  might  have  lasttnl  for  years  being 
thus  consumed" ;  "they  served  the  Komans  by  destroying 
what  the  city  had  providini  against  siege"   (V.  i.  4) 
The  importance  of  this  Lower  Market,  the  existence  of 
the  storehouses  about  it,  and  its  gradual  movement  to 
the  north,  are  fully  justified  by  numerous  passages  in 
Josephus. 

The  ancient  "hollow  place,"  maktesh,  which  is  now 
filled  and  has  become  a  large  level  area  so  that  its  orig- 
inal form  is  no  longer  apparent  to  the  eye  and  which  is 
occupietl  by  the  Jluristan  and  the  buildings  adjacent  to 
it,  is  shown  in  the  lUustraticm,  which  is  from  a  photo- 
graph of  a  model  in  sjind  to  explain  the  contour  of  this 
I)art  of  the  city.*  Agrippa's  Tower  INephinus  stands  on 
the  «'xtreiiie  right.  Then  the  tlirw  towers  of  Czziah  (2 
Chnm.  xxvi.  U),  at  the  Corner  (late,  at  the  Valley  (Kate, 
antl  at  the  "turning  of  tiie  wall."  Also  at  the  Jaffa  Gate 
ihc  three  towers  of  lIcnMl  the  (Jreat;  the  Tyropean  val- 
ley running  down  from  the  Jaffa  (Jate;  the  Acra;  near 
*  See  pliotoLTapli  facing  page  199. 


U 


J.  a 


SPECIMEN  OF  AN  ANCIENT  MOKTAU 

Madnor  iMsalt,  ten  inche*  In  diameter,  four  inchn  lilKh.  The  b«»e  has  been  carved  trlau- 
jiiilar  ahape,  each  of  the  three  nectluna  beliix  perforated.  On  one  »l<li>  of  llie  bale  l>  a 
liare,  three  and  a  hall  inchea  loni;.  cut  with  great  skill  and  very  lifelike. 


OIJOINI)  CONToruoF  TIIECENTUAI,  I'OKTIOX  OF.IESUSAI.E.M 

ShuBiiii:  Acrippa»  Wall,  with  Pi.eiihiim»  on  the  rinht.  Next  Manawh'a  Wall,  corner 
loA'iT,  (Jiueoi  Ei^hruiffl.  and  Haria  Aitlini-.u  on  li-ft.  Tlw  i:»rtt;  u;-.!!.  from  l(ir.i.ir;i- 
1(1  lliuioimcll  llociw,  ihrie  loinritof  llennl,  llerinri-  (larden,  one  of  IzjiahV  lowera 
al  Hi»ho|i  (iolial'a  KchonI,  Mie  TyroiMiiii  from  Jnffa  (one  riiiiiihi4!  '■»•"  anil  niiilh. 
\iillf.v  rnini  nurili  toniiilll  Ihrough  tiLecily.  callt'tl  hv  ,loar|ihii>  lli.-  "  liroiiil  valliy" 
lower  in  centre  re|ire»eiil«  Acra.  IKprernon  bejon.i  llu-  Umer  .Market.  .Maccalnan 
wall  to  prevent  (leople  in  market  from  iHiiii!  roblHil  I.)  foreiBli  coljierf  in  Acra 
AjKtUK,  IVtlaceuf  A(tripi)a  11.,  and  I'piier  Market  aimlh  of  FoM  Wall. 


1 

1 

:■'.. 

MAKTESH,  THE   MARKET-PLACE         295 

it  the  Mucenbeau  wull  fouud  ia  1903;  ou  the  south  the 
uite  of  the  I'uhue  and  Oardeu  of  llerod,  the  Upper 
Market,  tlie  Pulace  of  Aj;ripim  II.,  and  the  Xystus. 
Across  the  "broad  valley"  of  Josephus  is  his  "third 
hill"  oi-L-upied  by  Baris-Autonia,  and  east  of  that  the 
Jewish  Tower  near  the  i»oiut  wliere  the  wall  of  Agrippa 
terminated  on  the  east.  The  gate  of  the  middle  wall 
repn>sents  the  Oate  of  Ephraim,  to  which  the  Damascus 
Uate  is  successor,  though  not  in  the  stime  position, 
which  for  350  years  was  the  great  gate  of  Jerusalem  on 
the  north. 


Some  time  before  b.c.  143,  when  Simon  became  the  TkciiMM. 
leader  of  the  Jews,  and  while  his  brother  Jonathan  was  * 
still  alive,  these  two  men  did  a  really  extraordinary 
thing  in  Jerusiilem.  The  Acra  had  for  many  years  been 
held  by  a  foreign  garrison,  sometimes  Egyptian  and 
sometimes  Macedonian,  which  annoyed  the  Jews  in 
many  ways.  Among  other  lawless  acts  they  obtained 
supplies  by  robbing  the  people  who  came  to  the  Lower 
Market  to  trade.  In  order  to  check  this  evil  the  two 
Maccabean  brothers  decided  "to  jonstruct  a  wall  in  the 
midst  of  the  city  in  order  to  exclude  the  Market-place 
from  the  garrison  which  was  in  the  Acra,  and  by  that 
means  to  hinder  them  from  obtaining  a  supply  of  pro- 
visions" (Aiitifj.,  XIII.  V.  11).  The  wall  was  built  and 
the  plan  was  successful;  for  two  or  thriH"  years  later,  in 
B.C.  142,  the  garrison  appealed  to  Trypho,  B.C.  142-139, 
who  usuriMMl  tlie  government  of  Syria,  for  help.  Their 
supplies  had  been  cut  oft",  and  they  spwially  riHiuest»*d 
that  he  would  send  them  provisions  (Aiitiii.,  XIII.  vi.  0). 


If  we  go  to  the  north  side  of  the  Miiristan  we  are  also  lu  r»Bi»ln» 
at  the  north  side  of  the  Lower  Market,  for  the  two  boun- 
daries are  one  and  tlie  same.  To  the  north  of  an  east 
and  west  line  drawn  here,  there  rose  up  in  the  time  of  the 
JIac<abees,  from  a  rocky  ridge,  the  Acra-Citadel,  with 
its  hostile  and  troublesome  garrison.    Between  the  Acra 


1^ 


I'  If 


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fc 

B  ^ '' 

1 

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i 

n 

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1 

^■8  1 

MAKTE81I,   THE    MARKET-rL.\l'E         297 

and  thi'  Murki't  pluic  u  ntnuiR  wall  waM  b-         MnninK 
in  an  eaMt  uud  wi>Ht  dinitlou. 

The  Htrwt  runniiiK  t-ant  from  the  court  of  the  Holy 
Hepukhre  Htartn  from  Hh  woutheuHt  rorner  Uy  u  ttniall 
do«irway  be.voiul  which  the  Mtnrt,  which  in  about  tweuty 
feet  wide,  t^tn-n  in  a  Htraijjht  liue  for  2«0  fwt.  Ou  the 
north  Hide,  lM>)(inninK  with  the  Huiall  d«M»rway,  In  the 
Convent  of  Abraham  and  joininn  that  on  the  east  Ih 
the  new  HuHMian  ehurch.  On  the  Houth  Hide,  Htartinjj 
from  the  Hame  iM>int,  in  the  MuriHtan,  divide<i  bi>tween 
the  (In-ekH  and  the  OermauH.  The  Oermann  have  built 
their  new  ehureh  at  the  n«irth  end  of  their  portion,  and 
the  (Sreeks  have  eovere«l  their  half  with  Hhopn,  ntreets, 
and  areaden.  It  Ih  to  the  nouth  Hide  of  thiH  ntreet,  whieh 
is  the  Hame  an  the  nortli  wall  of  the  new  (Jreek  buildinns 
and  the  tlerman  ehunh,  that  attention  Ih  now  called 
(Plan  II.). 

Be};innin(<;  with  the  Hmall  doorway  and  Roing  east, 
83  feet  ia  to  Ik-  allowed  for  the  frontage  of  the  (Ireek 
property.  There  are  next  25  feet  f«>r  Cn)wn  Prince 
street.'  After  that  comw  the  (ierntan  church,  135  feet, 
with  20  feet  more  for  the  width  of  the  Htrtvt  In-yond  it. 
At  the  weHt  end  of  the  (Jrwk  property  the  earth  has  not 
all  Iteen  removed,  so  what  is  iK-neath  that  section  is  not 
known;  but  commencing  with  the  point  where  the  earth 
was  removed,  40  feet  of  the  tdd  wall  was  uncovered  at 
a  depth  of  7  nietn's,  the  next  measurement  was  also  7 
metn's,  and  at  the  corner  of  Crown  Prince  street  the 
depth  was  12  metres;  while  umler  the  north  wall  of  the 
Oerman  church,  that  is,  on  the  same  line  farther  to  the 
east,  the  depth  was  Hi  metres.  In  feet  these  figures 
would  be  2a,  23,  3!».  and  53.  The  stones  were  3,  others 
4,  and  others  (>  fin-t  long,  with  marginal  draft  and  full 
face.  The  work  was  Jewish  and  the  foundations  of  the 
Greek  buildings  w«'re  laid  on  this  massive  wall,  which 

•  The  full  nnmc  of  this  street,  which  is  new  (only  five  or  six  vears  ..1<1), 
is  ■•  Crown  Prin.i-  Fmlerick  Willinm.'  Few  jK'oplein  Jerusalem  know  this 
name,  and  nobody  pronounces  it. 


ft 


Vot  a  diy 
waU 


i:^ 


1 1 

!  '■ 


298 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


is  now  forever  hidden  from  human  sight.  The  lUustra- 
ti«.n  i8  from  measuremeuts  and  a  drawing,  since  a  photo- 
graph was  out  of  the  question. 

On  finding  suili  remains  the  first  question  to  be  asked 
is  as  to  their  purpose;  and  uiMin  examinatiim  some  very 
interesting  conditions  are  disclosed.    The  rock  on  wliich 
the  Holy  Sepulchre  stands  is  a  ridge  coming  down  from 
the  west— S41.V,  to  make  the  direction  clear,  about  where 
the  (}reek  <onvent  is  and  the  northwest  corner  of  the 
city  wall.    The  <lire«tion  of  this  ridge  is  east  and  west. 
The  so-called  (Jolgotha  In-longs  to  it;  and  through  this 
point  a  line  is  to  be  drawn  east  and  west  parallel  to  the 
north   side  of  the  Greek   property  and  the  German 
church.    These  two  lines  are  150  feet  apart.    The  dif- 
ference in  level  is  about  50  feet.    If  this  were  a  city  wall, 
when  it  reached  a  height  of  40  or  50  feet  it  would  be  on 
a  level  with  the  rock-ridge  150  fcH't  to  the  north  of  it. 
and  it  must  be  raised  30  or  40  fe<'t  more  before  it  could 
defend  the  city  on  that  side.    It  does  not  seem  possible 
that  men  of  intelligence,  in  order  to  defend  their  city, 
would  ever  build  a  wall  in  such  a  position.    Could  it  be 
establi8he<l  that  they  did  so,  it  would  be  one  of  the 
greatest  anomalies  in  the  history  of  the  world.     The 
rock-ridge  extends  to  the  east  of  the  Russian  church, 
and  until  recent  years  it  cropped  out  east  of  Khan  ez 
Zeit  on  the  street  leading  to  the  Serai.    No  stronger  con- 
firmation could  be  asked  for  than  is  afforde«l  by  this  wall 
of  the  work  of  the  resolute  Jfaccabees  in  fencing  off  the 
Acni  or  Citadel  from  the  Lower  Market-place  so  that 
the  hostile  garrison  could  not  rob  the  people  who  came 
thither  to  buy  and  sell. 


pi'  : 


l!  i.:. 


Gateway  in 
the  Raiaian 
chureh 


In  the  Russian  church  east  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre  a 
threshold  and  a  gateway  are  shown  and  a  remarkable 
age  is  claiuKHl  for  them.  On  account  of  certain  theories 
of  the  Second  Wall  of  Jerusijh'm  any  ruins  found  in 
this  immediate  region,  as  those  already  describiHl  under 
the  north  wall  of  the  Greek  buildings  and  those  under  the 


MAKTESU,   THE   MARKET-PLACE        299 

RuHHian  church,  the  latter  iiuludiuf,'  this  gateway,  are 
important.  Tlie  h)«alit.v  iu  (incstion  lias  hwn  known 
for  generations  as  an  open  piece  of  ground,  partly  cov- 
ered with  old  ruins,  a  portion  of  which  servwl  as  a  dump- 
ing place  for  ruhhish,  another  portion  as  a  lumber  yard, 
and  another  as  a  stable  for  horses  and  donkeys.  Uther- 
wise  the  spot  was  for  a  long  i>erio<l  undisturlted  and  un- 
noticed; and  it  is  only  since  this  church  was  erected 
that  this  gateway  has  a.ssunied  the  very  great  import- 
ance which  it  now  has  in  the  estimation  of  many  pi'oi)le. 
AVe  are  asked  to  believe  that  this  gate  belonged  to  the 
Second  Wall  and  was  the  veritable  one  through  which 
our  Lord  was  led  to  crucifl.xion. 


An  examination  of  the  gateways  of  the  city  shows  Cteiand 
that  their  thresholds  are  similar  in  size  and  construe   ''^''•"» 
tion.     The  width  varies  slightly,  but  in  general  each 
threshnld,  as  now  paved,  is  about  a  feet  wide.    That  of 
the  Z        (Jate  has  lu-en  repaired  with  blocks  similar  to 
those  with  which  the  streets  are  pavtnl.     That  of  St. 
Stephen's  (Jate  is  (omposed  of  two  large  blocks,  one  3 
feet  by  3  fwt,  and  the  other  (>  fe«'t  by  3  feet.     This 
threshold  is  10  feet  10  inches  long.     At  each  end  are 
steps  raised  <>  inches,  making  the  actual  bed  of  the 
threshold  9  feet  wide.     Each  of  the  doors  is  (>  feet  3 
inches  wide,  but  they  stand  back  of  the  jamb.     Zion 
(Jate  has  a  double  jamb  on  eac  h  side,  each  '2  feet  5 
inches  deep.     The  threshold  is  10  fcH't  2  inches  long, 
.laflfa  (Sate  has  a  threshold  12  f(>ct  2  inches  long,  and 
there  are  low  raised  steps  at  each  end.     This,  like  the 
threshold  of  St.  Stephen's  (".ate,  is  composed  (.f  two 
stones.     The  threshohl  of  Damascus  ('.ate  is  14  feet  8 
inclK's  long  and  is  composed  of  four  large  stones  and 
two  small  ones.     It  slopes  from  the  level  towards  the 
lity  at  least  (!  inches  an<l  the  centre  holes  for  fastening 
the  gates  are  nearly  worn  (»ut  by  fe«'t  passing  over  them. 
The  thn-sholds  of  HerrMl's  (late  and  of  the  New  (Sate 
are  not  taken  into  account  in  this  estimate.    The  stone 


|i| 

H 


m 


W" 


%:: 


^l 

I 

tr 

1 

1 

t» 

5 

'1'  IH  J 
t 


DAMASCUS  GATK 

Ihe  Mcond,  they  .!«>  opened  oatw,rd.;  going  on  to  the  onier  (titei,  the/oiieLedTnto  the^ltj 


MAKTESU,  THE   MAKKETPLACE        301 


of  all  these  thresholds,  with  exccptioiiH  in  the  way  of 
patches,  is  hard  limestone  known  as  inizzch.  The  gates 
are  all  huilt  «)n  the  principle  of  the  right  angle.  St. 
Stephen's  (Jate  opened  towards  the  cit.v,  turnetl  a  right 
angle,  and  opened  again  towards  the  llaraui  or  Temple 
area.  A  few  years  since  the  west  wall  of  tlie  right  angle 
was  opened  and  tlie  road  now  enters  tiie  city  in  a 
straight  line.  There  were  in  St.  Stephen's  Gate,  Zion 
Gate,  and  the  Jaffa  Gate  two  sets  of  double  doors,  mak- 
ing for  each  gateway  an  inner  and  outer  gate.  The 
Damascus  Gate  was  composed  of  three  sets  of  double 
doors,  making  three  gates.  A  plan  of  this  gate  is  here 
given.  The  difficulty  of  breaking  down  such  a  threefold 
gate  is  readily  seen.  To  a  person  going  out  of  the  city 
by  tlie  Damascus  Gate  the  first  set  of  doors  openeil 
•efore  him  outward,  the  second  set  the  same,  while  the 
'lird  or  exterior  set  ojM'ntMl  inward.  The  doors  of  Zion 
•  ate,  which  are  now  held  in  their  IuhIs  at  each  side  of 
the  entrance  by  iron  bars,  are  at  least  a  foot  too  short. 
The  level  of  the  threshold  may  have  l)een  alterwl  or 
they  may  have  serv<Ml  as  the  inside  double  set  of  doors. 
The  four  gates,  Damascus,  St.  Stephen's,  Zion,  and 
Jaffa,  have  now  but  one  set  of  double  d(M)rs  ea<h, 
whereas  formerly  Damascus  had  three  and  the  rest  two 
each,  making  nine  sets  in  all. 

So  far  as  the  construction,  character  of  the  stones, 
and  the  wearing  are  concerned,  these  thresholds  all 
belong  to  one  and  the  same  period.  It  seems  that  the 
d(H)rs,  which  are  iron-platcil,  have  from  time  to  time  bwa 
renewe<l,  for  the  man  is  still  living  who,  many  years 
since,  renmde  those  of  the  Jaffa  (Jate. 

These  examinations  give  us  a  fair  basis  of  comparison 
in  studying  the  threshold  in  the  Hussian  «'hurch. 

In  general  there  is  little  to  distinguish  it  from  the 
other  thresliobis  that  have  bwii  descrilwd.  Tlie  line  of 
the  threshold  is  about  east  and  west.  The  length  is  12 
feet  S  inches  and  the  width  is  .'1  feet.  The  ston«'  is 
mizzvh  with  the  exception  of  the  eastern  third,  which 


302 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


haH  been  remade  at  some  time  with  soft  stone.    This 
indicates  very  late  use.    Between  tlie  holes  where  the 
sockets  of  the  doors  rested  the  distance  is  8  feet;  but 
as  the  jambs  always  lapped  over  and  covered  the  back 
edges  of  the  doors  the  actual  width  of  the  gate  would 
be  less  than  8  feet,  probably  not  more  than  G  fi-et  (5 
inches.    Th»'  d(tors  opened  from  north  to  south.    If  this 
18  the  gate   ,f  the  city  the  threshold  must  be  parallel 
with  the  wall  and  in  the  same  line  with  it,  or  at  right 
angles  to  the  wall,  as  is  the  case  with  the  second  or 
inner  tlireshold  in  each  of  the  other  gates.    If  it  is  in 
line  with  the  wall,  the  wall  ran  east  and  west ;  if  it  is  at 
light  angles  to  the  wall,  the  wall  ran  north  and  south. 
But  this  threshold  as  related  to  existing  remains  is  at 
right  angles  to  them,  since  they  are  to  the  west  of  it 
and  run  north  and  south.    Hence  it  is  not  an  outside 
gate.    Jhit.  further,  it  is  not  an  inside  gate,  because  it 
oiK-ns  towards  the  city,  which  inside  gates  did  not  do, 
only  outside  gates. 

This  gate  is  aImo.st  due  east  of  the  so-called  Golgotha, 
the  distance  between  the  two  points  being  about  1>50 
feet.  If  the  Second  Wall  was  in  this  regicm  it  must  have 
followed  the  east  and  west  ridge  in  which  Golgotha  is 
situatwl  and  turnwl  north  near  the  threshold  ia  ques- 
tion. But  there  have  n.'ver  been  found  any  traces  of  a 
wall  along  this  ridge.  Supposing  the  Second  Wall 
existed  here,  f'.olgotha  would  have  been  only  a  few  feet 
from  it  and  on  its  north  side,  for  to  be  "outside  the 
wall,"  is  esseniial.  If  Jesus  was  led  through  this  gate 
where  was  he  hnl  from,  Antcmia  or  the  Palace  of  Herod 
the  (;reat?  The  distance  would  be  about  the  same  in 
either  case.     He  was  led  thence  along  closi-  to  the  wall 

until  he  r-ached  Golgotha.     But  tl videuce  is  .Icar 

that  this  was  not  the  oiifxhlr  gate  of  the  gate  (.f  the  citv, 
nor  an  iii>,i,lc  gate  of  the  gate  of  the  <ity. 

It  must  be  mentioned  that  the  pav.'inent  on  the  inside 
that  is.  south  ..f  this  threshold,  judging  bv  what  remains 
of  It,  IS  not  that  of  a  street  but  Iha*  of  a  court.    Also 


MAKTE8U,  THE   MAKKET-PLACE        303 

that  those  who  advocate  the  <laims  of  this  threshold 
lay  great  stresH  on  its  woru  apiK'araiue.  That,  however, 
is  no  ai-Kunient,  for  in  Hishoj.  (lolmfs  Sth(M)l  on  Mount 
Zion  some  of  the  thiesliolds  have  l»(H'n  worn  down  four 
or  five  inehes  hy  the  feet  of  hoys  passing  l)aek  and  forth 
over  them,  and  it  has  iKfonie  necessary  recentlv  to 
replace  them  by  new  thresholds.  Anoth«'r  instance  is 
that  of  the  stairs  leading  into  the  (Srand  New  Hotel, 
built  in  188«-!>r).  In  1!»01  they  had  to  be  cut  over,  and' 
those  lea<lin{,'  into  the  dining  r(M)m  had  to  be  cut  down 
three-quarters  of  an  in«li.  The  stone  of  these  stairs  was 
the  hardest  kind  fouml  in  the  country,  called  "mizzeh." 
These  stone  stairs  had  to  be  re-cut  in  11)0"..  The 
threshold  of  the  entrance  to  the  offic  e  of  the  Turkish 
r<:l,;/ruph  ami  Post  is  worn  down  four  and  a  half  iu.hes 
at  this  time  (1905),  the  building  having  been  erected  in 
1893. 

Placing  (Jolgotha  north  of  the  S«'cond  Wall,  as  is 
necessary  in  order  that  it  may  be  outside  of  it,  leaves 
scant  space  on  this  ridge  for  the  wall  itself,  which  as 
we  have  seen  ran  east  and  west.  Kut  supposing  it 
existed  there  the  descent  to  the  valley  on  the  stnith 
would  be  «|uite  abrupt.  Th«'  ground  in  the  Muristan 
basin  150  feet  simth  of  the  wall  is  50  feet  lower  than 
the  top  of  the  ridge,  which  is  the  sjime  as  the  bottom  of 
the  supposed  wall.  How  the  inconvenience  of  this 
declivity  was  overconu'  no  advocate  of  the  theory  in 
question  has  ever  explaintnl. 

The  stonework  in  the  innnediate  vicinity  of  this  gate 
or  threshold  is,  omitting  poor  Arab  patchwork,  Crusad- 
ing, Byzantine,  and  .T«-wish.  The  real  purpose  of  this 
small  gate  or  large  dcMu-  has  never  been  explaiiutl.  It 
may  be  thought  that  the  examination  of  it  has  omipied 
too  much  space;  but.  on  the  otiier  hand,  the  claims  made 
for  it  are  very  great  and  (»f  the  most  surprisin-i  charac- 
ter, and  if  there  is  a  shallow  of  reason  for  them,  and 
certainly  if  there  is  not,  every  fact  coniu'cted  with  these 
n-mains  ought  to  i-eceive  careful  attention.     There  is 


304 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


nothing  about  the  gate  or  this  thrt'Hhold  to  indicate 
that  thoy  are  old,  or  to  take  thcni  out  of  the  elatw  of 
tlie  larger  gates  of  the  elty  now  existing  which  we  know 
are  of  Arab  construction. 


ChuifMin 
gransd  at 
Holy  Bap- 
Blohrt 


A  number  of  circunistanc'es  must  be  considered  which 
indicate  marked  changes  in  the  contour  of  the  ground 
about  the  Holy  Sepulchre  or  in  that  iuimiHliate  vicinity. 

The  wall  to  restrain  the  garrison  in  the  Acra  was 
built  by  Simon  and  Jonathan  In'fore  B.C.  143,  for  in  that 
year  Jonathan  was  put  to  death.  It  was  in  B.C.  142  that 
the  garrison  askwl  Tryi)ho  for  supplies.  The  Acra  was 
destroy«'d  by  Simon  in  B.C.  140.  Simon  was  at  the  head 
of  affairs  from  B.C.  143-135,  an<l  John  UjTcanus  from 
B.C.  135-10<).  It  was  subsiNiuent  to  B.C.  10(i  that  the 
Monument  of  John  the  High  Priest  was  ere«'ted  to  his 
memory. 

It  has  l)een  shown  that  the  Monument  of  the  High 
Priest  stood  on  the  site  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre  or  a  little 
to  the  east  of  it  on  the  site  of  Acra. 

A.  The  contour  of  the  ground  was  changed  in  a  re- 
markable manner  by  the  destruction  of  Acra.  A  gn>at 
deal  of  the  debris  went  into  the  valley  between  the  Acra 
and  the  Temple;  also  into  the  sjime  valley  farther  north 
between  Acra  and  the  "third  hill,"  which  was  the  site 
of  Antouia.  This  ravine,  which  was  fille<l  or  partly 
lijleil  by  the  Asmoneans,  is  descrilnil  by  Joseidius  as  a 
"broad  valh'v"  ( V.  iv.  1 ) .  By  these  operations  the  slope 
to  the  south  into  Maktesh  or  the  Lower  Market,  and  like- 
wise the  more  gradual  slope  to  the  north  of  Acra,  woidd 
becoiiic  less  marked  than  they  had  been. 

n.  \Vlu'n  after  B.C.  10(i  the  Monument  of  the  High 
Priest  .lolin  was  erected  other  smaller  changes  took 
placj'. 

(\  The  next  point  of  time  to  be  <'onsider«Ml  is  that  of 
tlie  rtoman  occupation  in  .\.i>.  70.  In  the  progress  of  tije 
sii'ge  when  the  time  came  to  attack  simultaneously  An- 
tonia  and  the  Old  Wall  (on  the  north  of  Zion),  mounds 


MAKTE8II,   THE    MARKETPLACE        305 

wore  built  at  Antonia  and  at  Jdhn'n  Monument,  two  at 
«ich  point.  Those  at  John's  Monument  were  «.f  jjreat 
size,  and  immeuHe  labor  was  re«iuired  for  their  con- 
Btruetion.  Later  Itotli  the  euRines  and  the  woodwork 
of  the  mounds  themselves  were  destroyed  l»y  the  vah)r  of 
the  Jews,  jireatly  to  the  disapjMitntment  of  the  Romans 

(V.  ix.  2;  xi.  1,  4,  5).  To  build  these  mounds  vast 
amounts  of  W(mh1,  earth,  and  stones  were  necessary,  and 
when  their  purpose  failed  a  peat  un8i{,'htly  heap  would 
renmin,  and  no  one  is  so  rash  as  to  suppose  that  this 
would  at  once  Ik*  reniove<l. 

D.  The  next  point  of  time  is  that  of  the  erection  of 
the  Basilica,  the  jireat  market  and  meeting  place  of 
Jerusalem,  the  pift  to  Jerusalem  of  the  Emperor  Con- 
stantine,  in  a.d.  330.  P>om  .\.d.  70  to  a.u.  330  was  a 
period  of  200  years,  during  which  Jerusalem  had  re- 
belletl  and  Imi'u  destroytnl  a  s<hou«1  time,  and  Hadrian, 
after  rebuilding  much,  had  foundc-d  his  new  city  Colonla 
iElla  Capitolina,  a.d.  130-13«i.  It  is  natural  to  sup- 
pose that  these  operations  tended  not  to  diminish  but 
rather  to  increase  the  bulk  of  debris. 

The  site  for  the  Basilica-Market  was  chosen  near 
where  the  needs  of  the  city  refjuired  that  there  should 
be  one,  and  where  a  market  had  always  existetl.  The 
sites  of  both  Market-place  and  Hasilica  are  well  known. 
In  the  construction  of  this  etliflce  it  is  daimetl  that  a  vast 
amount  of  earth  had  to  l>e  removcnl.  The  mind  reverts 
at  once  to  the  work  of  the  Xth  and  XVth  Legions  at  or 
near  this  point  and  to  the  ruins  of  the  "mounds  of 
immense  magnitude"  which  they  constructed. 

Zealous  Christians  of  the  time  dedaretl  that  in  remov- 
ing this  earth  or  rubbish  a  cave  was  found,  which  was 
immediately  heralded  to  the  world  as  of  the  utmost 
importance.  No  wall  or  gate,  not  (Icdgotha  or  the  Cru- 
<ifixion  itself,  is  once  mentioned,  but  the  sacritl  cave, 
Iticron  antron,  Upov  avrpnv,  absorbed  the  attention 
and  was  the  only  object  of  interest.  They  seem  to  have 
forgotten  that  caves,  caverns,  and  grottos  had  nothing 


806 


ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


i>i'''( 


"II 


vV 


'I. 


to  do  with  the  origin  of  Chriutianity  and  that  the  idea 
of  awjoc-iating  the  two  was  purely  Pagan.  In  their  blind 
zeal  Christiana  thought  that  this  earth  had  been  placed 
here  by  the  eneniieH  of  Christ.  Eusebius  for  some  reason 
does  not  attribute  this  covering  of  the  "sacred  cave"  to 
any  particular  person,  but  declares  it  to  have  been  the 
work  of  "impious  and  wicke<l  men,"  "impious  and  god- 
less persons"  (III.  ch.  xxvi),  always  using  the  indefinite 
plural.  Jerome  is  the  writer  who  attributes  it  to 
Hadrian  (Smith  and  Cheetham,  Diet.  Chrint.  Antiq., 
Vol.  I.,  p.  504,  col.  1.,  and  ref.  to  Jerome,  Let.  58).  But 
if  it  was  really  the  Emperor  Hadrian  who  did  this  or 
ordered  it  to  be  done,  the  method  of  Eusebius  in  record- 
ing the  fact  is  very  strange.  In  simply  mentioning  the 
name  of  Hadrian  as  the  offending  person  no  harm  could 
have  come  to  the  historian,  since  that  emperor  had  lieen 
dead  two  hundred  years.  Not  Hadrian  nor  any  other 
emperor,  even  though  he  hated  Christianity,  piled  up 
the  earth  at  this  pt)int,  but  the  soldiers  of  Titus,  who 
were  carrying  on  let^itimate  military  operations.  Al- 
though to  UMSocinte  cave  or  grotto  with  the  religion  of 
Christ  is  an  offence,  still  it  is  affirmed  that  one  of  mar- 
vellous holiness  was  found  and  preserved;  but  the 
thriHhold  of  the  gateway,  admitting  the  claims  made  for 
the  one  e.\i8ting  in  the  RusMiau  church,  actually  presned 
hy  the  feet  of  our  Lord  on  hit  tray  to  crueifijcion.  had  no 
sacredness  in  the  eyes  of  these  pious  men,  and  was  ruth- 
lessly destroyed,  at  least  covered  from  sight.  They  built 
on  it  and  over  it  to  suit  their  convenie  ice. 

From  A.I).  330  to  the  Crusading  period  is  a  long  step; 
but  at  that  time  this  entire  region,  including  the  Muri- 
stan  and  everything  about  the  Holy  Sepulchre,  was 
change«l  as  it  never  li;.l  been  before.  The  Crusaders' 
plans  were  vast;  they  nccdwl  extensive  buildings  of  all 
kinds,  hospitals,  churches,  residences,  storehouses,  great 
cisterns,  hslging  houses  fur  swarms  of  pilgrims,  bar- 
racks for  hundreds  of  horsemen,  and  stalls  for  hundreds 
nn{\  perhaps  for  thousiinds  of  horses.    Levellinfi,  filling 


MAKTE8H,   THE   MARKET-PLACE         307 

In,  and  building  went  on  in  this  region  to  an  extent 
wliitli  it  ig  difficult  to  appretlate.  Koth  the  Basilica- 
Market  of  Constantine  and  the  Maktesh-Market-place 
of  an  earlier  periotl  were  crowded  to  the  north  to  suit 
the  building  exigencies  of  the  times,  and  we  must  think 
of  Khan  es  Zeit  and  the  adjacent  bazaars  as  the  poor 
but  only  representative  of  Ijoth, 


W 


t 


CHAPTER  XXXIX 


iMillM. 

VuB«and 
Undafitnu- 

ton 


BASIUCA 

Synonymous  tcith  Agora  mtd  Forum— Xecesaary  and  Comti'.on  in 
All  Ancient  Eaatern  Cities— History  and  Use— Survival  of 
I'agan  Ideas— Cotistantine's  Gift  of  a  Basilitxt-Market  to 
Jerusalem— His  Life  and  Character— His  Pagan  Training— 
His  Relation  to  Etisebius— Pagan  Idea  Regarding  Christian- 
ity in  Its  Origin— "Basilica  "  and  "Prayer  House  "  Totally 
Unlike  in  Meaning  and  Use 

The  word  "basilica"  ia  now  so  commonly  associated 
witli  places  of  Cliristian  worship  in  early  times  tbut 
Kojiie  attention  must  Im*  paid  to  its  history-  and  use.  No 
one  can  cluiui  that  it  is  of  Christian  origin.  It  refers 
to  a  structure  that  was  very  common  in  Uoman  cities 
and  its  origin  is  entirely  Pagan;  accordingly  it  must 
be  interpreted  by  what  was  known  of  such  strui-tures  by 
Pagan  people.  It  certainly  did  not  mean  to  them  what 
it  meant  to  a  Christian  in  the  fourth  or  fifth  century 
after  Christ;  and  on  the  other  band  the  late  Christian 
meaning  cannot  be  carrieil  back  to  Pagan  times. 

Ayora  and  fonan  mean  practically  the  same  thing 
and  are  freijuently  ustnl  synouymonsly  with  basilica. 
All  that  "agora"  meant  to  the  Greeks  and  "forum" 
meant  to  the  Romans  was  includinl  in  the  word  "liasil- 
ica."  The  first  and  chief  idea  was  a  nmrketplace ;  Imt 
much  more  was  meant  than  simply  a  place  where  g»M>ds 
were  bought  and  sold.  The  site  of  a  market-place  w<mld 
1m'  chosen  where  it  was  most  convenient  for  the  inhabi- 
tants of  any  given  city  to  come  together.  After  the 
primitive  stage  was  past,  when  a  frw  plot  of  ground 
open  to  the  sky  was  all  that  was  r«H]uirtMl,  and  it  Ih?- 
came  desirable  to  have  some  protection  from  the  sun 
and  rain,  buildings  were  erectetl  which  ranged  from  very 

3U8 


nASILICA 


sou 


|ilalu  H'Tnirx  to  wry  nmtly  nu*l  iim>juiflri'iit  Htructun'H, 
iiH  for  «'.\auiplc'  the  Husilica  of  Tnijaii.  "UaHilitu  Ulpla," 
at  Hoim*.  wbhli  wan  .'{(iO  tit-t  lonjr  i.y  jf^o  f^^,l  ^.jj^  [f 
|K)HKil»l«'  the  grouud  rliown  wan  U'\v\  aud  tin-  Mtrutturt-H 
asMuiiu'd  an  obhiiig  mIuiim'.  ItowH  of  ((diiiiiux  ran  length- 
wa.VM,  HO  that  the  H|m<('  waH  divided  into  three  and  Honie- 
tini<>H  into  tive  ai»«leM,  fiie  <entre  ainle  iH-ing  wider  than 
the  others,  and  a!  thew,  as  the  foundation  of  one  Mtrue- 
ton',  were  MurnH»unted  l»y  a  r«M»f.  At  tirxt  a  (hiulde  row  of 
eohPiinH  NHp|M»rtinjr  a  riH)f.  simply  an  arcade  open  at 
the  sidi-H,  wan  all  theri'  was  of  the  market-place  or 
buBilica.  Hmall  townn  could  not  aflord  more  costly 
Ktructurex.  Wealthy  cities.  how»'ver,  erectwl  four  or 
nix  rows  of  colunniM,  Hurmounted  them  by  a  roof,  that 
over  the  centn-  aisle  liein^'  hifjlier  than  the  nM»f  «»f  the 
Hide  aiHh>H,  an)l  around  the  interior  of  this  upper  |K)r- 
tion  there  were  «'orridors.  "ui  jM-r  |Mirtic<H's,"  which  l)e- 
canie  favorite  resorts  as  promena<les. 

In  the  Koniau  empire  every  hirp'  town  had  its  basilica- 
niarketphue.  Such  places  were  as  common  as  they 
wen'  important.  The  aisles  of  such  a  structure,  eveii 
if  there  was  but  a  ilotible  row  of  columns  coven'd  by  a 
ro<»f  nmkinj;  one  aisle  or  corridor,  were  full  of  stalls 
where  every  kind  of  menhandise  was  sold. 


&   '9 


The  Kpa«-e  was  apportitrntnl  off  according  to  the  re-  *»<»». 
quirements  of  the  merchants  and  the  kind  of  jiimhIs  to  Im-  uJi^taiel!"' 
sold.    Bread,  tlour,  <he«'s«'.  wine,  oil,  onicuis,  tish,  meat,  •«p'«i«* 
nuts,  apples  and  other  fruits,  ointments  and  spices,  per- 
fumes, ornaments  for  the  head  and  jHTson,  cloth,  cloth- 
ing new  and  old,  horsj'  trappings,  flowers.  b«M)ks,  slaves — 
are  some  of  the  things  mentione<l  as  for  sale  in  these 
corridors.     \o  doubt  every  kind  of  home  and  foreign 
production  was  to  he  found  in  stich  a  market.    This  was 
the  public  meeting-place.     Here  men  met  for  consult  i- 
tion   on   any   imiH>rtant   matter.     Individuals   met    by 
appointment  to  arrange  between  themselves  sonn'  pri- 
vate atfair.    t'cunmercial  transactions  of  all  kinds  were 


i- 


81U 


ANCIENT   JEKUBALEM 


carried  on  hort'.  If  a  luan  wbhwl  to  swure  laborers  be 
went  to  the  liuHilit-u-niarket,  where  men  were  waiting  to 
be  hired  ( Matt.  xx.  3).  l»l|H'n*  wen'  here  trying  to  I'arn 
a  few  {N'nuieH  with  their  Hiniple  luuitie  (Matt.  xi.  M; 
Lulce  vii.  32 ) ,  Tliey  were  lounging  places,  whew  crowdH 
gnthereil  and  wrangleM  oiTurnnl.  Here  newMniongem 
reM)rte«l  and  current  event»  were  tullciMl  over.  The  l»UHi- 
netw  and  life  of  the  city,  including  tHime  of  itH  pleaHureH 
and  vicift,  were  wprewnttnl  in  tlie  ItaHilica-niarlcet. 

Not  the  lenHt  among  the  multitudinouM  purpooefi 
which  Mucli  a  liaHilica-market  uer^-ed  wait  the  adminiHtra- 
tion  of  jiiHtice.  Ah  in  anotluT  country  and  anotlier  age 
Hebrew  liingH  nat  at  tlie  gate  of  the  city  to  hear  com- 
plaintH  and  to  tranxuct  legal  buHinetw,  ho  in  later  timen 
throughout  the  Itonian  empire  legal  buHin(>8H  wan  trann- 
acte«l  in  the  market-place.  A  portion  of  a  corridtir  was 
Hi>t  apart  for  tnin  puriHim>.  Hut  with  the  great  amount 
of  market  buHin{>HH  that  wan  going  on  all  the  time,  the 
place  waH  noiny  and  legal  buniucHH  wuh  diHturlMHl. 
Therefore  when  the  banilica  wan  completed  one  end  was 
partitioned  off,  the  wall  wan  made  semi-circular  because 
the  iM-ople  sat  in  a  circle,  and  the  floor  was  somewhat 
raiwMl;  thiH  imrt  was  callwl  "the  apm>,"  and  here  was 
the  tribunal  ot  the  j  ige.  Here  the  court  was  scn-eneil 
from  the  noisy  crowd  and  here  inv(>stigationH  coubl  go 
on  without  interruption.  Such  a  tribunal  might  Im*  very 
plain,  or  it  might  be  providinl  with  small  r«K»m8  at  the 
sides,  with  seats,  platforms,  and  other  features  which 
luxurious  citizens  might  demand. 

It  In  interesting  to  observe  that  everything  pertaining 
to  a  basilica,  from  the  rude  ojm'U  market-place  to  the 
grandest  structure  in  the  empire,  was  designiMl  to  nict-t 
a  real  want;  nothing  was  built  arbitrarily.  Everytbiiig 
also  belonged  to  business  or  jdeasure.  The  idea  <tf  divine 
worship  was  never  associatetl  with  a  basilica.  A  Uonian 
temple  bad  no  tribunal,  or  apse;  a  basilica  had  an  apse 
which  was  the  tribunal. 

From  tlu'  free  plot  of  grotind  oih'u  to  the  sky  to  the 


BASILICA 


311 


grand  baBilii'a  the  devolopnu'iit  was  hIow,  but  i>vi>ry  Htep 
waH  iM.>rf(>«-tly  luiturul.  lu  like  umnntT  tlu*  (Ifvi'lopinent 
waH  hIow  fnini  n  I'u);uii  huMilica  to  ii  lioiiw  of  t'hriMtiun 
it'onhip.  Firttt  then*  wuh  u  iuurki-tpltu-(>;  it  waH  a  mei*t- 
ini;  place,  a  plai-e  for  the  truuHactiou  of  all  kiudH  uf 
public  buNineKH,  a  place  for  proineuudeM, — men  and 
women  fn^iiueutiHl  the  upiHT  wulkn  or  |Mirtic«H'»«,  whence 
they  could  l*M»k  down  u|><  ■!  ■  buHy  crowdu  iu  the  area 
Ih'Iow, — and  a  place  fo.  ns-.Dnx.    Here  the  new  din-- 

trjnen  that  had  Ik'jjhi'  "»  n       •  •'■  •  '•        i 
over  and  over,  ('hri;i."i  ii;  ■.cIiimi'.  ai  •' 
leuH  would  nuH't  i  -      >'     iilt  ,ti(  ii    ;iiiil 
tranHformation     >'      'a  >      jiui  if    va). 


aid  Ih>  talked 

iriMtian  citi- 

idually  the 

'ich  loujjer 

utirely  din- 

uses  •■•'I   «  '.Tc  •'>  ■.<'h  liitH  uo  htnger 

■■'■  till  •r.n'    (  f  lilt  city  ■  eut  on  at  the 


time  iM'fore  the  iiii.ri;i    ;.<i<i  ''ic  cii.'.i-  li  \,-  i 
tHMiate<l;  in  nuo" 
fre<iuented  the.  ';- 
doorn. 


In  one  of  the  L<mdon  ''..•  .  ,i vjmth  Tor  March  24, 1903, 
in  an  account  of  certain  ...,i«<i>ci  j»»ucticeH  connected 
with  Norwich  (*athedrul  which  the  Dean  had  publicly 
condemned,  an  editorial  givcH  wime  intercHtiuK  facts 
showing  that  tluH  uniim  of  market  and  church  Hurrived 
thr«)UKh  many  centurien.  "The  p<K)ple  of  Norwich  are 
couHciously  or  unconm-icmMlr  ri>rertin};  to  an  ancient 
cu8t(mi  in  usin);  the  nave  of  the  Cathedral  an  a  common 
meetinn  ground.  ...  In  old  days  ...  it  wan  the  cus- 
tom, while  ri(jorou8ly  HafcKuardiuK  chancel  and  chapel, 
t<)  regard  the  naves  of  catlietlrals  and  parish  churches 
as  the  public  hall  of  the  people.  The  nave  of  St.  Paul's 
CatluHlral,  lonjj  known  as  'Paul's  Walk,'  was  the  fash- 
ionable prt>niena«le  of  London,  and  its  times  and  si-asons 
were  as  rijjorously  obstTVcd  as  those  of  ISottet  Uow. 
Commercial  traffic  was  coniiiion  within  the  ca;  ■  dral 
walls;  p«'rsons  oiH'uly  barten-d  with  one  another,  law- 
yers interviewed  their  clients,  and  in  fact  ShakesiM'are 
mak«'s  FalstiilT  <io  to  St.  Paul's  to  buy  a  horse.  This  use 
was  not  i>eculiar  to  St.  Paul's.    The  naves  of  York  and 


312 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


Durham  were  proinena(U>s  of  fashion ;  thoroughfares  ran 
throujfh  Durliam  and  even  Xorwieh  Cathwli;!).  itself, — 
the  latter  hein},'  <-h>w<l  to  traflie  by  Binliop  (kuK-h  in 
1748;  it  re(|uiriHl  a  »iHTial  canon  to  f(»rbi(I  thureh  war- 
dens holding  ban<)uetH  and  entertainments  in  their 
churehes;  and  one  of  the  iharges  which  tiie  Puritans 
brought  against  Arehbishop  Laud  was  that  he  had  for- 
bidden the  magistrati>M  to  hold  their  court  in  Tewkes- 
bury AblM'.v  Church  on  the  ground  that  it  was  a  couqe- 
cratetl  spot." 


CenitkBtiM't 
gift  to  Jnn- 
ulam 


fi  ^l 


Constantine  was  at  the  head  of  a  vast  empire,  and  his 
ambition  was  to  strengthen  his  ]H>sition  by  every  jHtssi- 
ble  means.  He,  like  other  rulers  of  his  class,  was  ab- 
sorbed in  politics  in  the  vvidest  sense.  Scruples  about 
the  sacredness  of  human  life  did  not  deter  him  from  the 
darkest  (hnnls,  provided  they  would  advan«'e  his  political 
schemes;  nor  was  he  likely  to  be  swayed  by  sentimental 
notions  about  religi«>n  of  any  s«»rt.  To  judge  this  great 
man  by  any  other  rule  is  to  misjudge  him.  To  assert 
that  he  was  a  devout  Christian  intent  only  on  the  propa- 
gation of  the  new  faith  is  to  assert  what  is  unhistorical 
and  incorrect.  To  claim  that  under  the  guise  of  a  Chris- 
tian he  was  still  and  only  a  Pagan  is  e<|ually  wrong. 
The  fact  is  that  Constantine  was  first  and  foremost  a 
piditician.  Sec»mdly,  all  his  education  and  mental 
training  had  been  Pagan.  It  was  only  late  in  life  that 
he  gave  any  siMH-ial  attention  to  Christianity. 

In  judging  of  particular  acts,  as  the  murd(>r  of  a  rival, 
we  must  ask  what  iN)litical  puriMtse  it  would  serve.  In 
eriH-ting  a  basilica  we  must  ask,  not  what  he  knew  about 
or  cartMl  for  Chrislinnity,  but  hitw  far  it  would  please 
tlu'  iidialiitants  of  any  given  city  <>r  province. 

Jerusalem  at  this  time,  A.i».  .*i2",  was  neither  wealthy 
nor  powerful,  and  it  was  only  in  jiart  a  Christian  city. 
Jndea  Capta  ceased  with  Hadrian,  .\.i>.  i:{(!,  and  iElia 
Capit(dina  lasted  from  this  date  to  a.d.  'J.'>0  or  a  little 
later.    From  .\.i).  7(1  until  a.h.  :!.'{(».  Jews,  Ciiristians,  and 


.         if 


KASILICA 


313 


PaganH  had,  for  niucli  of  tin-  tiino,  lived  togi'tlici-  in 
.It'ni«al«'in  as  tli«'y  liad  tlirou},'liout  Palostiiio.  Wliat 
tlu\v  lUHih'*!  was  a  sjtacioiis  iiiarkct-platc  in  tlit'ir  cliicf 
city,  an  ajiora,  fornni,  a  Imsilica.  Tlif  {;ift  «»f  a  basilica- 
uiaiket  would  Im'  a  tivvat  Innm  to  tlio  inhabitants  of 
Jerusjik'ni  and  the  jM-ople  of  the  eountr.v  in  jjenera! — 
a  plaie  for  nuH-tiug,  eonferenees,  dis«ussions,  and  for  the 
administration  of  justice  as  well  as  for  buyin}^  and 
BeJliuf,'  merchandise.  Constantine  as  ruler  could  not 
please  one  section  of  his  subjects  at  the  exiH'use  of 
another  swtion  just  as  lo.val.  Then  fore  if,  on  th«'  one 
hand,  he  had  erecte<l  in  Jerusttlem  a  Tafiau  temple  or,  on 
the  other  hand,  a  Christian  house  of  worship,  his  act 
wouKl  have  been  unwis«>,  imiM>litic,  and  would  certainly 
have  given  offence. 

A  royal  command  in  referen  •(>  to  building  any  house 
in  Jerusiilem  must  be  coiisiilert>d  in  the  light  of  these 
conditions;  to  do  otherwise  is  to  violate  historical  princi- 
ples and  to  charge  a  ruler  with  violating  the  priuciples 
of  g(HHl  g(tvernm«'nt.  Fairness  dcmamis  that  Constan- 
tine b<'  regarded  as  a  great  ruier  and  not  as  a  religious 
partisan.  If  we  turn  to  Constantine's  h-tter  of  instruc- 
tions to  Macarius  of  Jerusalem  we  lind  that  he  does  not 
mention  martifriiim,  pitiiicr  liDiixr,  t<mi»h\  vhiirvh.  or 
any  similar  word;  but  only  "basilica."  His  Pagan  edu- 
cation and  cenii.ries  of  usage  by  the  Pagan  nation  to 
which  he  belonged  had  given  this  word  a  fixe<l  nu>aning; 
it  did  not  go  beyond  what  was  universally  known  and 
understocMl  by  a  basilica-market;  it  had  no  reference 
whatever  to  divine  worship.  If  Constantine  said  one 
thing  and  certain  devout  Christians  in  .Ternsjilem  under- 
st«MMl  another  thing.  Constantine  luight  not  to  be  made 
a  party  to  the  misunderstanding. 


TAUT   SI'.CONK 

The  matter  might  be  left  at  ibis  iM)int  were  it  net  for 
the  fa<  t  that  this  period  of  history  is  not  generally  well 
understood  and  is  really  ditlicult  to  understand.     Vol- 


314 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


11':^' 


umes  would  he  rt^quirttl  to  dtt«eribv  tLe  changes  that 
were  taking  plat-e  and  the  t-haracter  of  the  men  and 


•pMUlfM- 

tont.  Con- 

■Untisc,  ,     .  — 

l^ullf *''  ^'**'"***  t^"*  '»»*^*'  "P  the  life  of  the  time.  No  such  for- 
midable tjiHk  is  proiM)8e«l ;  but  a  few  histtirical  data  must 
be  given  to  indicate  the  basis  of  the  general  statements 
already  made. 

Looking  on  the  scene  as  a  whole,  there  stand  out  threi> 
prominent  features,  which  ma.v  be  summarized  us 
follows: 

(1)  Constantine  saw  that  Paganism  was  losing  its 
hold  ujMjn  the  people  of  his  empire  and  Christianity 
gaining  in  proixirtion,  and  for  iwlitical  ends  he  played 
with  both  in  such  a  nmnuer  that  his  a«ts  and  chara<  tor 
are  well-nigh  iH'yond  the  power  of  analysis;  (2)  CI  is- 
tianity  was  loading  itself  with  superstitions  and  relus, 
a  dead  weight  which  for  centuries  afterwards  smothered 
its  spiritual  life;  and  (3)  Eusebius,  the  principal  Chris- 
tian historian  of  that  iMTiod,  was  so  dattnl  by  the  turn 
which  affairs  had  taken  and  by  his  friendly  relations 
(himself  being  witness)  with  the  EmiK'ror  that,  chang- 
ing his  style  to  one  of  affe<tation  and  adulation,  he  has 
made  it  ditticult  for  us  to  trace  historical  events  in  his 
pages  of  tiresome  and  meaningless  eulogy  which  have 
come  down  to  us.  It  is  a  strange  phenomenon  that,  of 
those  most  celebrated  in  history  in  the  art  of  flattering 
a  royal  master,  Eusebius,  a  Christian  bishop,  should 
stand  in  the  first  rank. 


XztnTkguit 
langnig*  of 
ZoMbiiu 


In  <-onfirniation  we  have  only  to  turn  "to  this  his- 
torian's account  of  Constantine  at  the  Council  of  Nicica, 
where  w;-  arc  told  that  "He  passed  thr.uigh  the  midst  iif 
till'  assembly  like  some  hciivculy  messenger  of  (Jo,l 
clolhcd  ill  laiinent  which  glitlereil  with  rays  of  light, 
refh'cting  the  glowing  radiance  of  a  purple  robe  and 
adorned  with  llic  brilliant  s|)lendor  of  gold  .uid  precious 
stones'"  (l.ifr.  iij.  l(t).  llis  person,  the  beauty  of  liis 
form,  his  stafuri>,  his  countenance,  bis  eyes,  his  gait,  liis 
bearing,  his  majestic  dignify,  bis  ini|H'rial  serenity,  the 


Mi 


BASILICA 


315 


tones  of  his  voice  aro  all  pirturt'd  to  us  uh  tliougli  tlie 
person  described  were  more  tliun  liuinau.  From  tiiis  ns 
a  beginning  tlie  wonls  of  praise  increase  in  extrava- 
gance, degree  after  degrw,  until  at  last  Constantine  is 
pronounced  "blessed  and  destiniMl  to  share  the  empire 
of  the  8on  of  <Jod  in  the  world  to  come"  (Lifv,  iv.  48). 
It  is  said  that  Constantine  r«'lmlied  tlie  s|K'aker  for  these 
words.  But  the  addition  of  this  remark  is  itself  a  form 
of  flattery  easily  recognized  by  one  who  is  familiar  with 
Oriental  methods  and  who  realizes  to  what  lengths  the 
worship  of  rank  and  |M)sition  is  carriwl.  This  is  con- 
firmtMl  by  the  fact,  first,  that  Constantine  was  as  famil- 
iar with  the  idea  of  placing  Pagan  emiH-rors  among  the 
gods  as  with  the  commonest  nwtter  of  his  everyday  life, 
and  there  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  such  language 
would  s«'em  to  him  strange  or  out  of  place ;  and  secondly, 
by  another  significant  fact,  that  the  rejtroof,  if  actually 
uttenMl,  did  no  good  w  hatevcr,  since  Eusebius  continued 
the  practice  until  the  end.  An  overmastering  desire  to 
please  a  desiM>tic  ruler  is  not  the  kiml  of  inspiration 
most  netnled  for  the  production  of  sol)er  history.  A 
vast  number  of  Eus»'bius"  sentences,  instead  of  stating  in 
plain  e.xact  language  some  simple  fact  or  event,  are 
designedly  phrased  in  such  a  nuinner  as  to  become  sen- 
ten«es  in  praise  of  Cimstantine.  A  con<ise  narrative  of 
events  is  not  found;  history  is  swallowt-d  up  in  rhetori- 
cal eulogy. 


It  is  essential  to  take  a  closer  view  of  Constantine  sehooiin 
himself.    Heference  has  bwu  maile  to  his  position  at  the  JjJnyn^'^^ 
head  of  the  tComan  empire,  to  his  great  ixtlitical  shrewd-  tr»iB«d 
ness,  or  ability  if  one  prefers  this  term,  and  to  his  life- 
long traininjr  in  Pagan  <iistoms  iind  thonght.     It  was 
a  strange  school  in  which  he  had  sp<  nt  fifty  years  of  his 
life.     He  had  learned  the  art  of  wai-  and  was  a  brave 
and  successful  soldier.    In  a.d.  ;{(IS  Constantine  was  one 
of  six  Cjesars  by  whom  siiiiultan<oiisly  the  empire  was 
governed — (Jalerius.    that    is    Maxiiiiianns    II.    (t;{ll(. 


316 


ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


WiekcdatM  of 
Conitao  tint's 
eollMfuas 


Luinius  I.  (t3l'4),  and  MaxiniiuuH  II.  (t314)  in 
the  East,  and  (.'ouBtantinc,  MaxiiiiiauuH  I.  (t3l0), 
and  MaxontiuH  (t312)  in  the  West.  Ambition  led 
tbette  men  to  seek  each  other's  destruction,  and  in  less 
than  six  years  four  of  them  had  fallen  and  disappeared 
from  the  field  of  conflict,  while  the  two  remaininfj;  ones, 
Constantine  in  the  West  and  Licinius  in  the  East,  at  the 
head  of  jxtwerful  armies,  were  facing  each  other  in  a 
war  of  extermination.  After  two  great  battles  a  tem- 
IHtrary  peace  was  formed,  to  l>e  broken  again  in  a.i>. 
S'SS  by  the  clash  of  arms,  wlien,  after  three  bloody 
engagements,  two  by  laud  and  one  by  sea,  Licinius  was 
crushed  and  Constantine  was  sole  master  of  the  empire. 
For  sixteen  years  (.\.i).  307-3l'3)  the  world  had  been 
tilled  with  battle  and  all  its  accompanying  horrors. 

His  colleagues  in  the  rule  of  the  empire  were  some  of 
tile  most  wickwl  men  known  to  liistory.  Their  indul- 
gence in  lust  and  <lebauchery,  their  gratification  of  the 
basest  jKJssions,  their  terrilile  cruelties,  their  more  than 
brutal  indifference  to  human  life  and  suffering,  made 
tlie  title  "Itoman  Emperor"  the  synonym  for  all  that  is 
revolting  in  vice  or  crime. 

One  of  the  lessons  whidi  Constantine  learne<l  in  this 
school  was  the  methml  of  dealing  with  rivals.  Con- 
«|uertHl  generals  or  van<|uiHlied  princes  must  be  ext»'r- 
minateil.  Near  the  outset  of  liis  career  he  indicated  his 
policy  in  tliis  resjH'ct  l»y  turu'ng  over  captunnl  chief- 
tains fo  wild  lieasts  in  tlie  iirena,  an<l  by  graciously 
allowing  his  father-in-law,  Maximianus  I.  (.v.u.  310), 
whom  he  wishiHl  to  put  out  of  the  way,  to  «li<Mtse  the 
manner  of  his  death.  In  .\.i).  ."{24  he  put  to  death  his 
hrotlu'rin-law  Licinius  I.,  and  in  the  year  .\.i».  .Sl't!  his 
wife  I'austa.  his  son  Crispus,  and  his  nephew  Licinius 
11.  shared  the  siiine  fate.  Licinius  I.  had  likewise  a 
blcMMly  hand,  for  he  murdered  the  wife  and  children  of 
•Maximinus  II..  the  son  of  the  Emiieror  Flavins  Valerius 
Severus,  who  had  perished  in  .v.i».  307,  the  son  of  his 


i     •! 


BASILICA 


317 


friend  and  greatest  l)enefaetur  Maxiniianug  II.,  and  also 
PriHca,  tlie  widow,  and  Valeria,  the  daugliter,  of  the 
Emperor  Dio4-letian.  It  may  Ite  mentioned  tliat  the 
monster  Maxentius  was  also  a  brother-in-law  of  Con- 
stantine  the  Great. 

The  panorama  of  those  times  was  a  succession  of 
scenes  in  which  human  nature  was  exliibited  under  its 
worst  asiwcts,  and  even  at  this  distance  we  cannot  gaze 
upon  that  carnival  of  crime  and  tliose  seas  of  blood 
without  pain  and  liorror.  Amid  such  scenes  and  events 
Constantine  was  trained. 


But  others  had  learned  the  lesson  of  extermination  as  MuiMnM- 
well,  for  almost  before  the  wmnd  of  mourning  for  the  ifCM«untln« 
dead  Emperor  had  died  away  his  "trinity  of  pious 
sons,"  as  Eusebius  calls  them,  Constantine  II.,  Con- 
stantius  II.,  and  Constaus,  aged  resiM'ctivcly  twenty-five, 
twenty,  and  seventeen  years,  had  planned  and  carried 
out  the  massacre  of  nearly  all  the  male  members  of 
the  royal  household  of  Constantius  Clilorus,  the  father 
of  Constantine  the  Great, — the  victims  would  thus  be 
his  brothers  and  nephews, — with  the  exception  of  Fla- 
vins Julius  Galhis,  then  about  twelve  years  of  age,  and 
Julian,  who  iKH-ame  known  as  "the  Apostate,"  who  was 
then  about  six  yi-ars  old.  (iallus  also  was  afterwards 
killed  by  Constantius  11.  The  nuissjicre  included  like- 
wise some  ministers  of  the  State. 

Thus  these  three  men  cli-annl  the  way  for  their  united 
rule  of  the  empire.  Hut  almost  immediately  a  war 
broke  out  between  Constantine  II.  and  Constaus,  in 
whi<ii  the  former  iMMished,  A.n.  :\U).  ('onstaiis.  <if  jirofii- 
gate  cliaracfer  instead  of  "pious,"  perished  In  battle  in 
-v.i).  .'?.■>(>.  And  <'onstantiiis  II.,  after  a  career  stained 
by  treachery,  violence,  and  murder,  died  in  .v.i>.  'Ml.  on 
the  eve  of  a  civil  war  with  Julian,  the  oidy  surviving 
member  of  the  family  of  Coiisiinitius  <Milorus.  Thus 
Julian,  an  avowed  Pagan,  a  iiitinouneed  enemy  of  Chris- 
tianity, a  nephew  of  Constantine  tin-  Great,  and  only 


u  ^ 


318 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


twenty-four  years  after  bin  death,  came  to  the  throne, 
the  sole  ruler  of  the  empire,  and  with  him,  had  the  life 
of  the  young  woman  In-en  spared  one  year  longer,  would 
have  sat  as  his  queen  his  wife  Helena,  Coustantine's 
youngest  daughter,  who  was  therefore  the  first  cousin 
of  her  husband. 


fkUor*  of 
MMapUd 
aaioaof 
<Aw«haad 


S*t    did  kad 
i3i«r»:ed 


What  changes  a  few  years  may  bring  about.  Eusebius, 
sp<'aking  of  Coustantine's  dividing  his  empire  l)etween 
his  three  sons,  says  that  "he  bad  been  careful  to  imbue 
them  with  true  religious  principles,  being  himself  their 
guide  to  the  knowknlge  of  sacred  things.     He  admon- 
ished his  sons  to  ftdlow  his  pious  course.    He  requeste<l 
them  to  profess  themselves  disciples  of  Christ.     Thus 
trained  and  excited  to  obe<lience,  his  sons  more  than  ful- 
fllbnl  the  admonitions  of  their  father"  ( Lifr,  iv.  51,  52). 
X)ne  can  feel  only  pity  f«.r  the  venerable  bishop  and 
hop*'  that  his  last  days  were  not  sadden«>d  by  the  turn 
which  affairs  had  taken.    Poor  Eusebius,— the  visions  of 
IH'ace  and  glory  for  the  Church  which  he  was  sure  would 
Ik'  realized  through  the  union  of  it  with  the  temporal 
might  of  the  empire  were  not  destiniHl  to  be  fultilUnl. 
Then  and  since,  how  di.sapiM>inting  this  dream.    Hut  the 
sliield  of  the  State  over  the  Church,  however  well  inten- 
tioncd,  n«'vcr  changed  the  characters  of  men,  never  trans- 
forna-d  them  into  the  likeness  of  Christ. 

ronstantine's  attitude  towards  Paganism  could  not 
pussilily  lijivc  lirt-n  that  of  one  who  was  born  a  Chris- 
tian ami  who  had  all  his  life  Imh'h  familiar  with  Chris- 
liiiii  feeling  and  thought;  it  was  rather  (me  of  severity 
ayninst  its  abuses,  anil  not  so  decidwlly  against  the  sys- 
tem itself.  This  se«'ms  to  be  a  fair  interpretaticm  of  iiiH 
words  and  actions.  In  many  Pagan  t«'mples  licentious- 
ness iiad  lieeomea  itrominent  feature,  and  this  fact  made 
them  repugnant  to  Constantine  and  to  a  large  |M)i-tion  of 
his  l';is;iui  snlijeets  jis  well.  This  is  continued  by  what 
is  said  of  the  Venus  Temple  at  Aphaca   (the  modern 


BASILICA 


819 


Afka)  In  the  Lebanon  (Uff,  iii.  53).  Some  of  the  em- 
perors who  rulwl  conteniiwraneouHly  with  Constantine 
were  notorious  for  lust  and  debautherj,  as,  for  one 
example  among  many,  Lioiuius,  whose  eondutt  is  re- 
ferretl  to  in  Life,  i.  55.  But  no  charges  of  a  similar 
nature  can  Iw  preferred  aRuinst  Constantine,  who  is 
even  mentitmeil  as  "the  protintor  of  the  virtuous" 
{Hint.,  X.  9).  These  moral  pest-houses  were  a  public 
disgrace  and  their  existence  was  a  rtflittion  uptm  the 
t'hanu-ter  »»f  Constantine's  rule ;  he  therefore  as  a  mat- 
ter of  prudence  to«»k  steps  t<»  have  them  destroyeil  as 
soon  as  their  existen«-e  was  brought  to  his  notice,  for 
in  manv  instances  they  had  establishinl  themselves  in 
s«Tlud«l  places  {lAfv.  iii.  52,  55).  This  action  on  the 
part  of  Constantine  was  for  the  general  go(Ml  of  his 
empire,  and  it  was  perfectly  natural  that  Christians 
should  assert  that  the  Emp<>ror  slmred  their  feelings 
witii  regard  to  idolatry  and  that  zeal  for  Christianity 
was  his  only  motive.  This,  however,  is  claiming  too 
much  and  asserting  what  cannot  he  proved;  for  had 
Constantine  undertaken  boldly  to  nsit  out  Paganism  as 
a  system  instead  of  corr«H-ting  its  shameful  abus<>s,  the 
vast  majority  of  his  subj«'<ts  would  have  risen  in  pro- 
test against  his  action ;  and  he  was  too  shrewd  a  ruler 
to  have  involve*!  himself  in  such  a  catastrophe.  Were 
it  needtnl,  there  is  alinndanr  evidence  liiat  his  iK)licy  was 
to  c<mciliate  all  tlie  dilYcrent  parties  in  his  empire;  jtre- 
venting  the  ]H>rsecution  of  Christians  and  granting  to 
them  many  privileges  on  the  one  hand ;  and  on  the  other 
encouraging  in  a  variety  of  ways  the  obi  regime  in  which 
he  had  lieeii  born  and  brought  up,  for  example  by  IwH-om- 
iiig  I'ontifex  .Maximus  or  High  Priest  of  the  Pagan 
rcliuion,  by  using  the  names  of  .love,  .Mars,  anil  Sol  on 
his  coin.s,  and  by  naming  the  Lord's  Ihiy  Dies  Soli — Day 
of  the  Sun-goii. 

It  seems  clear  that  toleration  to  both  the  old  and  new 
religi(ms  was  a  nmrked  feature  in  Constantine's  nile; 
heme  the  tiltliy  and  degrading  rites  of  Paganism  were 


!  ; 

J* 

tl 
l> 

\ 

i' 
%■- 


m 


m 


820 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


HuppresMHl  on  tlio  (in*-  hand,  and  on  the  other  certain 
heresieH  that  were  notoriouHl.v  detrimental  to  the  puldie 
Ko<h1  were  treatwJ  in  the  Hanie  manner  (Life.  li.  3«,  «0; 
iii.  (U,  il'i). 

From  tlie  very  outwt  of  hiH  career  ('on«tautine  was 
tolerant  of  the  CliristianH,  and  h»'  urgtil  Home  of  hia 
colleaRueM  to  adopt  the  Hiniie  wise  conrtte;  but  the  motive 
whi«h  intlueneed  tlie  Paxau  mind  was  politim,  and  not 
/»"■///.  In  the  jjreat  strujjKlt'n  of  the  time  men  and  money 
were  ni^nled,  and  »o  long  ax  liiH  C'hriHtian  HubjectH  wen* 
go<Kl  citizenH,  to  recognize  them  would  preatly  Htrengthen 
a  ruler'8  handn,  and  only  blindncHH  or  bigotry  would  pre- 
vent a  sovereign  from  calling  to  hiu  aid  this  source  of 
pi)wer. 


iTmttin 
Jwualtm 
A.D.  8S«- 
A.D.SU 


I 


If  some  wise,  pious,  and  just  king  of  England,  who 
had  liwn  nurtunnl  in  (Miristian  influences  and  hud  siH'ut 
all  his  life  amid  Christian  institutions,  should  direct 
that  in  a  certain  place  a  church  bi'  ere<ted  and  solemnly 
diHlicated  to  divine  worship,  and  his  devout,  believing 
subj«Hts  should  carry  out  his  conunands,  the  entire  pro- 
ciH'ding  would  seem  to  us  natural  and  all  the  circum- 
stances would  be  clearly  comprehendtHl  by  the  simplest 
mind.  It  is  surprising  to  find  that  many  writers  fully 
believe  such  to  have  In-en  the  conditions  existing  in 
Palestine  when  the  building  was  erecteil  in  a.i».  IWO  «>n 
the  site  (»f  the  prewnt  Holy  Sepulchre.  There  could  not. 
however,  be  a  greater  mistake.  Not  a  single  item  in  this 
illustration  was  true  of  Constantine.  of  his  empire,  of 
his  subjects,  or  of  Jerusalem. 

Nevertheless,  an  ev<'nt  is  alleged  !o  have  oc<-urretl  at 
Jerusjilem  in  the  year  of  our  I./ord  :)'2H  which  has  siirn-d 
the  entire  Christian  world.  The  most  prominent  wit- 
nesses in  this  case  are  Euseliius  and  Constantine  the 
Cireat.  It  was  necessjiry  to  look,  as  has  Iwvn  done,  at  the 
hist<u-y  of  the  times  in  which  they  lived  and  to  read  some 
of  its  characteristic  cliajiters  before  we  turned  our  atten- 
tion to  the  edifice  in  the  Holy  City  which  has  bwn  the 


BASILICA 


8fl 


rentre  of  such  univt-rtial  interest  liecauw  U  w  olnlnu'd 
U»  (tiver  the  veritable  tomb  where  the  Inuly  of  JeHUH  wuh 
laid. 


ThiH  work  of  EuHebiuH  contninH  all  tliat  he  liaM  written  "uiiiotcem- 
on  the  itlitiee  at  JeruH«leiii  ami  Im  therefore  of  (»reut  •""'*■•' 
value.  EtiHebiiiH  ilieil  in  a. it.  34i>  anil  ConNtantine  iu  A.l». 
3;{7,  and  it  in  iK'twtH-n  tiietk'  two  »lates  that  thin  work  \s 
UHuall.v  i>lat«'<l.  There  in  k'xmI  evidenee,  however,  that  it 
wan  written,  in  lar}je  part  eertainl.v,  before  the  Eniper- 
or'M  death,  for  fidlowin^;  i in nie<l lately  upon  that  event 
waM  the  inaHKat-re  of  the  royal  houHehold,  after  which 
o«-eurrenee  no  hiHtorian  in  Ids  right  mind  would  have 
written  as  EnsebiuH  liaH  done  of  Constantine'H  HonH.  It 
MHMiiH  probable,  further,  that  had  tiie  Lifv  1k>i>u  written 
entirely  after  ('ouHtantineV  death  some  thingH  whieh 
it  now  eontaiuH  would  have  lu'en  omitte<l,  and  the  style 
would  have  Invn  (juite  ditTerent  from  what  we  find  it 
to  Ik*,  a  person  relattnl  to  royalty  as  Eusebius  was  to 
Constantine  din's  not  wait  till  his  master  whom  he 
regards  with  semi-idolatry  is  deati  before  he  thinks 
of  a  biography;  he  ha8  the  materials  ready  un»ler  bia 
hand. 

The  Life  contains  a  nnmlMT  of  letters  and  documents 
purjMtrting  to  come  from  Constantine  himself,  and  it  is 
noticeable  that  all  these,  with  the  cxcepticm  of  one  let- 
ter addri'sstnl  to  the  king  of  Persia,  iM'rtain  to  matters 
in  the  East,  cliieHy  Syria,  Palestine,  and  Egypt.  ludeetl, 
so  far  as  the  l.if)'  is  cimcerned  th«'re  is  very  little  in  it 
t«»  remind  us  that  Europe  and  Africa,  with  their  vast 
an'as  and  interests,  even  existed.  A  great  part  of  it  is 
oc<u|>ic<l  with  matters  that  jHTsonally  com-ern  Eusebius 
and  his  ]M'rsonal  relations  to  his  royal  master.  One 
may  remark  that  there  are  no  toncln's  of  grief  hen'  and 
there,  as  there  must  have  be«>n  had  the  work  bei-n  written 
after  <"(mstaiif im-'s  departure;  also  that  the  vanity  of 
Eusebius  ap])ears  on  every  jiage,  which  feature  can  be 
easily  uuderstcHKl  when  looked  at  from  an  Oriental  point 


.! 


822 


ANCIENT  JEKU8ALEM 


ilth 


i. 


of  vIpw;  anil  a{;ain  that  roDHtuntiuc  iilwa.VH  and  on  all 
(MH-attitttiM  a(lvim>M  p«iu««.  One  mn  readily  iindenttand 
that  he  van  tirwl  of  war,  l»ut  that  t i  nn«>t  explain  th»' 
reaMOD  of  thi-t*'  many  adnionltlonH.  Ah  >  \N>litic  ruler  he 
knew  that  any  quarri'lH,  eH|M>*ially  liiuer  umtt,  were 
detrimental  to  thi'  k«mmI  order  of  hix  empire  an*!  mi(iht 
lead  to  very  MeriouM  r«>iiultH,  therefore  any  meaHuri>H  to 
prevent  or  allay  Hueh  quarrelH  would  t<'nd  to  muke  hio 
rule  eaxier. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  titles  of  the  ehaptoni  in 
EuNeliiuH*  lAfc  of  ('niinUiiit'nic  were  not  written  by  him- 
self but  by  a  later  hand,  and  therefore  Hhould  not  influ- 
ence one'H  ju»l>rnient  of  the  text;  in  jjeneral  they  hIiouUI 
Ik'  ijinortMl.  Morwver,  the  tcHtimony  of  the  text  is  not 
ulwayK  eonniNtent  with  itself,  as,  to  mention  a  few 
examples,  when  Helena  is  to  Ik"  praised,  xhv  built  the 
fhunhes  at  Hethlehem  and  on  the  Mount  of  ( Hives ;  when 
Coiistantine  is  to  Is-  praistnl,  he  built  these  ehunhes. 
Again,  wlien  Helena  is  to  Ih'  praise<l  she,  "thrice  hU>ssed 
woman,"  "passi-tl  the  whole  {M-riod  of  her  life  in  oImhH- 
ence  to  the  divine  pre<-epts";  when  Constantine  is  to  lie 
praise<l,  he  converted  his  "pious  mother."  Again  Con- 
stantine's  letter  concerning  Hebron  was,  according  to 
the  text  of  the  same,  written  Ut  Macarius;  but  in  the 
pre<eding  chapter  Kusebius  dinlares  that  it  was  written 
to  hims«'lf  {lAfe,  iii.  43,  4ti,  47,  51,  52;  Oration,  ix, 
Ki,  17). 


SlMOTtry  tx 

mIMk 

HiTMl* 


Constantine  was  writing  from  a  distance,  probably 
from  some  i>lac«-  in  Eurois-,  as  Constantinople  had  not 
at  that  time  Iteen  rebuilt.  He  had  lieen  infornuHl  of 
some  events  that  had  taken  pla<e  in  Jerusalem  and  of 
the  cliaracter  of  a  p.irf  i<ular  relic  that  had  Is-en  brought 
to  light.  .\  Christian  in  modern  times  cannot  realize 
how  much  till'  annonncciiient  of  a  new  relic  meant  to  a 
Cliristian  of  the  fmirtli  ceiitury  of  our  era.  A  passi«m 
fcr  relics  had  .seized  flie  Christians  nf  that  iH-riod.  since 
it  was  thought  that  l)y  means  of  them  Christianity  was 


BASILICA 


323 


r(inflnne<!.  flenre  the.v  w«'r««  imuKht  for,  tliHcovercd,  and 
"inveutwl"  fill  thfir  nutiilxr  wan  HurpriMiiij;,  and  for 
nioHt  of  tht'ni  it  whm  <luiiiu-<l  that  tlii'.v  poMm'Mw*!  efflea- 
liouH  iM>wcrM  8Ufli  UM  imrt"  n'lijrioij  ih-ilant*  Mhould  never 
In>  aiM-ril)ed  to  wimnI  auil  MtoiK*. 

WhetluT  in  defen  nre  to  tliiM  wntinient  or  not  we  do 
not  know,  hut  in  tlie  ttrttt  wMit»>nre  «)f  Iuh  letter  he  de- 
elarew  thin  dim-overy  to  Ik-  niir.iciilouH.  "The  nature  of 
thiM  iiiinule  an  far  tranwentln  the  «-a|»a(it.v  of  human 
nuiHon  aH  heavenly  thinjiH  are  HuiH-rior  to  human  affairH.'' 
Thin  idea  in  diffewnt  laii^;uap'  in  reiH-attnl  thnt-  times 
in  tlu-  hrief  Hpace  of  the  ttr«t  wction  of  Imh  letter.  The 
EmiKTor  acIdH,  "thuH  daily  l»y  fresh  wonders  the  truth 
iH  beinn  eonfirnuNl."  Thin  from  nneh  hij;h  authority  Ih  a 
picture  of  how  the  Church  waH  then  loadiuj?  itwlf  with 
thew  bunleuH.  In  le«H  than  twenty  yeanr  after  thig 
letter  waH  written  the  "truth  was  confirmtMl"  l»y  another 
"miracle."  namely,  the  "flndinj;  of  the  Oohh." 

The  cave  whi«h  had  Ikh-u  found  hud  "remaituil  un- 
known for  a  loHfT  series  of  yeai-s."  The  tindinj;  of  it  was 
a  "miracle  of  surprisinj;  nuijinitude."  Therefore  the 
place  could  not  have  been  jtreviously  known.  Since  the 
re<overy  was  unmistakably  miraculous  it  could  not  Iw 
Httribute<l  to  hunmn  fon-sifiht  and  skill.  To  assert, 
therefore,  that  the  place  was  well  known  and  that  all 
that  was  re^iuinnl  was  to  di<:  at  that  {Mtint  in  order  to 
bring  the  "sacrinl  cave"  to  li<;ht,  is  absurd  and  contni- 
«licts  the  historical  n-conls.  Constantim-'s  statement  is 
<-onHrnMHl  by  that  of  Eusebius.  who  says  that  "contrary 
to  all  exp<>ctation  the  place  was  nHoveretl."  If  it  is 
thought  n«H-essjiry  to  illustrate  this  we  may  suppow  that 
a  famous  statue  htxl  Imh-h  buried  at  a  certain  point;  men 
knew  the  place  |M'rfectly  well ;  for  a  long  j)eriod  they  had 
not  lte«'n  able  to  dig  so  as  to  re««»ver  the  statue;  this  at 
last  was  made  possible,  the  e.\-avating  was  done,  and  the 
statue  W!is  recovennl.  This  would  be  a  simple  matter 
and  would  occasion  no  surprise,  any  more  than  it  would 
to  draw  from  a  bank  a  sum  of  monev  which  we  knew 


II 


li- 

f 

Is- 
S; 


S' 


MKtOCOrV  RBOtunON  TBT  CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


1.0 


11.25 


1^  ^ 

1^ 

b 

I2£ 

k.Ult 

li^ 

u_ 

11.6 

A 


4    APPLIED  I^A/C3E    Inc 


1653   east   Mom   Stmt 

Rothesler,   H§*   York         '*609       USA 

(716)   •52  -  0300  -  Phof>« 

(7!6)   288  -  M89  -  Fa« 


8S4 


ANCIENT   JEHUSALEM 


existed  there  as  belonjiing  to  us,  although  it  had  been 
lying  in  the  banlc  for  a  long  period.  Men  in  their  senses 
would  not  say  that  "the  recovery  of  the  statue  was  con- 
trary to  all  exiiectation,"  nor  would  they  say  that  this 
was  "a  miracle  as  far  transcending  the  capacity  of 
human  reason  as  heavenly  things  are  superior  to  human 
affairs." 


HowtUs 
mineulou 
Taeovery  wu 
mad*  ponibU 


At  the  beginning  of  his  letter,  after  mentioning  the 
"miracle"  of  the  recovery  of  the  cave,  he  introduces  a 
circumstance  which  alone  had  made  it  possible  for  the 
recovery  to  be  made,  and  says :  "It  has  been  accomplished 
by  the  removal  of  him  who  was  the  common  enemy  of 
all."  Some  writers  assert  that  the  reference  is  to  Licin- 
ius  II.,  who  was  put  to  death  in  a.d.  326.  But  at  that 
time  he  was  a  mere  lad  of  eleven  years;  and  for  other 
reasons  as  well  as  this  the  suggestion  is  not  a  good  one. 
Nor  could  it  be  to  his  son  Crispus,  against  which  theory 
there  are  valid  reasons.  Licinius  I.  was  the  great  enemy 
of  Constantiue,  who  once  speaks  of  his  powerful  oppo- 
nent after  the  latter's  downfall  as  "that  serpent  now 
driven  by  God's  providence  from  the  administration  of 
public  affairs."  Again  he  says,  "I  removwl  the  common 
enemy  of  mankind"  (Life.  ii.  40,  fifi).  It  is  quite  cer- 
tain that  this  is  the  person  referred  to  in  Constantine's 
letter  as  "the  common  enemy  of  all."  He  had  been  put 
to  death  by  Constantine  in  A.D.  324. 

Here  we  have  the  recovery  of  the  so-called  "sacred 
cave,"  Jerusalem  stirred  by  the  event,  the  news  going 
out  to  the  ends  of  the  earth,  Constantino  declaring  this 
to  be  one  of  the  greatest  of  miracles,  and  in  this  presence 
and  in  the  same  breath  boasting  of  the  death  of  a  rival. 
There  is  something  incongruous  in  thus  associating  the 
two  events. 

The  picture  is  a  sad  one;  the  Emperor  stands  deeply 
shadowi'd  by  the  sjjirit  of  Paganism,  the  Church  is  listen- 
ing to  voices  crying  "lo  here."  "lo  there"  is  Christ,  turn- 
ing its  face  away  from  its  risen  Lord,  and  wearying 


BASILICA 


325 


itself  in  the  effort  of  seeking  eomfort,  lifflit,  and  strength 
from  an  empty  eave. 

Perhaps  the  enthusiasm  of  Coiistantine  over  a  new- 
found relic  can  he  ae<'<mnted  for  in  a  natural  way.  Two 
years  before,  he  had  i)nt  to  death  his  brother-in-law 
Lieinius  I.,  the  year  of  his  writing  this  letU'r  he  had 
eaused  to  be  murdered  his  wife  Fausta,  his  nephew 
Lieinius  II.,  and  his  son  Crispus.  To  say  that  his  sub- 
jeets  looketl  on  uneoncerniHlly  while  these  murders  were 
taking  place  is  to  say  that  they  were  sunk  to  the  depths 
of  savagery.  Could  his  Christian  subjects  have  wit- 
nessed the  spectacle  with  any  feelings  but  thost>  of  hor- 
ror? If  they  were  men,  if  they  were  followers  of  (.'hrist, 
they  must  have  been  shocke«l  by  recent  events  in  which 
their  emperor  was  the  chief  participant.  This  feeling 
must  be  allayed.  The  occurrence  in  .lerusalem  was 
most  opportune  for  the  purpose,  and  the  reasoning 
would  be  as  follows :  "The  greatest  enthusiasm  must  be 
shown  on  account  of  the  alleged  discovery;  it  must  be 
declare*!  to  be  a  stupendous  miracle;  it  must  be  pro- 
claimed that  the  discovery  was  facilitated,  indee<l  made 
possible,  by  the  putting  to  death  of  these  royal  persons ; 
and  thus  my  Christian  subjects  in  their  joy  at  finding 
the  'sacrwl  cave'  may,  in  view  of  these  considerations, 
judge  more  leniently  of  my  crimes."  In  the  lives  of 
kings  and  despots  how  often  has  it  happene<l  that  power 
built  up  and  reacheil  by  cruel  and  unscrupulous  policy 
has  been  in  need  of  an  excuse  for  desperate  deetls. 


That  the  letter  of  Constantine  may  have  its  full  weight  comtantine* 

,      .       ,  .^  .     ,  ^        '  letter an- 

an  analysis  of  it  is  here  presented :  aijnd 


Ch.  xxx. 

No  language  can  describe  the  miracle. 

A   monument   long  hidden  and   unknown   has  been 

recovered. 
IJeason  stated  wliy  it  had  not  Iteen  found  iK'fore. 
The  finding  of  this  was  a  miracle. 


t  i 


.^4 


IDIIfjl 


326 


ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


This  miracle  transcondH  tlie  capacity  of  liuiuau 
reaHOD  as  far  as  divine  things  surpass  huuiau 
affairs. 

Thus  daily,  by  fresh  miravles,  the  truth  is  established. 

As  miracles  multiply  .  .  .  zeal  shuuld  increase. 

This  sacred  spot  the  writer  wi..hes  to  adorn. 

The  weight  of  idol  worship  upon  it  has  been  removed. 

This  spot  was  always  holy  in  God's  sight. 

Now  holier  than  ever  because  it  brought  to  light  the 
assurance  of  the  salutary  sutfering. 

Ch.  xxxi. 
All  necessary  provision  to  be  made  that  the  proposed 

structure  be  the  finest  in  the  world. 
OflBcers  instructed  as  to  erection  of  the  building  and 

furnishing  materials  and  workmen. 
Report  to  be  sent  to  the  writer,  of  marbles,  columns, 

and  other  things  needed. 

Ch.  xxxii. 
Asks  about  the  kind  of  roof  or  ceiling, 
liocal  governors  to  be  notified  as  to  workmen  and 

money  re<iuircd. 
Report  to  be  sent  to  the  writer  as  to  marbles,  columns, 

and  ceiling. 


As  to  the  character  of  this  letter  there  is  ground  for 
more  than  one  opinion.  It  is  certainly  a  very  strange 
way  in  which  to  write  on  a  matter  of  business.  If  the  . 
five  chapters  preceding  chapter  xxx.  (xxv.  to  xxix. 
inclusive)  are  closely  examined  it  becomes  evident  that 
they  could  most  naturally  have  been  written  after  the 
letter  of  ("onstantine  reached  .Jerusalem.  Hints,  sug- 
gestions, and  individual  sentences  in  the  letter  are  taken 
as  a  basis  and  expanded  iis  is  frecjuently  done  in  modern 
journalism.  Notably,  chapter  xxix.  is  simply  an  expan- 
sion of  some  hints  or  expressicms  in  the  letter  itself. 
For  a  single  sp<'citi(atiitn  this  sentence  may  be  taken: 
"I  have  disencumbered  the  spot  of  the  lieavy  weight  of 


BASILICA 


327 


foul  idol  worship."  Nearly  all  of  chapter  xxvi.,  which 
i»  a  Dg  one,  and  all  of  chapter  xxvii.,  are  nothing  more 
or  less  than  an  elaboration  of  this  brief  statement  of 
the  letter  precisely  in  the  manner  of  a  modern  editor. 
As  "hea^'y  weight"  is  mentioned,  (»ne  part  of  the  enlarg- 
ing process  would  be  to  describe  what  it  was  and  h()W 
it  came  there.  This  occupies  at  least  one-half  of  chapter 
xxvi.  But  Eusebius  shows  that  he  is  enlarging  a  hint 
and  not  writing  history  when  he  explains  who  it  was 
that  piled  up  here  the  great  accumulatitm  of  earth  and 
rubbish.  There  is  a  tradition  that  Hadrian  did  it,  but 
Eusebius  does  not  mention  it  nor  does  he  mention  the 
name  of  that  emperor,  who  lived  200  years  before  him. 
Eusebius  constantly  uses  the  plural,  "impious  men," 
"impious  and  godless  persons,"  "impious  and  wicked 
men,"  and  through  them  "the  whole  race  of  evil  spirits" 
sought  by  this  means  to  obliterate  all  traces  of  the  burial 
place  of  Christ.  This  is  talking  at  random  without  any 
attempt  to  give  specific  information.  The  writer  shows 
that  he  was  entirely  ignorant  as  to  how  this  mound  came 
to  exist  at  this  particular  point. 

The  last  clause  of  chapter  xxix.  seems  to  have  been 
suggested  by  a  special  motive,  and  as  it  sheds  light  on 
the  affairs  of  the  tinie  must  be  considered  by  itself.  At 
that  time,  both  in  the  Pagan  and  the  Christian  worlds, 
there  were  many  who  doubted  the  sincerity  of  Constan- 
tine's  profession  of  Christianity.  Eusebius  was  aware  of 
this  feeling,  which  the  shocking  events  that  had  just 
transpired,  and  in  which  Constantine  was  directly  in- 
volved, had  not  tended  to  allay;  and  it  was  necessary  for 
him  to  make  his  master's  positi(m  clear  if  possible.  This 
he  attempted  by  saying  of  the  letter  of  Constantine  that 
"in  it  he  clearly  asserted  the  saving  doctrine  of  the 
faith."  If  he  had  said  nothing,  suspicion  would  not 
have  been  aroused.  The  act  of  his  making  this  state- 
ment disclosed  his  anxiety  in  the  matter.  This,  because 
it  meets  the  conditions,  is  the  most  reasonable  explana- 
tion of  this  strange  remark. 


ii'i 


328 


ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


TtmplH  of 
Tanu  im- 
monlplaoM 


I- 


It  is  allegeil  tliut  a  Venus  temple  was  ereeted  by  the 
Pagans  over  the  burial  plaie  tif  Je«u«  in  order  to  give 
offente  to  the  ChriHtians.  No  one  »4UppoHe8  that  they 
were  too  geutle  or  too  kind-hearted  to  have  annoyed 
Christians  in  this  manner.  But  if  tln-y  ihose  this  way  of 
annoying  their  neighlM)rs  was  it  necessary  for  their  pur- 
pose to  build  a  great  mound  of  earth  sueh  as  Eusebius 
describes,  involving  enormous  expense?  Had  the  al- 
leged temple  been  erecteil  on  the  spot  as  a  sign  of 
reproach  to  the  Christians  it  would  have  servwl  another 
purpose,  namely,  to  mark  the  place  of  Christ's  burial. 
If  this  was  so  then  the  place  was  certainly  known.  But 
both  Eusebius  and  Constantine  assert  that  the  place  was 
not  known.  Therefore  If  a  Venus  temple  stcMHl  at  this 
point,  since  it  was  not  a  memorial  indicating  the  locality 
of  the  grave  of  Christ,  its  existence  must  be  accounted 
for  in  some  other  way. 

It  has  been  assertetl  that  the  coins  of  Jerusalem  in 
the  Komau  period,  a.i».  13(5  and  a  century  or  more  later, 
show  on  them  a  temple  of  Venus.  When  attention  first 
began  to  be  paid  to  the  lionuin  coins  of  Jerusalem  this 
was  thought  to  be  true;  but  later  investigation  has 
proved  that  no  coins  bearing  the  temple  and  figure  of 
Venus  exist.  Some  of  the  coins  of  this  period  show  a 
temple  of  Jupiter  which  is  said  lo  have  stood  on  the 
site  of  the  Jewish  Temple. 

It  must  be  remembertnl  thai  ^  enus  temples  had  be- 
come notorious  as  places  of  immoral  rites,  and  that 
therefore  the  Emperor  and  all  the  best  people  of  the 
empire  had  demanded  that  they  be  destroyed.  All  such 
temples,  whether  at  Jerusalem  or  elsewhere,  would  be 
included  in  the  general  proscription. 

The  removing  of  the  earth  and  rubbish  over  the  cave  at 
Jerusalem  is  a  special  feature  of  the  account;  and  it 
is  to  be  noticed  that  a  similar  trouble  was  encountered  at 
Tyre  when,  a  few  years  earlier,  the  church  was  built  in 
that  city.  In  bis  record  of  that  event  Eusebius  says, 
"It  deserves  to  be  mentioned  first  of  all  that  the  site" 


ii: 


BASILICA 


32U 


where  they  wishetl  to  build  "had  been  covered  with  ull 
sorts  of  rubl)ish  by  the  artifices  of  our  enemies."  But, 
"not  deterred  by  tlie  wickedness  of  those  who  had 
brought  about  this  condition  of  thiujjs,"  it  was  decided 
to  build  upon  that  site,  although  "another  might  have 
been  chosen  where  the  labor  of  preparing  it  would  have 
been  less"  (hint.,  x.  4,  Par.  HO).  It  seems  strange 
that  both  at  Jerusalem  and  at  Tyre  the  enemies  of  the 
Christians  should  have  piled  up  rubbish  at  certain  points 
with  the  design  of  annoying  them. 


As  Constantine  and  Eusebius  are  the  witnesses  imme-  Hatawofthe 
diately  concerncnl,  it  is  proper  to  U)ok  to  them  for  evi-  '  ^***  "^ 
dence   as   to   what    was   really   brought   to   light   or 
"recovered"  in  Jerusalem  in  the  year  a.d.  320. 

The  four  Evangelists  are  uuanimcms  in  saying  that 
the  botly  of  Jesus  was  laid  in  a  tomb  that  had  been  hewn 
out  of  the  rock.  The  cutting  of  a  private  or  family  tomb 
out  of  the  solid  rock  was,  in  those  days,  one  of  the  com- 
monest acts  of  life,  and  hundreds  of  such  tombs  still 
exist  in  the  hillsides  of  Palestine.  The  common  New 
Testament  word  for  tomb,  used  in  this  case  by  each  of 
the  Evangelists,  is  miiccmvion,  fivr/neioy. 

Outside  the  New  Testament  there  are  several  Greek 
words  which  may  be  used  for  tombs  or  in  connection 
with  them  as  follows:  thrckix,  Br/xtf,  chest,  box  for 
money,  grave,  vault.  Miianiu  and  mnccmcion,  fivtjua, 
fivtjuttov,  memorial,  monument  for  the  dead.  These 
words  are  nearly  similar  in  meaning.  ISccma,  atj^a, 
grave,  tomb,  gravestone.  Taphos  or  tai^hic,  racpoi, 
Ta<ptf,  a  burial,  and  in  the  plural  a  burial  place.  Mur- 
turia  and  marturinn , naprvpta,  naftrvpiov,  witness,  tes- 
timony, evidence,  a  place  (»f  nmrtyrs.  Martyrium  is  the 
Latin  form  meaning  the  same  thing.  Marturion  is  used 
for  martyrdom.  "Marturium  was  also  a  chapel  erected 
in  honor  of  a  martyr  or  saint"  (Sophocles).  One  or 
more  of  these  Greek  words  may  mean  the  sign — stone, 
mound,   monument,   or  whatever  the  sign   nmy  have 


ii' 


I 


"   i 

l 
i 

i      T 


t    *• 


if 
I  k 

I  r 

1    I 

!  I 

i  r 


880 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


been — which  marks  a  tomb  as  well  as  the  tomb  itself. 
The  Latin  word  "sepulchrum"  means  any  kind  of  tomb 
in  which  the  body  or  bones  of  a  human  being  are 
laid. 

None  of  the  Greek  words  mentioned  have  any  connec- 
tion whatever  with  caves.  If  we  turn  to  the  Latin  we 
find  that  none  of  the  words  meaning  cave  appear  to  have 
any  reference  to  a  tomb.  The  Greek  word  antron, 
avTpov,  means  cave,  grotto,  "a  haunt  of  the  nymphs 
and  woodland  pods,"  but  it  has  no  reference  to  a  tomb, 
sepulchre,  or  place  of  burial.  In  both  the  Greek  and 
Latin  languages  the  distinction  between  tomb  and  cave 
is  wide  and  unmistakable. 

Eusebius  makes  frequent  use  of  the  word  sooteerioa, 
eooTtjptoi,  applying  it  to  a  great  variety  of  objects.  It 
means  deliverance  or  saving,  and  is  generally  rendered 
by  aalutari/.  Thus,  to  give  a  few  examples,  omitting 
the  Greek  words,  we  have  salutary  cave,  martyr  place, 
victory,  sign,  resurrection,  doctrine,  feast,  suffering, 
knowledge,  and  faith  or  late. 

In  his  account  of  what  was  found  in  Jerusalem,  Euse- 
bius uses  the  word  antron, avr gov,  cave,  eight  or  more 
times.  This  cave  is  described  as  "salutary,"  "sacred," 
"holy,"  and  "divine."  Twice  he  uses  the  word  mncemn, 
ftyfjf^a,  monument;  but  the  two  words  mncema  and 
antron,  cave  and  monument,  are  by  him  placetl  in  apposi- 
tion, the  one  having  the  same  value  as  the  other  ( Life, 
III.  xxxiii. ) .  Three  times  he  has  "martjT  place" ;  but  his 
favorite  word  is  antron,  avrpov,  cave.  In  connection 
with  the  edifices  in  Bethlehem  and  on  the  Mount  of 
Olives,  his  account  being  quite  distinct  from  that  of  the 
Jerusalem  cave,  the  word  antron,  «ave,  is  used  at  least 
eight  times,  and  these  he  describes  as  "mystic  caves." 
Tile  cave  in  Jerusalem  was  o  le  of  tlire<»  found  or  made 
prominent  at  that  time,  and  in  character  they  were  in 
no  way  distinguished  from  each  other.  The  "secret," 
mysterious,  "mystic"  element  belonged  to  them  all 
alike.     Constantine  in  his  letter  does  not  mention  the 


1    v 


BASILICA 


331 


"cave,"  but  once  he  speaks  of  the  "sacred  spot,"  hit  ion 
antron,  Ufjoy  avrpor. 

The  flmling  of  a  cave  could  have  nothing  to  do  with 
Christ  or  with  Christianity.  It  is  strange  that  men 
should  have  thought  that  the  two  things  were  con- 
nected and  believed  it.  Is  it  therefore  necessary  to 
believe  it  now? 

There  wu.s  no  law  preventing  Eusebius  from  using  the 
word  tomb,  lie  was  writing  an  ecclesiastical  history, 
and  there  was  every  reason  why  he  should  use  it.  It 
was  not  omitte<l  by  accident  or  oversight;  the  records 
themselves  are  evidence  that  the  avoidance  of  the  word 
was  intentional.  There  must  have  been  a  real  reason 
for  this,  and  a  signiflcant  one  to  which  historians  have 
not  paid  sufficient  attention. 


The  fact  that  Eusebius  says  nothing  about  the  Cruci-  ooigothawid 
iixion  or  Golgotha,  the  place  of  crucifixion,  is  surprising,  mraurawiby 
The  attention  is  diverted  from  Golgotha,  and  from  the  «»»•"»» 
Tomb,  and  fixed  upon  a  "sacred  cave."  Yet  it  is  a 
bishop  of  the  Christian  Church  whose  words  are  being 
considered.  Were  one  to  suggest  a  compromise  between 
the  Emperor  and  the  bishop,  much  might  be  said  in  its 
favor.  Constantine  had  recently  come  into  Christianity, 
bringing  with  him  many  of  the  Pagan  ideas  in  which 
he  had  been  brought  up.  If  Christianity  could  be  made 
to  appear  mysterious,  having  its  origin  in  some  secret 
cave  similar  in  spirit  if  not  in  detail  to  some  of  the 
heathen  myths,  it  might  be  more  act-eptable  to  a  vast 
number  of  the  subjects  of  the  Emperor  and  even  to  the 
Emperor  himself.  Whatever  the  reason  nmy  have  been 
for  the  action  of  Euseliius,  the  fact  remains  that  "caves" 
had  the  place  of  honor  in  all  that  pertained  to  the  birth, 
teaching,  and  death  of  our  Lord,  notwithstanding  the 
fact  that  such  is  a  purely  Pagan  idea  and  entirely  for- 
eign to  the  spirit  and  the  letter  of  the  Gospels. 

Eusebius  is  justly  called  the  Father  of  Church  His- 
tory.   Although  some  matters  of  a  date  previous  to  the 


S32 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


<i        .1 


]  I 


if 


birth  of  ChriHt  appinir  in  liiH  Hintury,  it  Iium  to  do  mainly 
with  tlu'  iK'tiinninnH  of  ('lirJHtiuiiitj  uud  it8  Huliwiim-ut 
ppo};ri*HM,  Ktrujijiii-M,  and  triunipliH.  Am  a  liiHtorian  liiH 
ol)ji'«'t  WHH  to  rt'tlwt  till'  ChriHtian  Hentinicut  of  tlie 
IHTitHl  with  which  lie  wan  dealing,  and  not  to  louteal 
it.  Ilcnci'  it  iH  tin'  inoro  ivniarkable  that  tluw  two 
Itla«<'s,  <Jol;;otha  and  th<>  Tomb,  plac^H  which  um  \\v  liMtk 
l»a«k  t»  till"  «'arly  ajjcH  of  ChriHtianity  stand  <tut  in  wuch 
niaHHivo  pro]M>rtionM  aH  cannot  fail  to  arrcHt  tlie  atten- 
tion, MJiould  not  Ik'  mentioned,  referrwl  to,  or  liinteil  at  in 
any  manner.  One  conclusion  is  ju«tifie<l,  and  only  one, 
namely,  that  up  to  .v.it.  3l'4  (or  325) ,  the  date  of  the  com- 
pletion of  the  Hixtorif,  these  thinjis  had  assumed  no 
siH'cial  imiMirtance  in  the  mind  of  Eusebius  or  in  the 
fwlinjis  of  the  Christian  Church. 

We  are  cantiontHi  about  basing  an  argument  on  the 
silence  of  a  writ«'r,  and  this  caution  is  certainly  a  wise 
one  in  all  historical  discussions.  But  the  value  of  nega- 
tive evidence,  or  the  so-calhHl  nrfjument  from  silence, 
tlepends  largely  upon  the  circumstances  involvi-d.  If 
an  alk^'wl  event  is  an  ordinary  one  the  fact  that  a  given 
historian  fails  to  mention  it  makes  no  special  differ- 
ence f)ne  way  or  the  other.  But  when  the  matter  is  one 
of  absorbing  interest  to  the  entire  world,  and  a  histo- 
rian, writing  upon  the  p<'riod  in  which  it  is  allege<l  to 
have  occurre<l,  and  about  events  of  which  it  is  an  essen- 
tial part,  passes  over  it  in  silence,  his  silence  l)econie8 
significant  evidence.  If  an  historian  writing  upon  the 
early  history  of  America  should  fail  to  mention  the  dis- 
covery of  America  everybmly  would  be  astonishwl  at 
such  a  proceeding.  And  in  the  case  of  Euseblus  we  find 
that  in  his  later  work,  the  Life  of  Con. ttaii tine,  when  he 
is  writing  specifically  about  the  (Mlifice  that  was  erectwl 
in  Jerusalem,  there  is  still  no  mention  of  Ucdgotha  or 
the  Tciiub — the  i)la<('  of  crucifi.vion  or  the  Crucifixion 
itself.  One  would  think  that  to  omit  them  in  such 
a  connection  would  reiiuire  more  than  an  ordinary 
effort. 


BASILICA 


833 


With  regnrd  to  tlit*  f(>«'liti}rH  of  (MiriHtianH,  to  wliirli 
rt'f«'rt'ii(»>  liuH  juHt  Imh'Ii  iihuIo,  it  mt'iiix  tlint  conHidfrn- 
tioiiH  lilii*  tlii>  followiu};  liavt*  not  liud  tlii'ii-  full 
wi'inlit. 

Hotli  JcMUH  nn<l  liiH  family  UclonKc^l  to  IVazar«'tli,  at 
h'aHt  in  (>alil*'t>.  With  IiIm  frit>ndH  lu'  wan  on  a  ttMnporary 
vinit  to  JiTUnalt'ni.  AfttT  IiIh  <U>atli,  lii«  ImmIv  was  laid 
ttMMiMtrarily  in  tin*  fani'ly  tonilt  of  a  man  nanu'd  .loMi-pli. 
TliiH  tomb  liiH  body  iM-cupicil  tw(»  nijjIitH  and  om*  day,  or 
tlii'c*'  p«'riod»*  of  twt'lvo  lionrn  »'a(!i.  The  furtiuT  Htt'px 
in  tiic  liiMtory  of  thix  tond>  we  do  not  know,  hut  it  is 
natural  to  supiHtst*  that  it  cintinucd  to  Itc,  as  it  had  Ihh'u, 
th»'  j)ro|M'rty  of  Jowph,  and  was  known  as  hucIi. 

TIh'  four  tSospt'lH  are  explicit  in  their  tentimony  that 
the  tomb  belonjiwl  to  a  man  nanuH]  .T<»seph  of  Arima- 
thea;  that  it  wan  eut  in  the  rock;  that  it  was  new;  that 
no  dead  b(Mly  had  previously  been  laid  there;  and  one 
or  more  of  the  writers  ^ive  the  impression  that  this  dis- 
position of  the  biMly  of  Jesus  wuh  hasty  and  was  not 
desiftneil  to  Ite  permanent.  There  is  n(»  evidence,  nor  is 
there  any  reason  for  suit]M»sin^,  that  this  tondi  of  Joseph 
immediately  became  known  as  the  tomb  of  Jesus  and 
at  once  be);au  to  be  venerated  as  such. 

We  umy  suj)pose  a  similar  event  to  occur  in  motlern 
times.  Some  friends  jjo  from  one  i)art  of  a  country  to  a 
distant  «'ity  and  one  of  them  dies  by  actideat  or  violence. 
A  kindly  dispostnl  jH'rson  offers  a  room  where  the  body 
can  remain  until  it  is  properly  cantl  for  and  removed  to 
a  pernmnent  burial  i)lace.  Now,  however  liinh  the  posi- 
tion of  the  deceased  or  however  dear  he  may  have  been  to 
his  relatives  and  friends,  it  is  not  in  the  nature  of  thin};s 
that  this  room  where  the  Inuly  was  laid  should  be  cher- 
ished for  jjeneratious.  Even  the  best  friemis  of  the 
deceased,  if  they  lived  at  a  distance,  W(»uld  soon  cease 
to  care  for  it  with  any  special  f<H'lin}is  of  reverence;  and 
how  about  tlieir  children  and  grandchildren?  The  case 
of  Jesus  is  much  stronjjer;  for  in  proportion  as  the  facts 
of  Christ's  resurrectitm  and  ascension  were  universally 


I 


I'  I 


H 


•i  i 


fli 


til 


i 

I 


1    \ 


884 


ANCIENT   JEIU'SALEM 


'   ¥ 


•TMMd 


and  (Irml.v  Im-Hi'vimI  w«Hild  tin-  toinh  wlu-n'  the  bwly  had 
iKH'n  pIni-Hl  in  nn  fnuTjjenfy  iliniiniwh  in  iuiportum-i'. 
All  the  fiutH  «(f  the  nuHiient,  tli«'  I'xciti'nu'nt,  th«  iiiiuKlcd 
hop«>n  and  tvan,  the  return  of  the  diwiphi*,  fuinily,  and 
friendn  of  JerniB  to  (}alihH>,  would  tend  to  diverl  atten- 
tion from  the  phue  where  the  iHnly  had  heeu  laid  in  JujHte 
till,  after  the  Hahbath,  it  e«)uld  lie  properly  buried.  The 
hle»wed  law  of  tJod'M  providence  that  Time  Ih  the  great 
healer  of  mental  woundu  would  operate  then  an  it  does 
now;  the  reappearance  of  Jchuh  by  the  Sea  of  Ualilee 
and  elwwhere  would  kindle  new  hopen  in  the  uilndH  of 
hit*  friend«;  new  duties  would  rise  up  daily  to  demand 
their  thoujiht;  and  thus  little  by  little  the  place  outHi«le 
the  walJM  of  Jeruwilem  where  the  iMMly  was  not  buried, 
but  where  it  uuh  laid  for  a  few  hours,  would  be  lost 
Hi)rht  of. 

As  to  the  preservation  of  Joseph's  tomb,  it  is  beyond  ' 
human  reascm  and  expjTience  to  suppose  that  anything 
reniMinwl  intact  after  the  wild  ruin  of  a.d.  70  or  that 
of  .v.i>.  13.'),  to  say  nothing  o.  the  unnumlK'red  commo- 
tions, attend(Hl  with  the  destruction  of  life  and  property, 
which  viHit«'«l  Jerusalem  during  the  three  centuries  be- 
twcM-n  A.I).  30  and  a.d.  330. 

The  cHlifice  which  was  erected  on  the  site  of  the  pres- 
ent Holy  Kepulchre  in  a.d.  330  we  have  in  general 
avoidwl  siH'aking  of  as  a  "church."  First,  because  it  is 
impossible  to  use  this  wor«l  without  attaching  to  it  mo«l- 
ern  ir  as;  and,  secondly,  because  we  wished  to  make 
prominent  the  words  which  Tonstantine  and  Eusebius 
use.  This  we  have  done  in  describing  the  object  found, 
and  w  •  wish  to  do  the  same  in  regard  to  the  edifice  that 
was  ericted. 

Euse'iius  sometimes  applies  the  word  rillrrHin, 
enxXtjain,  to  any  sp<H'ific  body  of  believers;  sometimc>s 
to  the  Church  in  general ;  and  in  some  instances  he  uses 
it  of  the  «'difice  where  divine  service  was  lield.  In  the 
Lif<\  iv.  39,  where  a  Pagan  temple  is  contrasted  with  a 


BASILICA 


335 


ChriHtinn  rhiircli,  li«>  npplioH  tnfni>i,  nuf,  trmpiv.  In  tho 
foniMT  iin«l  vkhliTMiii  to  tlu'  laUvr.  In  lih  (liwimrH*'  at 
Tyri'  Ik-  uwh  iifoox  of  .ho  ffliticc  whicli  liud  Iktii  built 
unilcr  the  van-  of  PniilinuH.  Apiin  he  Hp«'akH  «>f  it  hm  tlie 
iiroon.  tem/ilr  of  HihI.  tlu'  hhiim'  tmim  iiwd  by  him  when 
KpenkinK  of  the  Temple  of  Mob»moii.  Wlien,  iu  thiH  ud- 
drenH,  he  alludeH  to  the  iledieatioiiH  of  ItuildinKH  whit-h 
had  taken  plaee  in  different  partH  of  tlie  empir«>  lie  eallg 
them  itroHcukttirinon,  tipoatvHTt/picjv    prayer  plaeeH. 

The  date  of  Book  X.  of  the  Hintonf.  from  which  these 
instaneeM  have  Invn  taken,  in  a.d.  324.  The  next  work  in 
<»r«ler  of  time  Ih  the  Oration,  a.i».  335.  Keferrinjj  to  the 
Htnietnres  that  had  Invn  rebuilt  after  havinjj  bei'n 
deHtroyeil  bv  their  enemieH,  he  callH  them  moon,  vewv, 
tiiat  i»,  templeH.  He  HpeiifleH  two  buildinjiM,  one  at 
Autioeh  and  one  at  .TeruHalem,  to  \wx\\  of  which  he 
.applies  the  term  nroon,  temple  ( IX.  xvi.).  In  the  Hiime 
Heiitence,  however,  the  completed  iMlifice  at  Jerusalem  if 
called  oikoM  iitkfrrrioM,  otxos  ivxTr^ptot,  prayer  house; 
and,  nciording  to  the  Ufr,  III.  xxv.  and  xxix.,  before 
there  was  anything  built  at  Jerusalem  this  was  the  term 
uwmI  to  describe  the  projMised  structure.  There  are  a 
numlK'r  of  other  references  which  it  dwH  not  seem  neces- 
sary to  cite. 

At  the  time  of  the  dedication  of  the  church  in  Tyre  no 
discovery  had  yet  been  made  in  Jerusalem  and  of  course 
no  question  had  arisen  alsnit  any  structure  there,  hence 
no  local  influence  could  have  operated  on  his  mind.  He 
chose  su»'h  words  as  best  conveyed  his  meanin;; — such  as 
a  riiristian  would  use;  he  speaks  of  "temple,"  "temple 
of  dod,"  and  "prayer  place."  but  never  of  "basilica." 
There  is  no  hint  in  Eusebius*  writin<;s  that  "basilica'' 
meant  to  him  a  «hurch  or  Cliristian  edifice.  He  avoids 
the  use  of  this  word  in  such  a  conm-ction.  This  is  em- 
phasized by  the  fact  of  his  studious  and  uniform  use  of 
other  words  when  lie  speaks  of  such  structures.  This 
was  intentional,  for  oetween  the  discovery  that  was 
made  in  a.d.  '32(i  and  the  completion  of  the  Life  ten  or 


-I 
i 


If 


!    l> 


f  a  |:; 


336 


ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


eleven  years  elapsed,  a  sufficient  time  for  Eusebius  to 
have  correeted  what  he  had  written  or  to  have  substi- 
tHte«l  one  word  for  anoiher,  had  he  ehosen  to  do  so. 

As  to  Constantine,  every  letter  or  docuiiieut  of  his 
preserved  in  the  Life  has  bw>n  carefully  examined,  and 
it  appear.-!  that  the  Emperor  uses  the  word  vkhleesia  a 
number  of  times,  but  in  every  case  lie  refers  to  the 
Church  in  p'neral,  or  to  the  organization  of  a  local  body 
of  Christians,  and  never  to  the  eilifice  in  which  worship 
is  carrieil  on. 

In  connection  with  the  structure  to  be  erecte<l  in  Jeru- 
salem the  two  men,  with  their  two  different  methods  of 
lookinjj  at  the  matter,  are  broufjht  into  contrast.  Con- 
stantine ises,  both  of  Jerusalem  and  Hebron,  the  word 
"basilica"  and  no  other.  Eusebius  uses  the  term  "prayer 
house.''  To  Constantine,  with  his  Pagan  education, 
basilica  meant  a  great  deal.  To  Eusebius,  with  his 
Christian  education,  it  meant  so  little  that  he  never  uses 
it  in  connection  with  the  building  erecttnl  at  Jerusalem 
or  with  a  place  of  divine  worshij).  A  haHilica  and  a 
prayer  Iiuiikc  were  as  distinct  in  origin  and  purpose  as 
could  iwssibly  be  imagined.  The  «hief  idea  of  one  was  a 
market-place,  with  its  miscellaneous  adjuncts  to  suit 
puitlic  needs.  The  other  was  a  place  for  prayer,  possil)ly 
at  first  o]»en  to  the  sky,  or  a  plain  room,  certainly  for  a 
long  time  humble  apartments  very  far  removed  from  the 
elaborate  structures  of  a  later  i)eri<Ml. 

If  Constantine  had  intend«Hl  to  order  the  ere«'tion  of  a 
place  of  Christian  worship,  there  was  more  than  one 
familiar  word  which  he  might  have  used  to  designate  the 
structure.  His  avoidance  of  the  ordinary  word  and  his 
use  of  a  strange  word  on  the  one  hand,  and  Eusebius' 
use  of  the  familiar  word  and  his  avoidance  of  the  word 
which  his  royal  master  used  on  the  other  hand,  is  very 
signi 'leant  and  ought  not  to  be  overlooked  or  ignored. 
It  is  certain  that  the  Cliristians  of  that  period  had  not 
learned  to  asso<iiiti'  the  word  basilica  with  a  place  of 
worship,  and  we  may  fpiite  as  positively  assert  that  it 


BASILICA 


337 


did  not  mean  a  plate  of  CbriHtian  worship  to  Con- 
stantine. 

It  was  a  rule  among  Christians,  so  rigidly  ob8or\od  as 
to  amount  to  a  law,  that  no  grave  should  \w  made  inside 
a  church.  It  is  aflirmed  that  up  to  the  death  of  Constan- 
tine,  A.I).  337,  this  was  never  done.  Hut  in  Jerusalem 
over  the  "sacred  cave"  where  it  was  claimed  that  the 
body  of  Jesus  was  laid,  a  church  was  built.  This  seems 
inconsistent;  it  looks  like  a  violation  of  the  spirit  if 
not  the  letter  of  the  law.  A  grave  nmy  not  be  m..de  in 
a  church,  but  a  church  may  be  erected  over  a  grave. 

In  all  this  matter — the  finding  of  the  cave,  what  was 
said  and  done  about  it,  the  erecting  of  the  buildings  at 
this  point — there  is  something  mysterious,  or  not  quite 
natural,  clear,  and  straightforward.  If  a  tomb  was 
found  and  Eusebius  wished  to  speak  of  it,  why  did  he 
not  do  so?  If  Constantine  wishtMl  to  have  a  church 
erected  in  Jerusalem  at  this  point,  why  did  he  not 
say  so? 

It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  the  word  "basilica" 
passetl  from  Paganism  to  Christianity;  but  it  did  so 
by  a  very  gradual  process  extending  over  several  cen- 
turies. Those  writers,  therefore,  who  carry  back  a  mean- 
ing which  it  had  in  late  times  to  an  earlier  period  when 
such  a  meaning  was  not  known,  are  not  dealing  honestly 
with  historical  data.  Such  a  process  makes  history 
impossible. 


n 


\i 


\i 


'.3 

i 
II 


i  i) 


^If 


ffebemiah 


CHAPTER  XL 

NEHEMIAH 

His  Patriotic  Work-The  Rebuilding  Chapter  Historical— Pools 
located— Kings  House  and  City  of  Dat-id— Shifting  of 
Names— Stairs  and  Wall— House  of  the  Mighty— Sepulchres 
of  Darid— Evidences  against  the  Ophel  Ridge  Theory  of  the 
City  of  David-Manassehs  Wall  Explained— Gate  bettceen, 
the  Two  Walls 

Jewish  affairs  in  Judea  at  the  time  when  Nehemiah 
appeared  were  in  a  very  depressed  condition.  The  peo- 
ple were  subject  to  a  foreijin  power,  they  were  poor  and 
without  special  influence,  relipon  was  at  a  low  ebb,  and 
there  seemeil  to  be  little  hope  of  any  change  for  the  bet- 
ter. To  lift  up  the  Jews  from  their  degradation  and 
give  them  once  more  a  place  and  a  character  that  would 
command  respect,  to  build  the  walls  of  Jerusalem,  to 
re-people  the  city  with  inhabitants,  to  institute  reforms 
in  the  life  of  his  co-religionists,  to  complete  the  re-estab- 
lishment of  the  Temple  service,  were  dreams  of  Nehe- 
miah, and  we  are  astonished  at  the  gigantic  tasks  which 
he  accomplished.  When  he  appeared  Jerusalem  was  a 
heap  of  ruins;  when  he  tlisiippcared  from  history  (for 
we  have  no  account  of  his  death)  Jerusalem  was  again 
a  city  with  walls  and  battlements;  song  and  sacrifice 
row  again  from  the  Holy  Hill,  his  people  had  been 
aroused  fnmi  their  moral  lethargy  and  had  begun  to  he 
inspired  witii  feelings  of  new-born  national  character. 
Nehemiah  was  a  man  of  uncommon  energy,  lie  cherishinl 
far-reaching  plans,  and  he  proveil  himself  to  1k'  one  of 
Isracrs  greatest  religious  and  political  leaders.  In 
whatever  age  or  clime  bis  people  live  they  owe  to  him 
a  debt  of  gratitude. 


NEUEMIAU 


339 


In  many  respt'cts  the  book  which  bears  the  name  of  Book  of 
Nehemiah  is  one  (»f  the  most  iuterestin};  of  the  Old  Tea-  ''•''•^''' 
tament  and  also  one  of  the  most  diffieult.  At  the  first 
{flame  we  think  v.e  have  fcmnd  an  invaluable  guide  to 
the  politics,  relij,'i»m,  internal  affairs,  and  topography 
of  Jerusalem  for  the  period  which  it  covers,  a  very  im- 
portant period,  namely,  the  middle  of  the  fifth  century 
before  our  era.  After  a  careful  study  (»f  it  with  all  the 
helps  that  exist, — and  the  helps  are  very  few  because 
<'ommentators  and  other  writers  cannot  tell  us  more 
than  is  known, — we  find  that  it  is  a  work  of  «-urious  con- 
struction, that  it  is  not  by  one  hand,  that  records  of 
various  other  dates  have  been  incorporated  into  it  which 
prevent  its  being  a  continuous  narrative  of  actual  events, 
that  it  exhibits  a  lack  of  sequence  and  of  logical  arrange- 
ment.— a  most  pnmiinent  characteristic,  to  be  sure,  of  the 
Jewish  mind,  but  which,  nevertheless,  is  exceedingly 
troublesome, — and  that,  in  general,  it  is  not  so  clear  and 
definite  as  we  thought.  Chapters  iii.  and  xii.  have  been 
declared  "to  contain  the  most  valuable  materials  for 
settling  the  toimgraphy  of  Jerusalem  to  be  found  in 
Scripture."  But  so  far  from  elucidating  Jerusalem's 
topography,  they  form  a  jiuzzle  to  solve  which  recjuires 
more  than  ordinary  skill.  This,  however,  must  not  be 
charge<l  wholly  to  the  author  or  compiler  of  the  records, 
but  is  due  in  a  measure  to  the  lapse  of  time  which  buries 
in  oblivion  most  topographical  as  well  as  other  details. 
In  reality  the  hints  contained  in  these  two  chapters  and 
in  other  parts  of  the  book  are  invaluable;  they  show  that 
lertain  things  existed,  although  their  loialities  and  rela- 
tive positions  may  not  be  readily  determined. 


Nehemiah,  chapter  iii.,  is  not  to  be  regarded  as  merely  Chapter  of  the 
an  honorary  list  of  individuals  an<l  families  that  took  """'""S 
part  in  rebuilding  the  walls  and  gates,  luit  it  is  to  lie 
acceptiHl  rather  as  an  historical  account  of  that  work 
of  reconstruction,  and  hence  wc  arc  to  look  in  the  main 
for   topographical   secjuence   in    the  different   sections 


i^f 


340 


n 


>  !.( 


U 


ThCfttM 


ANCIENT   JEKU8ALEM 


mentioned.  This  is  conflruied  by  the  fact,  to  refer  to  one 
particular  only,  that  the  work  coniniences  at  the  Sheep 
Gate  and  goes  anmnd  the  city  step  by  step  until  the 
same  point  is  again  reached. 

The  list  of  gates  in  the  book  of  Nehemiah  is  surpris- 
ing, considering  the  fact  that  Josephus  mentions  two 
only,  the  Gate  Oennath  and  the  Gate  of  the  Essenes. 
Nehemiah  mentions  seven  gates  which  are  not  mentioned 
before  him,  namely.  Dung,  Fountain,  Miphkad,  Old, 
Prison,  Sheep,  and  Water.  Four  of  these  seven  new 
names  belong  to  the  east  side  of  the  Temple  area, — 
Miphkad,  Prison,  Sheep,  and  Water,— while  Old,  Dung, 
and  Fountain  belong  to  the  walls  that  lie  to  the  west  of 
the  Temple  area.  He  gives  the  names  of  five  other  gates 
which  were  mentioned  before  him.  East,  Ephraim,  Fish, 
Horse,  and  Valley,  of  which  two— East  and  Horse- 
belong  to  the  east  side  of  the  Temple.  Thus  we  have 
Fish,  Old,  and  Ephraim  on  the  north.  Valley  on  the 
west,  Dung  and  Fountain  on  the  south  of  the  city,  six 
in  all,  and  8i.\  on  the  east  of  the  Temple  area.  Those 
which  concern  us  especially  are,  beginning  with  the 
Sheep  Gate,  where  the  work  of  reconstruction  com- 
menced, and  following  round  by  the  west,  the  Fish, 
Old,  Valley,  Dung,  until  we  come  to  the  Fountain  Gate 
on  the  east  side  of  the  Tyropean  valley  not  far  from  the 
present  south  wall  of  the  citv. 


I  1  Pi 
i  i.  I 


i 


Vightridcof 
Sahnntoh 


In  Nehemiah's  connection  with  Jerusalem  the  account 
of  his  night  ride  al»out  the  city  forms  a  curious  epi.sode. 
There  were  a  few  persons  with  him  and  but  one  animal, 
theassupor  .  'i  Nehemiah  himself  rode.  Precautions 
were  taken  ,  p  the  affair  a  se«ret.    II^"  went  out  of 

the  city  by  the  Valley  Gate  and  went  round  by  the  south 
to  the  Dung  (Sate.  Thence  lie  cross«Hl  over  the  Tyropean 
valley  to  the  (Sate  of  the  Fountaiji  and  the  King's  Pool; 
the  way  being  blocked,  he  attempted  to  go  np  the  valley, 
the  Tyropean,  but  soon  turnwl  back  and  retraced  his 


NEIIEMIAll 


341 


steps  to  the  Valley  Hate,  where  he  again  entered  the 
<ity. 

The  account  is  very  interesting  in  several  particulars. 
He  starts  before  he  sjjys  that  it  is  to  be  a  secret  journey ; 
he  nearly  completes  the  trip  before  he  tells  us  what  the 
object  of  it  is.  When  he  reaches  the  Dung  Gate  he  stops 
to  say  that  "he  has  viewed  the  walls  and  gates  and  ob- 
served their  condition ;  that  the  walls  were  broken  down 
and  the  gates  were  consumed  with  fire."  But  the  gates 
were  consumeil  one  hundre<l  and  fifty  years  before  this 
time,  and  as  to  the  fallen  wall  he  has  really  seen  but  a 
small  portion  of  it.  After  crossing  over  to  the  Gate  of 
the  Fountain  and  the  King's  r(M)l  he  went  up  the  valley, 
and  says  again  that  "he  viewed  the  wall."  Thence  he 
returned  to  the  poiut  of  starting.  His  purpose  was,  evi- 
dently, to  ascertain  the  condition  of  the  walls  of  Jerusa- 
lem. But  he  saw  only  a  portion  of  the  walls,  not 
more  than  one-third;  he  passed  three  gates  only,  and 
it  is  just  possible  that  these  could  have  l)een  located 
by  him  by  low  or  open  places  in  the  line  of  ruined 
wall. 

During  his  residence  in  Jerusalem,  the  writer  has  sev- 
eral times  trietl  to  discover  by  actual  experiment  how 
much  N'ehemiah  could  have  seen.  It  must  be  stated  that 
the  moon  in  this  country,  especially  when  it  is  at  its 
best,  is  far  brighter  than  it  is  in  America.  There  letters, 
cannot  be  read  by  moonlight-  but  in  Syria  this  can  easily 
be  done.  The  observations  were  recorded  immediately 
upon  reaching  home,  as  follows:  Can  read  writing  or 
printing  if  held  in  the  hand  a  little  less  than  the  usual 
distance  from  the  eyes:  signs  on  the  shops  cannot  be 
read  except  when  very  near  them:  at  a  distance  of  lOiJ 
feet  no  object  «an  be  seen  clearly :  in  sliadow  not  possible 
to  see  anything:  shadows  of  the  olive  tret's  are  perfectly 
Idack :  at  200  or  even  100  feet  from  the  wall  could  not 
distinguish  lietween  broken  rocks  of  a  natural  cliff  or 
ledge,  and  st(»nes  of  a  fallen  wall:  stones  newly  pre- 
pared for  building,  as  they  are  nearly   white,  distin- 


fill 


ThaDncoB 
Wall 


842 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


guisbed  at  100  feet:  weather-beaten  stones,  which  are 
always  dark,  coukl  not  be  distinguished  at  tlie  same 
distance. 

Nebeiniah's  journe.v  was  made  in  the  night.  To  make 
one's  way  near  a  fallen  wall  among  the  many  bbn-ks  of 
stones  would  lie  a  difficult  thing  to  do  even  in  the  day- 
time. The  fallen  stones  would  have  made  it  impossible 
for  him  to  have  gone  near  the  wall,  therefore  he  must 
have  made  his  way  zigzag  at  a  considerable  distance 
from  it.  The  rugged  outline  of  the  wall  and  great  piles 
of  stones  could  be  distinguishe*!,  and  here  and  there  low 
places  where  possibly  gates  had  formerly  been;  but 
details  of  any  kind  it  would  have  been  a  physical  impos- 
sibility for  him  to  have  seen. 

The  purpose  of  the  foregoing  observations  is  not  to 
disparage  the  records,  but  to  show  that  Nehemiab  in 
his  night  ride  could  not  have  seen  or  learned  very 
much. 

Nehemiah  in  his  night  ride  went  out  of  the  city  by 
the  Valley  Oate.  This  he  associates  with  the  "Dragon 
Well"  for  the  evident  purpose  of  fixing  its  location 
more  definitely.  As  the  word  for  "well"  is  aiii,  the 
name  should  Im?  Dragon  Fountain.  The  Hebrew  word 
translatetl  "dragon"  is  thannhu  pan,  which  means  some 
kind  of  monster,  a  gigantic,  powerful,  hideous  creature, 
a  winged  lizard,  a  cro«'odile,  or  a  great  sea  serpent, 
the  word  "dragon"  covering  them  all.  If  we  accept 
this  word  as  the  one  which  the  writer  actually  in- 
tended to  use,  we  naturally  rai.«e  a  question  as  to  its 
origin,  ai  d  v.-ouiU-r  if  at  any  time  such  awful  creatures 
existed  iu  JerusjUem.  For  this  question  there  is  only 
a  negative  answer. 

Josephus  (V.  iii.  2»  si)eaks  of  "The  Serpents'  Pool" 
west  of  the  Jaflfa  (late,  by  which  is  meant  the  present 
Biiket  Mamilla.  Rut  the  (Sreek  word  use.l  by  him 
means  "pool."  "p„nd."  "reservoir."  and  not  fountain. 
Moreover,  the  word  for  "serpents,"  used  as  we  use  tlie 


NEDEMIAH 


343 


word  snakes,  is  ophis,  otptt,  and  is  in  tlic  plural.  As  tlie 
word  for  "jkioI"  does  not  mean  fouutaiu,  ueitlier  does 
the  word  for  "serpent"  mean  a  monster  of  any  kind. 
Thus  the  two  Hebrew  and  Greek  names,  wiiile  they  have 
a  resemblance  in  En{;lish,  and  while  the  supposition  of 
their  \mn^  identii-al  has  Iteen  maintained,  the  words 
composing  them  in  the  two  langunges  do  not  correspond. 
For  serpent  or  snake  the  Hebrew  had  the  special  word 
uavhunh,  pnj,  which  is  often  used  and  which  is  the  only 

word  applied  to  this  reptile.  This  is  the  equivalent  of 
the  Greek  word  oph  in. 

The  word  thanniii  as  used  in  Nehemiah  is  unique, 
there  being  no  other  similar  use  of  it  in  the  Bible. 

The  words  panim  and  c1,  d"jb,  f>«.  in  the  passage  in 

question  are  sometimes  used  of  direction  as  well  as  rela- 
tive position,  in  which  case  the  combination  would  mean 
eastward,  that  is,  cast  of  some  other  object.  This  mean- 
ing, which  is  legitinmte,  umy  not  be  re<iuired  in  this 
instance,  simply  "before,"  "in  front  of,"  being  perhaps 
the  more  suitable. 

Should  it  be  decidetl  that  Xehemiah  referred  to  the 
Birket  Mamilla,  the  Dragon  Fountain  and  the  Valley 
Gate  would  be  2,000  feet  apart,wliich  seenjs  to  be  a  seri- 
ous objection;  but  an  explanation  which  places  the 
fountain  very  near  the  Valley  Gate  would  seem  to  be 
much  more  natural  and  hence  much  more  likely  to  be 
correct. 

Quite  a  large  section  of  the  ground  to  the  northwest 
of  Birket  Mamilla  is  swampy;  grass  grows  there  in  small 
clumps;  water  stands  there  after  rains;  in  the  winter 
and  spring,  even  when  no  water  is  standing,  it  is  muddy 
and  people  avoid  walking  acri'ss  it.  This  marshy  place, 
with  the  dry  sIojh's  and  the  many  rocks  alumt  it.  is  very 
favorable  for  snakes.  This,  which  is  the  testimony  of 
many  people,  seems  to  have  -ilways  been  so.  In  this 
country  a  locality  often  receives  from  a  slight  circum- 
stance a  name  that  is  long-enduring.  Tlie  name  used  by 
Josephus  could  easily  have  originated  from   the  fact 


I  '      I 


844 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


just  mentioned,  so  that  "Snake  Pool"  may  be  a  per- 
feetly  natural  name. 

The  Vallev  (Jate,  which  was  at  or  near  the  pres(>nt 
Jaffa  (late,  had  in  eonneition  with  it,  in  Josephus'  time 
(V.  vi.  5),  an  aque<lu(t  by  which  water  was  intro- 
duced into  the  Tower  of  Ilippicus.    ( See  Chapter  XI V. ) 
This  was  true  down  till  very  recent  years.     Practi- 
cally the  same  conditions  existed  in  the  time  of  Nehe- 
miah  and  in  fact  from  the  time  that  a  castle  was  first 
erectwl  on  this  site.     The  statement  seems  to  be  jus- 
tifl«Hl  by  the  words  of  Nehemiah  that  the  gate  and 
the  fountain   were  closely  connected.     The  aqueduct 
which    broupht    the    water    was    winding,    and    there 
may  have  been  several  points  of  discharge  near  the 
gate,  which  certainly  would  have  been  a  great  con- 
venience, for  as  soon  as  the  castle  cistern  was  filled 
tie  water  could  be  diverte<l  to  the  public  use.     The 
shape  of  the  aqueduct  and  that  of  the  points  of  dis- 
charge could  have  been  in  such  peculiar  form  as  to  sug- 
gest a  peculiar  name  which  would  be  serpentine.    There 
is  no  reason  why  the  Hebrews  should  not  have  used  this 
word  as  well  as  ourselves.  When  we  use  the  word,  we  do 
not  picture  a  great  boa  constrictor  moving  before  us,  for 
our  thoughts  art'  fixed  on  the  motion  made  and  not  on 
the  creature  making  it. 

Another  explanation,  however,  is  offered  to  which 
there  can  be  no  possible  objection.  Figures  of  lions  and 
other  animals  were  a  common  feature  of  Eastern  cities, 
about  palaces,  halls,  gardens,  and  public  places.  They 
wore  known  also  in  Jerusalem.  European  cities  are  full 
of  them  to-day.  The  jets  of  water  in  Herod's  Garden  on 
Mount  Zion  may  have  passed  through  the  mouths  of 
fish,  birds,  or  animals,  according  as  it  was  thought  that 
public  taste  would  be  pleased.  Neh«'miah's  fountain  at 
the  JaflFa  <iate  may  have  been  in  the  form  of  some  pecu- 
liar animal,  a  thaniiiii.  a  monster  if  one  wishes,  and  the 
object  have  been  as  well  known  as  the  Valley  Clate 
itself.     In  this  case  the  "Dragon  Ftmntain"  would  be 


XEHEMIAH 


845 


approprintt'Iy  naimnl,  and  m  would  "the  SerpentH*  Pool" 
of  JosepliuK,  an  we  have  wh'U,  and  neither  would  have 
any  connection  with  the  other. 

All  the  evidence  we  have  Hhows  that  the  Dung  (Jate  Jodtioiuof 

Dung  And 

and  the  Fountain  Oate  were  in  close  proximity,  with  a  roanuia 
valley  between  them  which  muHt  Ih'  phhwhI  ovit,  'ahur,  **■*•• 
•\2S,  to  go  from  one  to  the  other.  ThiH  valley  was  the 
Tyropean.  Likewise,  all  the  exinting  evidence  showH 
that  the  Fountain  <}ate  and  the  Stairs  were  in  «'lose 
proximity  to  each  other.  Therefor*'  both  the  Fountain 
(late  and  the  Stairs  must  1k'  nearer  the  Dung  (late  than 
they  are  to  Siloani,  and  the  events  in  Xeh.  iii.  15,  which 
are  (1)  Fountain  Gate,  (2)  Siloam,  (3)  Stairs,  cannot 
be  in  regular  order,  since  the  Stairs  an*  placed  further 
down  the  valley  than  Siloam,  whereas  they  should  be 
placed  to  the  north  of  that  jM)int.  The  writer  starts  with 
the  Fountain  (^late,  goes  south  to  Siloam,  and  turns  back 
thence  to  mention  the  Stairs,  which  were  near  the  Foun- 
tain Gate. 

How  came  there  to  be  a  Gate  of  the  Fountain  in  the  Foaouin 
south  wall  of  Jerusalem?     The  name  was  not  given  gog^j 
without  a  purpose. 

One  of  the  oldest  names  in  the  Bible,  counting  from  the 
advent  of  the  Israelites,  is  En  Rogel.  It  belongetl  to  the 
early  well-digging  periml.  It  is  used  as  a  landmark  in 
the  division  of  the  country  under  Joshua.  It  was  an 
important  source  of  water  supply  for  the  inhabitants 
of  Jerusalem.  As  soon  as  Jerusalem  had  a  wall  on  the 
south,  a  gate  would  1m»  made  in  it  for  tlu  t ouv«'nien«e 
of  the  inhabitants  in  going  to  this  fountain,  and  (iate 
of  the  Fountain — rtiw — would  be  the  appropriate  name 
for  it.  The  fa<t  that  this  gate  is  not  nientitmiHl  till  the 
time  of  Nehemiah  is  no  proof  that  it  did  not  previously 
exist.  The  Bible  does  not  give  the  history  of  tiie  gates 
of  Jerusalem,  but  only  mentit)ns  them  incidentally  when 
required.     Nehemiah,   in  mentioning  the  (Jate  cf  the 


is 

il 


»':Tl| 


'SI 

■  ar 


346 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


Wenbfer 
foan  tain,  pool 
■prlny 


TouDtain,  d«»«*  not  refer  to  any  particular  fountain, 
since  he  meutions  it  only  to  indicate  a  certain  Imality. 
He  never  uhch  the  word  "ain"  of  any  place,  objwt,  or 
iKMly  of  water  Houth  of  the  city,  and  in  hiu  mention  of 
Siloam  he  calls  it  a  bcnvchah,  naia,  which  means  jwol, 
the  Arabic  birkch. 

To  express  cistern,  fountain,  pool,  pond,  sprinjr,  well, 
'  etc.,  the  Uebrew  had  a  variety  of  words.  lUir,  ts,  is 
the  usual  word  for  well,  or  cistern  (nieaninft  a  place 
du},'  under  jjround),  and  is  very  couiiiiouly  translated 
pit.  A'm  or  "(JIM,  py,  JH  the  word  for  eye  and  also  for 
fountain.  It  is  us«'d  in  the  Bible  upwards  of  850  tim»«, 
in  only  lt>  of  whi<h  is  it  rendered  fountain  and  these 
relate  to  seven  different  occasions.  Of  these  seven,  four 
belonfi  to  very  early  Hebrew  history,  one  to  the  time  of 
Hezekinh,  and  two  occur  in  Xelu'iniah.  Itnccchah 
is  the  usual  word  for  pool,  for  which  a  suitable  Eng- 
lish word  is  reservoir.  At  Samaria,  at  Gibeou,  and 
at  Hebron  tiiere  was  a  berifcliab.  In  c(mnectiou  with 
Jerusalem  the  "old"  or  "upjs'r,"  tiie  "lower,"  and  the 
"pool  that  Ilezekiah  made,"  which  corresponds  to  the 
"lower"  pool,  all  bore  this  name.  This  is  the  word  em- 
ploytHl  by  Xehemiah,  who  uses  it  for  "the  king's  pool," 
"the  i)ool  that  was  made"  (by  Ilezekiah),  and  the  "ptiol 
of  Siloam." 

As  a  fountain  near  a  village  is  a  well-known  feature  of 
the  country,  it  is  not  strange  that  its  name,  ain,  should 
be  compouiiiled  with  many  names  of  places  in  the  IJible. 
This  is  also  common  in  miMlern  times.  The  second  part 
of  the  name  En  Hogel  is  said  to  lu'  derivinl  from  rai/d, 
^;-i.  which  (tc<urs  L'd  times,  '23  meaning  to  npi/,  2  to 
xldiiilrr.  and  1  to  f/o.  There  is  no  IJiblical  use  of  the 
word  meaning  to  trcati,  to  int.'<li,  from  which  "rogel," 
the  "washer."  "fulicr,"  can  be  derived.  If  this  name  is 
to  be  rench-red  "fountain  of  the  fuller"  it  ought  to  be 
possible  to  trace  its  derivation.  The  related  word 
ma'ayun,  ^jm,   is  translated  f(mntain  and  chietlv  used 


NEUEMIAU 


847 


in  a  general  way  »>f  water  Hourt-eH,  exct'pt  iu  the  tuHe  of 
XepUtoah,  the  uicMlern  Lifta,  where  it  refers  to  the  vU- 
laite  upriuK  ( Jonh.  xv.  9;  xviii.  15). 

Water  that  burHtu  out  from  a  dei-p  reeens  iu  the  roekH, 
from  a  place  naturally  or  artificially  sunk  iu  the  earth, 
or  from  the  surface  of  the  ground,  i»  iu  eadi  case  prop- 
erly described  as  a  fountain,  'aiit. 

In  the  rebuildinR  done  under  Xeheudah  the  Duuji  ihm 
<3ate  was  repaired  and  next  in  order  was  the  (late  of  tiie 
Fountain,  ain.  From  this  jMiint  there  is  u  skip  to  "the 
wall  of  the  p»Md  of  Silouh  by  the  king's  garden."  VwA 
here  is  bvrvivhuh.  As  Sihiah  (Kiloum)  was  at  the  ex- 
treme end  of  the  hill-spur  jMipularly  calUnl  Ophel,  tliere 
could  Im.'  uotiiing  further  south,  hence  there  was  a  return 
"to  the  stairs  that  go  down  from  the  City  of  David" 
(ill.  15). 

In  his  night  ride  Xehemiah  was  at  the  Dung  Gate  and 
passed  thence  over,  'ahar,  the  valley  known  now  as  tL. 
Tyropean,  to  the  tlate  of  the  ain.  Fountain  (late,  and 
very  near  this  point  eastward  was  "the  king's  pool" 
(ii.  14).  P(K)1  is  hcrccvhah.  As  this  l)erei'chah  was 
locateil  at  a  considerable  distance  from  the  Siloah 
bereechah,  the  two  «'ould  not  be  identical. 

After  the  repairs  at  the  Dung  Gate,  the  Fountain 
Gate,  and  the  Pool  of  Siloah  were  completed,  and  as 
there  was  no  wall  south  of  the  last  iwiut,  the  workmen 
turned  back  and  went  somewhere  else.  In  the  section 
to  which  they  went  there  Is  mentioned  as  a  landmark 
"the  i)<>ol  that  was  made"  (iii.  Ifi).  Poid  is  bcnnhah. 
Tlie  reference  is  to  tlie  po(d  whose  lonstructiou  is  as- 
orilK'd  to  llezekiah  in  '2  Kings  xx.  20,  which  was  a  great 
benefaction  to  .Jerusalem. 

Tims  Nehemiah  mentions  as  landnmrks  in  his  time 
three  pools  locatwl  in  three  different  parts  of  the  city, 
distinct  and  having  no  connection  with  each  other.  The 
Pool  of  Siloah  at  one  end  of  the  line,  the  P<m>1  that  was 
made,  the  present  Pool  of  llezekiah,  at  the  other  end  of 


H 


i 


348 


ANCIENT  JEHUSALEM 


1^  ' 


the  Hue,  nnti  the  King'H  l'o<»l  not  fur  fnmi  the  Fountain 
<}ute  which  wuH  just  uerotw  the  Tyropeun  valley  from 
the  DuDK  (}ate. 

In  tlewribiu|{  the  eoiinie  of  the  Firat  Wall  JoM>phu8 
8tut«t»  that  after  iM'ndiujj  alK)ve,  Am/mt,— that  in,  on  the 
hill  (Zion)  to  the  north  or  uorthweMt  of  Hiloaui,— it  went 
down  to  or  towanlis  the  HeMer^-oir  of  Holouion.  The  wordi* 
an'kohimbccthran  SolomooHoit.KoXvfjfir/bpay^oXoftuyoi 
(V,  iv.  2),  lueuuinK  Ixith,  bathing  plaee,  or  pool.  We 
do  not  know  the  origin  of  thlH  p«M)l,  but  the  Iwalitiett  of 
Neheniiah  and  of  JiwephuH  are  identiial,  and  therefore 
the  prediH«'8Hor  ot  riolomon'H  Ketwr^oir  in  JoHephun  wub 
the  King'H  Pool  in  Neheniiah.  The  writer  did  not  give 
one  name  to  a  certain  i)ool  in  ii.  14,  and  quite  a  differ- 
ent name  to  the  Hame  pool  in  iii.  1«;  the  "King's  Pool" 
and  "the  Pool  that  was  made"  were  two  distinct  pools, 
and  neither  of  them  had  anything  to  do  with  the  Pool  of 
Siloam,  which  receives  its  own  separate  and  distinct 
mention. 

Brook.  TkUoy,  Nehemiah,  in  the  account  of  his  night  ride,  ii.  15,  says 
that  after  leaving  the  Dung  (late  he  crosse<l  over,  'abar, 
the  valley  to  the  Fountain  (late,  but  found  that  he  could 
not  proceed  either  east  or  south,  so  he  trie<l  to  go  up 
the  valley,  iiaclial,  and  this  likewise  prove<l  to  lie  ii-ipos- 
sible.  Hence  he  returnetl  as  he  came.  This  nachal  was 
the  Tynipean,  near  the  present  southwest  corner  of  the 
Temple  area. 

The  present  aqtiwluct  comes  from  the  T'pper  Pool  of 
(Jihon  and  enters  the  city  at  the  head  of  the  Tyropean 
valley.  This  was  the  course  of  "the  brook  that  ran 
through  the  midst  of  the  land"  as  mentioned  in  connec- 
ti<m  with  Ilezekiali  (2  Tliron.  xxxii.  3,  4).  "Brook"  is 
nachal,  a  watercourse  that  carries  water  during  the 
rainy  scasim  but  which  is  dry  in  summer.  By  means  of 
this  watcnourw  the  overflow  of  the  Tpper  Pool  of 
(lihon  was  carried  down  tlirough  the  city. 

In   the  account  of  Manasseh's  building  a  wall    (2 


NEUEMIAU 


849 


Cbron.  zzxiii.  14)  it  in  nuid  thbL  it  iNi^aii  "on  tbi*  weMt 
■ide  of  Oilion  ia  tht>  vullcy,  nurhal."  "(Hhon  iu  tlie 
valit'j"  WHH  in  tlie  upiHT  i'nil  of  tli«  Tyrop«'uu,  and 
nachal  in  tli(>He  two  paHMOgiii  reftTM  to  out*  uud  tbe  huuiv 
thing.     (Bee  later  in  ttiiit  chapter.) 

Ilerc  are  three  eventM  countH-ted  with  one  and  the 
same  valley,  which  in  each  cuw  {»  called  navhal. 


Tlie  four  pawmKeH  relating  to  the  capture  of  the  City  cityofBtTU: 
of  David,  and  the  eight  relating  to  the  removal  into  it  "'^'•^•^ 
of  the  Ark,  were  all  previouH  to  the  time  of  Holomon  and 
have  no  reference  to  the  Bite  of  hix  houw.  Of  the  three 
passageH  referring  to  Holomon'H  wife  one  mpeakH  of  her 
entering  the  City  of  David  and  two  of  her  leaving  it. 
She  went  away  from  the  City  «»f  David  to  another  local- 
ity where  Solom^.  'alace  bad  been  built.  Tbrw  pas- 
sages have  referen«  io  n-pairs  and  twenty-two  to  bur- 
ials. Thua  forty  of  ihv  f;}rtii-foiir  paHHagcn  irhvre  the 
City  of  David  iit  mentioned  furninh  no  hints  an  to  its 
situation.  Of  the  four  remaining  passagra  one  refers  to 
the  bringing  of  water  to  the  City  of  David  by  Hezekiah, 
another  to  the  building  of  a  wall  on  its  wi'st  side  by 
Manasseb,  and  two  others  mention  stairs  connectinl  with 
it  by  which  the  singers  ascended  in  the  dedication  ser- 
vices of  the  newly  built  wall  under  N'ehemiah  (xii.  37). 

It  has  been  shown  that  all  available  hints  indicate 
that  the  Pool  of  Ilezekiah  is  the  one  Ituilt  by  that  king  to 
which  ho  brought  water  from  tbe  Upper  Poo'  of  Oihon, 
and  likewise  that  Manasseh's  wall  was  to  the  west  of 
Hezekiab's  Pool,  therefore  these  passages  forbid  the 
Im-ation  of  tbe  City  of  David  on  tbe  Ophel  ridge. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  two  passages  iu  Nehemiah  seem 
clearly  to  indicate  that  tbe  City  of  David  was  on  the 
Ophel  ridge  and  near  or  quite  at  its  northern  end  (iii. 
15;  xii.  37). 

In  2  Kings  xxv.  9  it  is  said  that  N'ebuzaradan,  tbe  gen- 
eral of  Nebucliadnezzar,  king  of  Babylon,  who  bad  in- 
vaded Judea,  "burned  the  bouse  of  the  Lord,  and  the 


350 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


i;i* 


1^ 


king's  honsp,  and  nil  the  houses  of  Jerusaleni."  The 
same  is  repeatetl  in  Jer.  lii.  13.  "King's  house"  is  a  com- 
mon phrase  from  David  all  through  the  historical  period. 
But  although  the  sjinie  words  are  usetl,  "king's  house" 
in  the  history  of  David  is  not  the  same  as  "king's  house'' 
of  later  times.  After  Hiram  had  built  a  pahue  for 
David,  that  was  the  "king's  house"  «m  whose  "roof  David 
walked"  and  at  whose  "doors  his  servants  slept"  (2 
Sam.  V.  11 ;  xi.  2,  9).  After  Solomon  huilt  a  royal  pal- 
ace, somewhere  away  from  the  City  of  David,  that  he- 
came  the  "king's  house,"  which  is  the  one  alwaj-s  referretl 
to  as  such  from  that  time  on  till  its  destruction  by  the 
Chaldeans  in  B.f.  SSO.  "The  house  of  the  Lord"  and  "the 
king's  house"  are,  in  this  account  of  their  being  burned, 
represented  as  in  near  proximity  to  each  other.  Nearly 
all  the  references  to  these  houses  frtmi  the  time  of  their 
•■ompletiou  to  their  destruction  justify  this,  and  this 
period  covers  a  little  less  than  400  years. 

Nehemiah,  xii.  37,  uses  the  words  "above  the  house  of 
David"  as  though  it  were  existing  at  that  moment.  But 
the  "king's  house"  which  was  Solomon's  was  burned  140 
years  before  Neheuiiah  wrot«'.  The  last  burial  in  the 
"City  of  David"  was  27")  years  before  Nehemiah.  Heze- 
kiah's  Pool  was  made  2(m  years  before  Nehemiah,  and 
Manasseh's  wall  west  of  the  City  of  David  was  built  235 
years  before  him.  Here  is  a  long  period  of  between  two 
hundred  and  three  hundred  years  when  there  is  no  men- 
tion or  reference  to  the  City  of  David.  And  between  the 
biirning  of  the  Temple  and  ])alaces  by  the  general  of 
Nebuchadnezzar  and  the  rebuilding  of  the  walls  and 
edifices  by  Nehemiah  was  a  perifwl  of  140  years  when  the 
city  lay  practically  in  ruins.  During  this  period  there 
was  time  for  many  things  to  be  forgotten  and  many  shift- 
ings  to  be  nuule. 


Migration  of 
namn 


As  one  enters  .Terusalem  by  the  Jaffa  (Sate  he  sees  on 
bis  right  hand  a  large  raiiibling  half-mined  castle  and  is 
told  that  it  is  the  Castle  of  Davi<l.    Ordinary  writers. 


J'' 


NEHEMI^" 


351 


scholars,  and  gul(lo-lMM>k8  all  use  thin  name;  but  no 
wliolar,  at  least,  believes  for  a  moment  that  David  had 
anything  to  do  with  it.  It  is  not  ninessary  to  atcount 
for  the  transference  of  this  name  to  this  place;  the  fact 
alone  affords  the  illustration  neiHle<l. 

Another  migrati(m  of  a  name  is  the  place  of  Stephen's 
martyrdom;  it  was  at  the  Danmsciis  (Jate;  hut  about 
1,200  A. II.  it  was  remove«l  to  the  east  side  of  the  city. 

A  habit  of  Orientals  is  to  ascribe  a  certain  work  1  > 
the  greatest  personage  known  to  them.  Tlius  King  Solo- 
mon gets  the  crwlit  for  some  things  which  came  into 
existence  long  after  his  time.  Even  now  a  certain  tomb 
near  Jerusalem  is  calletl  "(Jordon's  Tondi,"  although 
that  famous  general  had  nothing  to  do  with  it. 

Similar  conditions  »'.\isted  in  the  time  of  Xehemiah. 
Between  his  time  and  the  burning  of  the  royal  palace  in 
R.c.  58(5,  more  than  four  generations  of  men  had  lived 
and  passed  away.  In  popular  speech  the  name  of  Solo- 
mon was  droppe<l,  although  his  iialace  had  stood  for 
nearly  400  jears,  and  the  name  of  David  substituted. 
David  was  the  nation's  greatest  king,  to  whom  as  time 
went  on  higher  and  higher  honors  were  paid.  Neliemiah 
mentions  the  name  of  Solomon  five  times,  three  times  in 
mere  lists  of  names,  and  twice  in  connection  with  relig- 
ious matters,  never  in  connection  with  buildings  or 
localities.  It  is  curious  that  in  the  Bible  very  little  is 
said  about  Sohmion  after  his  death,  and  the  occurrence 
of  the  name  of  David  as  compared  with  that  of  Soloiucm 
is  as  fcmr  to  one. 

As  to  the  'inmse  of  David"'  in  Xeli.  xii.  37.  it  is  impos- 
sible to  suppose  that  the  writer  wished  it  to  be  under- 
stood that  it  was  at  that  time  actually  standing.  Neither 
can  we  say  that  the  writer  made  an  intentional  mis- 
statement ;  but  we  can  at-count  for  it  by  the  law  of 
migration  of  names  as  illustrated  by  well-known  ex- 
anijilcs  in  connection  with  Jenisalem,  and  also  liy  the 
ever  increasing  estimation  in  which  the  great  king  of 
Israel  was  held. 


!  i 


'Sli 


if  ^ 

N", 


lis 


352 


ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


The  argument  of  tbose  who  advocate  the  Ophel  ridg' 
theory  is  this: — because  Nelieuiiah  states  that  the  stair 
of  the  City  of  David  and  the  wall  went  up  above  th 
house  of  David,  therefore  the  City  of  David  stood  oi 

Ophel. 

To  which  this  is  a  parallel :— because  a  modern  write 
states  that  near  the  Jaffa  (Jate  stands  the  Castle  c 
David,  therefore  the  Castle  of  David  was  at  tha 
point. 

Both  statements  must  receive  the  same  treatment;  if 
question  is  raised  in  the  one  case  it  must  be  in  the  othei 
if  the  or.f  statement  is  accepted  as  final  so  must  tl 
other  be.  If  in  the  modern  instance  we  affirm  that  tli 
name  has  migrate*!,  in  the  ancient  instance  we  mus 
or  may  affirm  the  same. 

ThcBuin  These  are  mentioned  in  two  places  in  Nehemiah,  ii 

lo  and  xii.  37,  both  referring  to  the  same  stairs.  The 
go  down  or  up  according  to  the  direction  one  has  i 
mind.  The  briefer  statement  is  in  xii.  37,  where  tl 
Stairs  and  the  Water  Gate  are  mentioned  in  the  san 
sentence,  all  points  between  them  being  omittetl.  In  tl 
third  chapter  we  consider  verse  lO  as  a  section  by  itsel 
and  commencing  with  verse  17  there  are  between  tl 
mention  of  the  Stairs  and  the  Water  tJate  eleven  se 
tions  that  were  repaired.  This  fact  shows  that  the 
two  points  were  at  a  considerable  distance  from  ea< 
other. 

In  the  Hebrew,  stairs  and  ascent,  while  they  are  fro 
the  same  root,  'alah,  ni>»,  to  tjo  up,  to  ascvnd.  are  qui 
distinct  from  each  other.  In  xii.  37  both  words  are  usi 
in  their  usual  and  natural  signification,  maaloth.  Tfhi 
fttaim.  and  maalrli .  rhvo,  oncrnt.  Stairs  ascend  or  th 
would  not  be  stairs,  but  ascent  means  something  (jui 
different  from  stairs.  Neither  word,  however,  is 
lie  confoundMl  with  causeway,  raistnl  place,  m'-sHk 
n^oo,  whi<h  is  from  xahil,  h'po,  to  raise  i//*.  and  not 
go  up,  which  is  the  meaning  of  the  former  word. 


rill    1 


:' 


A  FALl-EX  WAJ.L 

Two  i«ri!C  oections  of  Hit-  ea»l  wall  of  llie  ca»cie  anil  khmi  at  Solomon  a  Pool  f  M  down  dur- 
ing itit-  >ear  1914 


.  M 


MODEL  OF  THK  TYUOPEAX  VALLEY.  Ul  NMN(i  EAST  AM) 

!<OLTa  FKO.M  THE  JAFFA  GATE 

The"broa(l  valley"  from  the  north;  llie  canllt'ti  of  I'/./lali  at  three  dlffi'rent  points;  the 
t'au«'\vay  and  Stairn  of  Joitfnhnaand  tin!  Stain*  of  Ni'ht-niiiih.  The  three  ptUara  iu 
the  ceutrtf  represent  Acra.    Tiie  ntudel  wu«  uot  made  to  iH:ate, 


'Ill 


llj 


I  i," 


NEHEMIAH 


858 


Sometimes  an  iuellned  road,  or  a  street  in  a  city,  has 
steps  at  different  intervals  to  break  ttie  sIoik',  as,  for 
example,  David  strwt  in  Jerusalem  at  the  present  time; 
but  uo  one  ever  thinivs  of  applyiufi  the  word  stairs  to 
this  street.  It  would  not  l.e  appropriate  to  do  so,  since 
stairs  indicate  nuiny  stops  at  re;!iilar  or  pretty  regular 
intervals  on  a  steep  incline.  The  stairs  of  Xehemiah 
were  well  built  and  commodiims.  They  were  not  nar- 
row, where  two  ptH)ple  cojild  scarcely  pass  each  other, 
but  elaborate  and  broad,  so  as  to  accommodate  a  multi- 
tude of  people  and  at  the  same  time  be  considereil  an 
ornament  to  the  city. 

It  is  very  satisfactory  to  find  that  the  stairs  of  Nelie- 
miah  are  described  by  Josephus  in  Aiitiq.,  XV.  xi.  5, 
quite  independently  of  the  Biblical  writer,  as  follows: — 
"In  the  western  side  of  the  ( Temple )  enclosure  there 
were  four  gates, — one  leading  to  the  palace,  the  inter- 
vening valley  being  walled  up  by  a  causeway,  forming 
a  passage  across,  two  to  the  suburbs,  and  the  remaininjr 
one  to  the  other  city,  the  way  down  into  the  valley  being 
4livided  by  many  steps,  and  thence  up  again  towards  the 
approach  (from  the  opposite  direction)."  "The  other 
city"  means  the  Acra  or  Lower  Town,  north  of  modern 
Zicm. 

It  is  possible  to  locate  these  stairs  with  approximate 
correctness.  We  have  swn  that  in  the  struggles  between 
John  and  Simon,  John  holding  tli(>  Temple  area  and 
Sinum  the  rest  of  the  city,  each  party  made  assaults  on 
tlie  other ;  as  one  party  advanced  the  other  was  driven 
back;  tl)is  process  was  repeated  many  times,  and  the 
d<>struction  of  proi)erty,  the  burning  of  storehouses  and 
the  like,  was  gr«'at.  A  very  noticeable  fact  in  connec- 
tion with  these  raids  is,  liiat  to  get  at  eaih  other  the 
trooi)s  of  John  always  >.riit  >l'tini,  while  those  of  Simon 
always  ircnt  ii/).  Another  significant  fmf  is  tliat  the 
ri)per  (^ity,  with  its  bridge  ('{obinsou's  arch)  and 
causeway  ( further  nortli )  lending  thence  to  tlie  Temple, 
are  never  once  mentioned  in  connection  with  these  strug- 


l| 


354 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


HouMoftha 
Kighty 


tr 


gles.  The  contending  parties  did  not  pass  bat-k  and  forth 
by  eitlier  causeway  or  bridge,  but  their  movements  were 
always  to  the  north  of  tliese.  Tills  is  precisely  what  we 
should  expect  from  the  nature  of  the  grouad.  Even  now, 
if  a  person  in  Jerusalem  anywhere  outside  the  Temple 
area  wishes  to  go  to  the  Mosque,  he  must  go  down  into 
the  valley  and  up  again  before  reaching  the  Temple  or 
Mosque  area.  To  a  great  extent  this  valley  has  been 
filled,  so  that  these  up-and-down  positions  were,  in 
former  times,  much  more  strongly  marked. 

The  "palace"  in  Joscphus'  description  just  quoted  is 
probably  that  of  the  Asmoneans,  since  that  was  on  the 
east  side  of  Zion,  while  the  Palace  of  Ilerod  the  Great 
was  on  the  west  side  and  is  spoken  of  as  the  "Royal 
Palace."    ( See  Chapters  XIII.  and  XXVI. ) 

Stairs  similar  to  those  now  described  exist  in  many 
European  cities  where  the  ground  is  undulating  or  hilly, 
and  they  furnish  an  excellent  illustration  of  those  in 
Neheniiab  and  Josephus. 

The  words  of  Josephus  in  his  description,  "thence  up 
again  towards  the  approach,"  mean  the  rise  in  the 
ground  near  the  Acra,  the  region  just  east  of  the  Holy 
Sepulchre. 

Nehemiah,  in  chapter  iii.  16,  mentions  "The  house 
of  the  mighty,"  and  in  verse  19  "the  armory."  These 
were  two  different  structures  in  two  different  parts  of 
the  city.  The  Hebrew  words  are  also  different ;  the  one 
is  connected  with  fighting  men,  heroes,  fortifications,  and 
the  other  means  a  place  for  weapons.  Isaiah  speaks  of 
"the  armor  of  the  house  of  the  forest"  \x\u.  8),  and 
the  reference  is  to  "the  house  of  the  forest  of  Lebanon" 
built  by  Solomon,  which  was  a  sort  of  armory,  museum, 
and  treasure  house  combined  (1  Kings  vii.  2;  x.  17,  21 ; 
2  Cliron.  ix.  1(5,  20).  The  Hebrew  word  is  ncuhck,  pt*i. 
It  was  the  site  or  possibly  the  ruins  of  this  ancient  struc- 
ture, or  some  building  that  had  been  substituted  for  it, 
that  Nehemiah  had  in  mind. 


1     ^ 


NEIIEMIAH 


355 


Verse  1<»  constitutoH  a  section  by  itself;  it  has  no  con- 
nection with  what  goes  liefore  or  what  follows  after. 
Three  important  places  are  mentioned, — 

1.  Over  against  the  Sepulchres  of  David, 

2.  The  Pool  that  was  made,  and 

3.  The  House  of  the  Mighty. 

These  three  objects  are  in  close  proximity  to  each  other; 
the  phrase  "over  against"  applies  to  them  all  alike,  and 
their  relation  to  a  particular  i'e«-tion  of  the  wall  seems 
to  be  emphasized.  The  phrase  "house  of  the  mighty," 
yibhorim,  onaj,  is  not  used  elsewhere  in  the  Bible. 
Strength,  power  of  resistance,  hence  citadel,  are  its 
natural  meanings.  The  Acra  of  Jerusalem,  its  great 
historical  fortress  from  the  earliest  period,  we  have 
traced  back  to  at  least  200  years  B.C.,  and  it  is  almost 
certain  that  Nehemiah  240  years  earlier  referred  to  this 
stronghold. 

Unless  verse  Ifi  is  taken  by  itself  the  wall  between  the 
Mahkameh  and  t'we  Jaffa  Gate  was  not  repaired.  Accept- 
ing this  wall  as  that  meant  in  this  verse,  it  would  most 
naturally  be  describetl  as  "over  against"  the  three  im- 
portant objects  mentioned. 


1 


The  Gate  of  Ephraim  does  not  actimlly  appear  in  the  o»t«of 
list  of  gates  rebuilt  by  Nehemiah,  although  there  is  a  c^2roit»; 
place  where  it  seems  to  belong  which  is  occupied  by  a  Broad w»u 
mention  of  "the  Broad  Wall"  (iii.  8).    The  dedication 
ceremonies  go  in  the  reverse  order  to  the  rebuilding,  and 
in  this  account  this  gate  is  mentioned  (xii.  39).    It  was 
on  the  north  side  of  the  city  and  for  many  reasons  is 
known  to  have  been  the  chief  gate  in  that  part.     Its 
importance  cannot  be  appreciated  without  referring  to 
earlier  records,  where  it  is  spoken  of  in  <'onnection  with 
the  Corner  (Jate.    This  was  soon  after  800  B.C.,  or  about 
13')  years  after  the  death  of  Solomon,  at  the  time  when 
Joash  or  Jehoash,  king  of  Israel,  defeated  Amaziah, 
king  of  Judah,  pursued  him  ti)  Jerusalem,  and  broke 
down  400  cubits  of  the  north  wall  of  the  city  "from  the 


_l,l  t  i  i!\  .  J 


f 


356 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


Gate  of  Eplirnim  unto  the  Corner  Gate"  (2  Kings  xiv. 
13;  2  Chron.  xxv.  23).  The  direetion  of  this  work  of 
deHtruftiou  was  from  ea«t  to  west.  No  one  can  Muppow* 
that  this  wall  was  broken  down  immediately  after  it  had 
l)een  built,  heme  the  statement  in  ju8tifle<l  that  it  had 
been  in  exiKtenee  many  yearn.  It  is  not  known  who 
repairtnl  this  wall,  but  nlniut  twenty  yeai-s  later  I'zziah 
built  towers  at  the  Corner  Gate  the  better  to  defend 
the  lity  from  a  similar  attack  (2  Chron,  xxvi.  9).  It  is 
uotiteable  that  in  the  accounts  of  defending  the  city  or 
Htrengthenin);  its  defences  the  east  and  south  sides  are 
not  mentioned ;  attention  and  care  were  directed  mainly 
if  not  wholly  to  the  north  and  northwest  sides,  which 
were  more  expowd  and  the  direction  whence  the  enemy 
always  approached.  The  Corner  Gate  is  next  mentioned 
in  Jeremiah  about  B.r.  (iOfi,  an<l  by  Zechariah  in  nearly 
the  same  language  about  it.c.  4S7  (Jer.  xxxi.  38;  Zech. 
xiv.  10).  It  does  not  appear  again.  "These  two  passages 
describe  the  north  wall  of  the  city  from  the  extreme 
northeast  to  the  extreme  northwest  limit;  the  eastern 
point  being  the  Tower  of  Uananeel,  near  where  the  later 
Antonia  stood,  while  the  western  was  the  northwest 
corner  of  Jerusalem. 

Counting  back  from  1889,  Jerusalem  for  thrw,  four,  or 
more  centuries  has  had  no  gate  between  the  Jaffa  <iate 
and  the  Damascus  Gate,  and  from  Nehemiah's  record 
there  was  none  between  the  Valley  Gate  (Jaffa  (Sate) 
and  the  Gate  of  Ephriain.  In  the  dwlication,  going  east- 
ward, the  (Sate  of  Ephraim,  the  Old  and  Fish  Gates,  the 
Towers  Ilananwl  and  Meah,  and  the  HhcH'p  Gate,  fol- 
low each  other  as  conse<'Utive  points.  Every  one  knows 
how  important  the  Damascus  Gate  is  to  Jerusalem  at 
the  present  time,  and  such  in  ancient  times  we  believe 
to  have  been  the  importance  of  tiie  Gate  of  Ephraim. 
This  gate,  the  predecessor  of  the  Damascus  Gate  b  t 
situated  considerably  lo  the  west  of  it,  led  t(»  a  rich  a..d 
populous  i»art  of  Judea  and  to  wealtliy  cities  in  tlie 
m.rth.    This  gate,  tirst  mentioned  3r»0  years  before  the 


i 

f  i 

•II 


i     - 


1 1 


i     . 


■IH 

8' 

i 
i 

'       ii 

1  HHni 

I:: 

11'^ 

HItt ' 

,ii 

I*— 


NEIIEMIAII 


357 


time  of  Nt'lu'iniali,  Htill  •'xi»t('«l  in  the  north  wall  of 
.h'rutuileui  \vhi>u  it  wuh  n'pairitl  hy  liiiii.  Hoth  wall  and 
gate  wiTf  tin-  Hiiiiu',  or  at  li-aHt  ofniidtil  tht'  wuue  HitCH 
aH  thow  that  had  I'xintJ^I  ctMiturit's  Iw-fon'. 

It  M't'niH  to  Ih'  (t'rtain  tiiat  about  the  Oate  of  Ephraim 
thcrt'  waH  aiiiph*  ground;  it  iiii^ht  Ih*  tailed  a  "puldio 
K(|iiar«'";  it  was  not  tin*  market  of  the  eity,  Htill  wllers 
from  the  eountry  loit«'re<l  there  and  were  met  by  buyern 
from  the  town,  ho  that  it  waM  alwayn  a  busy  idaee. 
luHide  tue  pite  was  alno  a  wide  riRnny  area  where  on 
feast  dayH  tentn  or  bo«>thH  were  |)it<he<l  (viii.  1(5).  Tlie 
eonvietion  in  forcwl  uiMtn  us  tliat  in  sonu'  way  the  Itnuid 
Wall  and  the  (Jate  of  Kphraini  were  elowly  coumrted, 
but  exaetly  how  they  were  related  or  what  HjMMial  pur- 
pose the  Broad  Wall  served  is  not  known.  It  has  bwn 
8ujtj{e»ted  that  by  "Rroad  Wall"  is  meant  the  eastern 
wall  of  the  I'tHtl  of  Ilezekiah  between  that  and  Christian 
strtH't,  but  this  was  retiHinnl  to  prevent  the  jireat  body 
of  water  in  the  pool  from  breaking  away  and  lioo<ling 
the  Market-phue  and  the  other  parts  of  the  Lower  City 
lyinp  to  the  east  of  it. 

As  to  the  importance  of  the  (Sate  of  Ephraim  an  illus- 
trative faet  is  found  in  the  history  of  the  sie{je,  for  Titus 
attaekwl  the  Se<ond  Wall  on  its  north  side  at  its  central 
tower.  As  he  faced  the  wall  he  had  behind  him,  in  the 
Xew  City,  "the  Wool  Market,  the  Braziers'  Shops,  and 
the  Clothes  Market"  (V.  viii.  li.  Likewise,  "the  Timber 
.Market,"  which  had  recently  been  burned  by  Cestius. 
was  in  this  vicinity  and  slumld  be  aibU'd  to  the  jjroup. 
These  circumstances  show  that  about  the  cliief  jjate  of 
the  city  on  tli'  north  traflic  larjrcly  centred,  which  con- 
firms what  is  <  laimed  for  this  irreat  thoroufihfare  and 
for  the  roominess  of  the  space  abtiut  it. 


ill 


I 


The  massiveness  of  the  wall  on  the  east  side  of  the 
Pool  of  Ile/.ekiah  deserves  special  attention,  and  the 
Illustration  will  cnabb-  one  to  understand  its  character 
and  position.     The  soulli  wall  of  the  jiool — that  is,  the 


I; 


'!ll 


358 


ANCIENT   JEltUSALEM 


oni'  to  the  h'ft  «»f  David  ntnt't  t{*>iDK  i"**"* — i"  roiimvinl, 
HO  that  u  p«>rtiun  in  ItMikiiiK  uortb.  Tho  mttitk  euii  of 
Itoth  ChriHtian  HtrtH't  nud  tlie  MU|»iM)rtin|{  wall  is  ulmi 
sbown. 

A  Ih  the  uortb  wall  of  tb(>  |mniI. 

B  i8  the  HupiHirtiug  wall  ou  the  eaMt  of  tbt>  pool.  TbJH 
ifi  now  coviTtHl  with  LuiidiuKH  averaKitiK  alK)Ut  25  fii>t 
dwp  (front  t«»  rear),  which  rvpresontH  the  .th  of  the 
wall. 

C  D  Ih  ChriBtian  street.  Thin  in  now  nearly  on  a  level 
with  the  floors  of  the  HhopH  which  are  on  the  Hupportiug 
wall.    It  Is  15  feet  wide. 

E — The  compoaition  of  what  Ih  below  ChriHtian  Bt"tH?t 
is  not  known.  Before  the  Muristan  was  filled  houses 
were  erected  against  the  supirartin;;  wall,  und  one  of 
these  was  uncovcrtMl  as  descrilHHl  in  Chapter  XXXVIil. 
Such  houses  were  doubtless,  as  in  other  pai  's  of  the 
city,  alternately  destroyed  and  rebuilt,  till  finally  the 
present  street  was  made  on  top  of  the  accumulated  mass 
of  debris. 

F  represents  the  bottom  of  the  Church  of  St.  John 
the  Baptist,  which  is  just  east  of  Christian  strwt,  and 
originally  this  was  the  surface  of  the  grou.i.i,  although 
its  depth  below  Christian  street  is  now  not  far  from  :i5 
feet. 

11 — The  ground,  or  rock,  inclined  upward  from  the 
Mnristan  under  Christian  stre«'t  and  the  supporting 
wall  to  the  west  side  of  the  Pool  of  Ilezekiah,  and  it  is 
probable  that  the  supporting  wall  was  sunk  into  this 
slope  as  indicated  by  the  dotted  lines.  A  notable 
example  of  this  method  of  securing  the  foundations 
of  walls  is  that  at  the  southeast  c«>rner  of  the  Temple 
area  nearly  70  fwt  below  the  present  surface  of  the 
ground. 

While  the  supfwrting  wall  on  the  east  of  the  pool  is 
the  only  one  described,  that  on  the  south  between  David 
street  and  the  pool  must  likewise  have  been  of  the  same 
massivt'  character. 


ip 


KEIIKMIAIl 


309 


This  pool  aa  it  Ih  ut.  (triiM'Ut  \n  euiwhli*  of  lioliliuK 
nearly  l:i,UOU  toim  of  water,  the  prexHure  of  whieli  iiu  a 
iH|uare  f<N)t  it  iH  uot  difUeuU  to  (>Htiiiiute. 

It  iH  uot  elear  wliy  tliiH  Hup|Hirtiu);  wall  on  the  cant 
of  the  i'ool  of  Ilezekiah,  whith  had  a  natural  iiilmioa  of 
itii  own,  Hliould  ever  have  bivn  thought  of  aH  repreiientinK 
the  Kroatl  Wall  of  Neheniiah.  ( 1 )  The  proximity  of 
Neheuiiah'H  Broad  Wall  to  the  (late  of  Ephraini,  the  prin- 
cipal gate  on  the  north  of  tlie  city,  eauuot  be  diHputed. 

(2)  It  wan  on  the  line  of  the  wall  that  waH  repaired. 

(3)  It  wag  not  itHelf  repairiMl.  (4)  JudKiuff  ffoni  the 
way  in  which  it  is  uientioneil,  it  MH'inH  to  have  lH>en  a 
point  of  division.  (5)  There  Ih  no  hint  aH  to  itn  eharae- 
ter  or  purpow>.  (6)  Thin  location  for  the  Hroad  Wall 
han  no  evidence  whatever  in  itn  Hup|)ort,  and  in  contra- 
dicted l»y  the  dlHtance  lH>tw«M'n  it  and  the  Valley  (late, 
which  doeH  not  allow  of  the  five  He<MonH  of  city  wall  that 
were  repainMl,  and  by  the  fact  Ihat  the  c«»ntour  of  the 
}!Tonnd  makes  it  impoBsible  that  a  wall  should  ever  have 
existed  here. 


Some  of  the  facts  and  dates  connected  with  the  Cor- 
ner Onte.  the  Gate  of  Enhraim,  and  the  wall  that  was 
broken  down,  help  us  in  nnderstandii  ;r  \-  'lat  was  actually 
done  by  Manasseh.  This  king  "built  an  outer  wall  to 
the  City  of  David  westward  of  Oihon  in  the  valley 
(nnchal),  even  to  the  enterinp  in  of  the  Fish  (Jate"  (2 
Chron.  xxxiii.  14).  The  Fish  (late  was  not  far  to  the 
west  or  northwest  of  the  Tower  of  Hanani'cl,  which  staxl 
in  the  ininie<liate  rejjion  of  the  later  Anttmia.  The  wall 
Ijcjjan  just  west  of  the  P«m)1  of  Ilezekiah  and  ran  round 
by  the  north  to  Antonia  or  a  jxiint  near  it,  where  it 
terminateil.  On  the  west  and  north  sides  the  City  of 
David  must  have  had  defences  from  the  earliest  times. 
The  pas.Ha};es  in  'J  Kinjis  xiv.  13  and  2  Chron.  xxv.  23 
show  that  such  «lef('n«'es  existitl  and  Manasseh's  work 
was  additional.  It  is  possibh'  that  for  "built"  lu  this 
interesting  bit  of  history  we  sIkjuUI  read  rebuilt,  an  "c 


w»u 


860 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


have  to  do  in  so  inany  other  plates.    (Hw  earlier  in  this 
chapter  under  Naehal.) 


Btbnilding 
the  wall! 


The  reltiiildin;;  of  the  walls  as  recordetl  in  Nehemiah 
brin>;s  to  li^ht  many  interestinf,'  particulars.  With 
chapter  iii.,  chapter  xii.  must  be  considered,  as  they  are 
inseparably  counecttnl.  <"ertain  points  in  the  details  of 
the  work  are  definite  and  serve  as  landmarks,  of  which 
the  followin<;  are  indicated.  The  Sheep  (Jate  was  at 
the  northeast  corner  of  the  city  as  it  then  was,  before 
the  deej)  valley  just  south  of  St.  Stephen's  (late  was 
filled.  The  towers  Jleah  and  llananeel  were  not  far 
from  where  the  later  Antonia  stmxl.  The  (iate  of 
E])hraini  was  the  principal  gate  on  the  north  of  the  city, 
leadin;;  to  the  lar^je  towns  and  wealthy  districts  of 
Samaria  and  (Salilee.  The  Valley  (Jate  was  near  the 
pri'sent  Jaffa  (Sate.  The  Dung  (Sate  was  not  far  from 
tli»>  present  v'ate  of  that  nanu'.  Between  it  and  the  (Sate 
of  the  Fountain,  a  valley,  the  "nachal"  of  chapter  ii.  15, 
had  to  be  crosse<l,  'ahar,  which  was  the  Tyropean.  The 
Pool  of  Siloam  was  the  same  as  now,  and  the  site  of  the 
Kiufi's  (Jarden  is  well  known.  The  sjime  is  true  of 
Ophel,  whence  the  wall  ran  north  pretty  direct  to  the 
Sheep  (late,  its  startinj:  point. 

The  nanu's  of  some  of  the  gates  indicate  their  sp«'cial 
purpose,  Slieep,  l-'ish,  Ephraim,  Valley,  Dung,  and  Foun- 
tain. Sheep  were  brought  in  great  numbers,  then  as 
now,  to  the  n<irtli  side  of  the  city,  but  in  those  days  to 
a  point  farther  east,  since  the  consumption  of  them  in 
the  Temjile  was  so  vast.  (Quantities  of  fish  were  brought 
from  Tyre,  an<l  special  choice  varieti»'s  from  the  Sea 
of  (lalilee,  for  general  use  and  for  the  nuuiy  feasts,  and 
Fish  (Jate  on  the  north,  between  the  Slieep  (Jate  and  the 
(Jate  of  Ephriam,  was  ai)propriately  named.  Since 
Dung  (Jate  is  first  mentioned  in  Nehemiah,  it  may  have 
succeeded  to  the  "(Jate  Itetween  the  two  walls,"  which 
was  in  this  immediate  vicinity  and  mentioned  I.'tO  yeari* 
before  Nehemiah  wrote.    I'ountaiu  (late  cowld  have  only 


NEllEMIAU 


361 


one  ptmsihlc  origin,  thv  pitc  tliroufth  wliicli  jKHtple 
pa88tHl  to  reach  V"  water  supply. — Ou  the  possibility 
of  Ounj;  Osi'  luin^,  ((lauiit'il  to  "Milk  (Jate"  s«'e  the  rea- 
sons in  its  f  ;\(ir  in  Cii.iptcr   v. 

From  the  fej.  iiiniDj:  t.>  (  ,;>  end  of  the  work  forty-one 
Kectious  are  .  KTiti'ticii,  ai.il  of  tlu'se,  lie^innin^  at  th«' 
Sheep  (late  and  jjoin};  i.:und  Ity  the  north,  west,  and 
south  to  the  P(H)1  of  Siloain,  there  are  twenty  sections. 
Thence  in  fourteen  sections  Ophel  is  reached,  and  in 
seven  more  the  Sheep  (late,  which  was  the  startinj; 
point.  For  valid  reasons  it  seems  best  not  to  re<;ard  iii. 
'JH't  as  a  seition.  but  simply  as  a  statement  of  fact  as  to 
the  residence  of  the  Nethinims,  the  Temj)le  servants. 
Their  name  indicates  tlu'ir  occupation  and  rank,  and  it 
would  not  be  expected  of  them  that  they  should  build 
walls.  Moreover,  the  narrative  is  more  counet-ted  and 
easier  of  explanation  if  we  do  Mot  try  to  introduce  a 
word  which  we  must  do  if  we  make  it  a  separate  section. 

In  order  to  complete  the  view  of  the  rebuilding  a  few 
additional  facts  may  be  noted,  some  of  which  are  import- 
ant for  otir  present  purjtose.  For  example,  the  len^^th 
of  the  sections  is  not  the  same,  various  reasons  jirevent- 
iii\i  its  beinj;  so.  The  nature  of  the  jjrouud  made  the 
difliculties  of  building  jtreater  in  some  jtarts  than  in 
others,  and  this  would  affect  the  lenjith  of  the  sections. 
Some  were  the  lenjith  of  a  sinfjle  house,  possiitly  not  a 
Iar<;e  house  either.  In  verse  28  s«'veral  i)ieces  done  by 
individual  priests,  probably  short  pieces,  are  j^rouped 
as  one  section.  Some  worked  in  immediate  connection 
with  their  own  houses;  others  where  (hey  were  assijiued 
without  any  reference  to  their  residence.  In  verses  4 
and  "Jl  the  same  man  does  a  portion  on  the  extreme  north 
of  the  city  and  also  another  on  the  south  of  the  Temi>le. 
The  Tckoites  rejiaired  on  the  north  and  also  on  the 
soutlu'ast.  The  !Iiy;h  Priest  whose  residence  was  on 
the  s(mth  of  the  Temi>le  be»an  (he  work  of  repairing 
on  the  nordicast  a(  the  Sheep  (Jate,  (|uite  possibly  to 
give  the  work  a  start.     With  this  exception  the  work 


[ 


■vhh 


862 


AXCIENT   JERUSALEM 


of  the  Priests  and  Levites  was  confined  to  the  Ophel 
hill. 

The  Stairs  in  verse  15  are  the  same  as  those  mentioned 
in  xii.  37.  The  Uate  of  the  Fountain  and  the  Stairs  were 
located  not  far  from  eacli  other.  The  same  was  true  of 
the  stairs  and  the  wall ;  but  the  stairs  were  north  of  the 
wall,  not  south  of  it.  The  wall  went  up  the  hill,  and 
so  did  the  stairs.  Consequently  there  was  no  wall  be- 
tween the  (late  of  the  Fountain  and  the  Pool  of  Siloani 
running  north  and  south  along  the  foot  of  the  western 
slojK'  of  the  Ophel  ridge.  MorH)ver,  the  theory  that  the 
Stairs  ran  from  the  Temple  south  along  the  Ophel  ridge 
to  near  the  King's  Garden  has  nothing  in  its  support. 
The  Stairs  led  fr<mi  the  Temple  Hill  to  the  Lower  City, 
broad,  convenient,  a  public  ornament,  and  an  absolute 
public  necessity. 

It  has  been  shown  that  verse  10  is  a  section  by  itself 
and  refers  to  the  old  wall  betwwn  the  Mahkameh  and  the 
Jaffa  (>ate.  Unless  so  treated  this  important  portion  of 
wall  was  not  repaired. 

In  verse  15  the  ork  stoppeti  with  the  Stairs  just  north 
of  the  wall  which  went  up  the  eastern  hill  towards  the 
east.  At  this  point  verse  17  takes  up  the  work  and  car- 
ries it  on  to  verses  19  and  20,  where  there  is  a  "turning" 
or  an  "angle."  Thence  it  goes  to  verse  24.  where  there  is 
another  "turning"  or  "angle,"  and  a  "corner."  There 
are  three  more  sections,  long  or  short  we  do  iiot  know, 
before  Ophel  is  reached.  At  Ophel  there  is  no  "turning" 
or  "c^ .  ner."  Indeed  from  the  lower  or  western  end  of 
the  Stairs  round  by  the  southeast,  east,  and  north  there 
are  only  the  two  "turnings"  or  "angles''  and  the  one 
"corner"  as  already  mentioned,  until  the  last  section 
before  the  Sheep  (Jate  is  reached. 

In  all  tlie  sections  from  the  starting  point  round  to 
the  Stairs,  including  the  Pool  of  Siloani,  there  are  no 
"goings  up,"  "ascents,"  "turnings,"  "angles,"  or  "cor- 
ners"; these  all  belong  to  the  eastern  hill. 

If  the  Opiiel  ridge  theory  of  the  City  of  David  is  cor- 


II 


li 


I 


NEIIEMIAH 


363 


rcct,  vprse  15  must  bo  explained  as  follows :  On  the  lower 
part  of  the  western  sIuim.*  of  the  Uphel  ridjje  the  wall  ran 
from  north  to  south.  The  Gate  of  the  Fountain,  this 
wall,  and  the  wall  of  the  Pool  of  8iloam,  all  following 
in  order  one  after  the  other,  were  completed  and  the 
workmen  were  at  the  King's  (Jarden  at  the  extreme 
southern  end  of  the  Ophel  ridge.  From  this  point  the 
wall  ran  north  on  the  eastern  brow  of  this  hill  to  the 
Temple  area,  and  beyond  that,  the  same  nearly  straight 
line  being  continued,  to  the  Sheep  Gate,  where  the 
rebuilding  operations  began.  But  verse  19  makes  a  turn- 
ing or  angle  and  also  a  corner,  and  these  three  are  used 
as  landmarks.  But  if  the  wall  of  Jerusalem  ran  from 
the  southern  end  of  the  Gphel  ridge  northwards  along 
the  eastern  brow  of  the  hill  these  angles  and  this  coi- 
ner would  be  impossible.  The  theory  is  untenable  from 
whatever  point  of  view  it  is  approached.  It  would 
locate  the  Sepulchres  of  David,  the  Pool  that  was  made, 
and  the  House  of  the  Mighty  on  the  southern  portion  of 
the  Ophel  ridge,  an  insignificant  area  already  crowde<l, 
if  the  theory  is  true,  with  city  and  public  buildings  be- 
yond any  parallel  in  history  and  indeetl  bej-ond  belief. 

It  is  evident  from  this  account,  verse  15,  confirmed  by 
other  historical  hints,  particularly  those  in  JoscphuR 
that  the  Pool  of  Siloam  had  a  wall  of  its  own.  (Se.' 
Chapter  VII.) 

The  Valley  Gate  and  the  wall  between  it  and  the  Dung 
Gate  were  repaired  as  cme  section  (verse  13).  The  men- 
tion of  "one  thousand  cubits  on  the  wall"  has  misknl 
some  writers  into  hastily  supposing  that  this  number  of 
cubits  indicated  the  exact  ilistance  between  the  two 
gates.  This  is  not  the  case,  for  the  writer  did  not  give 
the  exact  distance  and  did  not  intend  to;  he  simply  said 
that  between  these  two  jioints  there  were  one  thousand 
cubits  of  broken  wall  that  was  to  be  repairwl  as  stated. 
Here  as  elsewhere  not  all  the  wall  had  been  thrown 
down;  some  portions  remained  that  did  not  need 
repairing. 


♦  H 


i,M 


i'i. 


-     I 


SQi 


ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


The  Tower  of  tlie  Furuaces  was  next  north  of  the  Val- 
ley Gate,  with  only  one  settlon  of  wall  between  them. 
The  words  used  show  tliat  they  were  not  for  burniuj; 
pottery,  but  were  bakers'  oveus. 

The  phrase  "palace  of  the  house"  (Temple)  in  ii.  S 
is  not  the  sjime  as  "throne  «>f  the  governor"  of  iii.  7. 
The  word  binli,  nra,  ii.  8,  usually  rendered  "pahue,"' 
may  mean  a  large  hall  or  public  court  belonging  to  some 
important  public  building,  in  tliis  case  the  Temple. 
"Throne"  in  iii.  7,  «d3,  refers  to  the  place  where  public 
business  was  done,  a  kind  of  modern  xeiui,  and  on  that 
account  being  well  known  was  used  as  a  landmark. 

"After  them,"  verse  27,  should  be  "after  him,"  since  it 
is  connected  with  the  end  of  verse  25. 

In  su(h  a  case  as  is  found  in  verse  19,  the  "armory" 
and  the  "ascent"  to  it  have  no  necessary  connection  with 
the  wall ;  they  were  apart  from  it  and  were  used  as  land- 
marks. 

The  wall  of  Ophel  was  not  repaired,  the  reason  being 
that  it  had  not  been  destroyed. 

The  fact  that  in  the  first  half  of  the  chapter  one 
phrase  is  used  to  introduce  the  ditt'erent  workmen  anil 
in  the  last  half  an  entirely  different  word  is  used,  is  to 
be  noticed,  1  ut  it  does  not  affect  our  general  purpose. 

From  Antonia  round  to  the  Jaffa  (Sate  (excluding 
both  I,  sixteen  sections  were  repairtnl,  the  list  including 
two  gates,  the  Fish  and  the  Old.  The  conclusion  is  jus- 
tified that  these  sections  were  of  considerable  length. 
From  the  Antonia  to  the  Fish  Gate  (excluding  both) 
there  were  two  sections  of  wall.  Thence  to  the  Old 
<}ate  (including  the  Fish  (Jate.  but  excluding  the  Old 
(Jate)  there  were  five  sections;  thence  to  the  Broad 
Wall  (including  tlie  Old  (Sate,  but  excluding  the  Broad 
Wain  there  were  fimr  sections;  thence  to  the  Tower 
of  the  Furnaces  (excluding  the  Broad  Wall.  l)ut  includ- 
ing the  Tower  of  the  Furnaces)  there  were  four  sec- 
tions, and  (hence  to  the  VaUey  (Jate  (excluding  (he 
Tower  of  the  I'urnaces  and  the  Valley  (Jate)  there  was 


1 


NEOEMIAH 


365 


one  section.  Thus  between  the  Broad  Wall  and  the  Old 
Gate  (exeludinj?  the  Old  (J-ite)  there  were  three  sec- 
tions of  wall.  But  the  (iate  of  Ephraiiu  was  just  east  of 
the  Broad  Wall.  IMacinj;;  the  Old  (iate  somewhere  near 
the  Damascus  (Sate,  the  (Jate  of  Ephraim  would  not  be 
very  far  to  the  west,  at  a  point  where  for  other  reasons  it 
lias  been  shown  that  it  must  be  located  to  justify  its 
claim  of  being  for  centuries  the  chief  gate  on  the  north 
of  the  city. 


This  event  is  narrated  in  nearly  the  same  language  in  Flight  of 
three  different  places.  There  is  described  the  city  wall  b.c's76 
at  a  particular  point,  the  gate  in  the  same,  the  relation 
of  the  gate  to  the  King's  (lardcn,  and  the  course  of  the 
fugitive  king  after  passing  the  garden.  "By  the  gate 
between  the  two  walls  they  went  out  of  the  city  by  night 
towards  the  King's  Oardeu"  (Jer.  xx.\ix.  4).  "They 
went  out  <»f  the  city  by  night  by  way  of  the  gate  between 
the  two  walls,  which  is  above  the  Kiug's  (Jardeu"  (Jer. 
lii.  7,  and  2  Kings  xxv.  4  is  like  this).  The  last  clause, 
"went  towards  the  plain,"  is  the  same  in  each  of  the 
three  passages.  The  "plain"  is  the  Arabah,  the  Jordan 
valley.  For  "by  way  of"  and  "towards"  one  word  is 
used,  the  common  word  <hnl:.  In  each  case  the  word  for 
wall  or  walls  is  diml.  The  wall  was  in  the  shape  of  an 
ov  bow,  convex  towards  the  city,  that  is,  the  north.  At 
the  bend  a  gate  led  in  and  out  of  the  city.  (Joing  out 
thr«mgh  this  gate  they  afterwards  lame  to  the  King's 
Garden,  passing  which  they  went  on  towards,  ilcrcL. 
the  Jordan  valley.  The  word  translated  "by"  in  the 
phrase  "by  tli<'  King's  Oarden"  in  two  of  these  i)assages 
(2  Kings  xxv.  4  and  Jt'r.  lii.  7)  means  "above,"  for  the 
garden  was  down  the  valley  below  tlu'  Pool  of  Siloam 
and  had  no  connection  with  the  city.  Josephus  de- 
scribes the  place  ( the  valley  iM'twiH'u  the  double  wj'.II  t  as 
latrras  i)hnio;i<inx.  a  ravine  with  abrupt  sides.  This 
was  true,  lint  on  each  side  there  was  a  wall,  ox-bow 
shape,  making  the  double  wall  as  described. 


•■-ii 


% 


366 


ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


I 


For  the  sake  of  greater  deflniteness  it  may  be  said 
that  on  the  west  side  of  this  raviue,  the  side  which  faces 
the  east,  the  rock  is  nearly  vertical,  and  on  the  top  or 
crest  there  may  have  bw-n  si  slight  wall.  What  the  pre- 
cise condition  of  things  was  is  not  known,  but  it  is  cer- 
tain that  the  rock  alone,  or  tlie  rock  with  its  slight  wall, 
was  of  su<h  a  character  that  it,  with  the  wall  on  the  east 
side  of  the  ravine  (there  had  at  that  time  bcnm  no  lifting 
up  of  the  southwest  corner  of  tlie  present  Temple  area), 
could  best  l»e  descril»e<l  by  the  dual  of  the  Hebrew  word 
for  wall.  This  dual  wall,  convex  towards  the  north, 
pointwl  towards  the  causeway  which  led  from  the  East 
to  the  West  Hill,  and  to  the  massive  flight  of  stairs  which 
led  from  the  East  Ilil!  down  into  the  valley  (now  the 
Tyropean)  to  the  City  of  David,  the  Acra  of  Maceabean 
times — the  Lower  City  of  Josephus. 

It  is  to  be  remembennl  that  on  the  south  of  Jerusa- 
lem Nehemiah  mentions  two  gates.  Dung  and  Fountain. 
These  are  not  mentioned  before  him.  Ol  the  other  hand, 
he  does  not  mention  the  (Sate  between  the  two  walls, 
notwithstanding  the  many  details  which  he  gives  of  this 
part  of  the  city.  Nearly  one  hundretl  and  fifty  years 
before  his  time  the  city  had  been  capturwl,  the  walls  and 
buildings  destroyed,  and  King  Zetlekiah  led  away  cap- 
tive. In  this  long  interval  many  things  had  bcn-n  for- 
gotten and  nmny  changes  had  taken  place.  It  is  not 
affirmed  that  the  date  between  the  two  walls  and  the 
Fountain  (late  were  identical;  but  it  is  reasonable  if 
not  certain  that  they  were  in  the  same  general  locality. 
In  the  rebuilding  and  reconstruction  of  B.C.  446  the 
Fountain  (late  was  placwl  a  little  farther  south  than 
the  <iate  between  the  two  walls  bad  been. 

It  seems  hardly  necessary  to  add  that  these  dual  walls, 
the  two  sides  of  the  ox-bow,  did  not  continue  south  for 
any  considerable  distance;  one  (to  a  i)ersoa  looking 
south )  soon  went  up  over  the  eastern  hill,  and  the  other 


went  sharply  round  to  t 
western  hill. 


e  right  along  the  brow  of  the 


CHAPTER  XLI 


-ill 


ROCK  AND  QUARRIEa  ABOUT  JERUSAi^EM 

Mutual  Influence  of  Jiidea.  Phoenicia,  and  Egypt  >ipon  Each 
Other— Monolithic  Work— David,  Solonun,  a»»d  Hiram— Tes- 
timony of  the  Bible  and  JosephuH— Building  Periods  Classi- 
fied— Decay  of  Stones— Value  of  Stones — Ancient  Ruin» 
Quarries  for  Later  Builders — Hebrew  Stones  in  Present  Wall 
— Stone-uxjrk  Classified 

Ix  a  granite  quarry  stones  can  be  cut  of  any  size  tliat  8ton«-work. 
may  be  required,  iuchuliug  li>ngth,  brea<ltli,  ami  thick-  „,!," 
ness.    In  Palestine  the  rock  is  limestone,  and  it  almost  qu»rri«» 
never  exists  in  solid  nmsses  like  the  granite  of  New  Eng- 
land.   In  travelling  aitout  the  country  one  cannot  fail 
to  notice  in  general  that  tlie  rock,  where  it  is  exposetl,  is 
divided  into  layers  of  different  thicknesses,  and  not  in- 
frequently it  is  divided  again  by  vertical  seams  so  per- 
fectly that  it  would  be  easy  to  take  the  individual  sec- 
tions for  artificial  blocks.    In  the  vicinity  of  Jerusalem, 
if  we  include  a  distance  of  ten  miles  on  the  north  of  the 
city,  there  are  places  where  the  rock  is  firm,  whence  we 
supiJose  that  columns  and  massive  blocks  were  taken. 
Indewl,  the  largest  stones  menti'Mu  1  by  Josephus  could 
have  been  supplied  from  either  of  two  of  these  quarries. 

The  quality  of  the  rock  about  Jerusalem  varies 
greatly.  Some  rock  is  mere  waste  wholly  unsuitable  for 
building  jmrposes.  Some  can  be  used  for  interior  but 
not  for  exterior  walls,  and  some  carries  seams  of  soft 
reddish  material  which  decays  after  some  years  of  ex- 
posure. There  are  two  varieties  of  the  hard  rock  which 
are  considered  most  durable  for  building  walls  and 
houses.  For  the  many  varieties  of  stone  that  exist  tlie 
people  of  the  country  have  s])ecial  nam«>s,  of  which  a 
few  may  be  mentioned.     Ther    is  a  kind  of  congioni- 

367 


Mi 

i! 


;ll 


868 


ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


erato,  not  firm  and  not  heavy,  wliitli  in  U8e<l  in  *<'n- 
strm-ting  the  arched  roofH  of  native  houHes;  it  iH  eall  •<! 
nahrrh.    A  very  eouimon  utone  i«  ealled  knkoitli.    It  iH 
soft,  eawii.v  eut,  extremely  white,  and  iH  UHed  for  inte- 
riors, altliough  sonietinieB  parts  of  external  honse-wallH 
are  huilt  of  it.    A  denri-e  In-yond  this  in  hardness  is  the 
kind  calhHl  mdcki.    Although  white  it  is  not  so  white  as 
the  hakoiiH;  and  this  carries  the  reddish  seams  just  men- 
tioned.   When   dressed   the   surface   is   not    [H'rfectly 
smooth,  hut  usually  has  a  granulatwl  or  sandy  apiM-ar- 
anee.    It  nmy  he  necessary  to  state  tliat  the  character 
of  both  the  kakoiiU  and  the  mrlcki  varies  considerably 
as  to  hardness.    The  hard  varieties  of  stone  come  under 
the  name  of  inissch.    There  are  several  shades  of  color, 
reddish,  whitish,  greenish,  and  yellowish.     The  grwu 
shade  is  rare.     One  variety,  callnl  mixnch  Jchinhh,  is 
very  hard,  contains  flint,  and  fine  flint  seams  ar»'  notice- 
able.   A  gocKl  deal  of  it  is  used,  but  it  is  not  a  favorite 
8t<me  with  stonenmsons.     The  varieties  called  minncli 
hvlH  (white)  and  mixmh  akmar  (red)  are  popular  and 
most  U8e<l  for  building.    They  are  firm,  durable,  and  take 
a  good  polish. 

To  the  east  of  the  city  the  rock  is  everywhere  chalky 
and  soft,  and  to  the  s<mth  there  is  no  rock  that  woubl 
yield  massive  blocks.  Southwest  of  Jerusalem,  at  no 
great  <listance,  there  are  beds  of  limestone  which  is  much 
used  for  building  modern  houses.  The  stone  is  hard  and 
prettily  marked  with  red.  yellow,  pink,  and  other  colors, 
but  it  is  full  of  fine  seams  which  render  it  unsuitable 
for  large  work.  Tlie  stone  takes  a  good  polish,  some 
sp«'cimens  being  really  beautiful  on  account  of  the  varie- 
gated colors,  but  the  seams  wliich  run  in  I'very  direc- 
tion always  mar  the  surface.  To  the  northwest  of  the 
city,  at  Neby  Samwil,  there  is  one  of  the  finest  IhhIs  of 
firm  rock  in  this  region;  to  the  north  Shafat  yields  a 
limited  amount  of  fairly  good  marble;  further  north  at 
Kama  there  is  an  old  (piarry  of  good  stone;  and  still 
further  north,  at  Bireh,  ten  miles  distant,  there  is  an 


ANflEXT  QIAUKY  OF  FIUM  HOCK  AT  KAMA.  X(»l{T»t 
»)F  JEUISAKEM 

In  Ifttevtimea  Died  for  ciitt.iiK  i*mftll  uttiiiiii.  ai  appt^ur*  iii  Ihf  riKht  of  llie  illii-lralinn. 


(        ' 


m^ 


•^■r: 


ANCIENT  QlAIUn"  NEAR  HIMTISH  OPHTHALMIC  IIOSI'ITAL 

A(  Ihe  right  hand  arewi-n  cut»iin:i«,  i^ii  or  feven  Uvt  in  liri^hr.  wliicli  were  nmdt*  by  work- 
nu-n  tu  rvti-oiH!  blocks  or  etune  vt-rtitally. 


i 
t 

t 

i 

f 

ROCK  AND  QUARRIES  ABOUT  JERUSALEM  369 

ancient  quarry  where  the  nn-k  in  of  a  HptH-ially  firm  ami 
excellent  character.  ThiH  in  reiimrkable  a8  having 
neither  vertical  nor  horizontal  seaniM. 

Quarries  for  titone  were  oi)ened  in  all  sorts  of  places. 
It  seldom  occurred  that  they  were  on  flat  land,  although 
in  e-xceptional  cases  this  was  true.  Mention  is  not  now 
made  of  those  which  furnish  huildinj!  stone  for  nimlem 
houses,  but  of  the  ancient  ciuarries  whence  were  obtained 
the  great  st«mes  for  ancient  structures. 

In  some  sections  where  we  know  that  in  early  times 
quarries  for  massive  stones  existed,  the  country  is  so 
broken  as  to  make  us  wonder  how  human  skill  ccmld 
overcome  the  obstacles  and  remove  thence  the  blocks 
that  had  lieen  prepared.  Every  trace  of  road,  embank- 
ment, or  causeway  has  disappearwl.  Those  who  live  in 
the  country  cease  to  wonder  at  this,  for  they  know  the 
terribly  destructive  iK)wer  of  the  winter  raius  Floods 
and  torrents  wash  everything  away.  And  these  reix'ated 
year  after  year  for  many  centuries  have  obliterated  every 
indication  of  the  ancient  means  which  may  have  lieen 
uswl  for  the  purpose  reijuired. 

The  region  of  the  Tombs  of  the  Kings  had  some  firm 
rock,  otherwise  these  famous  monuments  would  not  have 
lastetl  till  the  present  day.  This  rock,  however,  is  not 
of  the  best  quality,  and  that  in  which  the  Tombs  of 
Eudwia  were  excavated,  now  a  part  of  the  Pominican 
grounds  north  of  the  Damascus  (late,  is  of  poor  quality, 
and  consequently  these  tombs  have  not  been  very  well 
preserved. 

The  hill  in  which  are  found  the  so-called  Tombs  of  the 
Judges  is  of  fairly  good  stone,  some  of  it  of  the  best,  and 
there  is  evidence  that  this  hill  had  been  used  as  a  <iuarry 
for  massive  blocks  at  some  jHTioil  previous  to  the  exca- 
vation of  the  tombs.  To  remove  blocks  from  this  quarry 
would,  on  account  of  the  contour  of  the  ground,  have 
been  comparatively  easy.  Some  large  stones  were  taken 
from  the  hill  l)etween  the  Ophthalmic  Hospital  and  the 
Railway  Station;  but  the  decayed  and  imperfect  rock  is 


i: 


!  m 


Hi 


if 

:    II 


hk 


t: 


mi 


ll 


870 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


HO  mingled  with  thf  linn  rtK-k  u«  to  rt-udtT  thiH  quarry 
UDHatiMfni-tory,  and  I'vitlfiitly  it  wum  not  cxtvoHivvly 
umhI. 

In  Honi*'  I'lirly  pt>ri(Ml  an  attempt  woh  made  to  K^^t 
Inr}?e  Htoue  fr«>iii  tlie  hill  ncirthwent  »)f  the  lity,  now 
ini-hided  in  the  lUiHMinn  Kroundn,  und  u  wtniple  of 
aneieut  work  Mtill  renmiuH  in  the  Hhni>e  of  an  immenHe 
niontditliic  eoluinn  40  fiH't  Ion;;  and  'i  feet  in  diameter, 
wliich  wttM  imrtiv  kIuiimiI  und  left  attuehed  to  itH  bed 
roek.  It  wjiH  nneovered  whiu  after  A.u.  1860,  and 
remains  bh  the  antient  workmen  left  it.  The  M>aum 
in  the  column  renderwl  it  uneletw  for  the  purpone 
inten«lwl,  and  thin  illuHtrateH  the  uneertuin  and 
imiH-rfeit  character  of  much  of  the  rock  about  Je.d- 
Halem. 

In  conswiuence  «»f  the  falling  of  Home  buildings  at 
Neby  Samwil  in  190(1  >v  a  little  later,  and  the  reimirg 
thereby  necewHitattnl,  c»»nHiderable  earth  had  to  be  re- 
movt-d,  with  the  result  that  there  was  unc(»ver<Hl  a  large 
ancient  (juarry  of  a  most  interesting  character.  This 
hill  has  a  rounded  top  and  the  slope  to  the  west 
where  this  (juarry  exists  is  not  great.  As  the  earth 
was  remove<l  from  the  native  rock  it  was  found  that  at 
intervals  trenches  hail  been  made  by  the  workmen, 
which  are  li  to  4  f«H't  wide  and  3  to  .'>  fwt  dwp.  These 
tn-nches  meet  another  trench  at  right  angles,  so  that 
tlie  blocks  were  clear  and  are  still  clear  on  thnv  sides. 
The  fimrth  side  is  covered.  The  intervals  between  these 
trenches,  whi«li  would  )n-  the  U'ngth  of  the  stone,  or 
p«.ssibly  in  some  instances  tlie  width,  were  12, 15,  and  20 
feet.  The  larger  the  block  tlu'  wider  the  trench  about  it 
would  need  to  be.  The  workmen  must  not  only  cut 
down  but  after  that  they  must  have  room  to  «ut  under 
the  stone,  so  as  to  release  it  from  its  bed,  unless  they 
reached  a  hoi-izimtal  seam.  They  must  have  nxmi  for 
their  mechanical  appliances  for  raising  the  bUuk  to  the 
surface.  The  ((Uarry  seems  to  have  been  abandoneil  sud- 
denlv.    It  certainlv  is  in  a  remarkal>le  state  of  preserva- 


■i 


it 


i  ■'] 


!    U 


I    '3 


l' 


SECTION  OF  AN  ANCIENT  QUAHUY,  EAST  OP  NEBY  SAMWIL 

Tlie  •oulli  face  »liow»  riiiht  •ngle.     nei-rriptlon  in  tflt. 


ANCIENT  lilAKUY  AT  BIUEU 

Ten  mile*  north  of  Jecuiakiu.    Dtucriplion  lii  Ibf  Icxt. 


ROCK  AND  QUARRIES  xVBOUT  JERUSALEM    371 

tion.  Digging  and  building  operations  near  it  have  now 
covered  it  entirely. 

On  the  east  side  of  this  village  there  exists  another 
ancient  quarry  of  which  a  large  part  is  exposed.  The 
rock  is  firm  and  of  the  best  ([uality  and  no  doubt  many 
massive  blocks  were  worked  out  here;  but  the  idea  of 
removing  them  from  this  point  to  Jerusalem  is  appal- 
ling. However,  the  people  who  required  such  stones 
could  devise  means  of  moving  them  from  one  place  to 
another.  At  one  point  in  the  south  face  there  is  in  the 
quarry  a  right  angle  of  which  the  sides  extend  30  feet 
in  one  direction  and  10  feet  in  the  other.  The  layers  are 
divided  horizontally  by  seams,  as  is  common  in  many 
(luarries,  but  not  in  that  of  Bireh,  where  the  rock  is  per- 
fectly solid,  and  are  3  feet,  4  feet  C  inches,  and  5  feet 
(i  inches  in  thickness  respectively.  On  the  west  face  the 
rock  layers  are  3  feet,  and  4  feet  (5  inches  thick;  the 
horizontal  dividing  lines  are  exactly  parallel,  and  the 
length  of  the  rock  is  continuous  for  (!0  feet  where  there 
is  a  vertical  seam ;  thence  coutinuous  again  in  the  same 
line  for  upwards  of  50  feet. 

The  famous  (|uarry  near  Bireh  was  on  the  slope  of  a 
hill  where  men  eimld  readily  work  and  the  blocks  could 
easily  be  removed.  At  Neby  Samwil  the  large  dimension 
of  the  blocks  was  horizontal ;  while  at  Bireh  it  was  verti- 
cal, hence  the  work  here  would  be  far  less  diffiiult.  The 
workmen  could  cut  down  vertically  till  a  block  was 
secured  of  the  proiM'r  thickness  and  length,  and  slip  it 
from  its  bed  on  to  the  level  ground  in  front  of  it.  Thriv 
sections  of  this  (piarry  are  each  ,"0  feet  in  length  and 
one  section  is  30  feet;  thi'  vertical  fnce  is  from  I'l  to 
20  feet  high.  The  rock  is  firm  and  the  largest  blocks  and 
columns  could  have  been  supplied  from  it.  Like  that 
at  Xeby  Samwil  this  quarry  was  never  su!ise(|uently 
usihI  for  obtaining  small  stones  in  later  times. 


f 


*  1 


4  i 


i    s 


I  I 


There  is  a  tradition,  coiistiintly  repeated  in  Jerusalem, 
that  the  great  stones  in  the  Temple  were  taken  from  the 


872 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


InilsraMof 

XgTptluUi 

Htbrawt,  and 

PhonleUni 

npoaMeh 

othar. 

jtonoUthie 

work 


Rocallod  Solomou's  (Juarries  near  the  Damascus  Gate; 
but  this  is  pure  flctiou.  A  comparison  of  the  stones 
themselves  with  the  rock  in  these  caverns  shows  that 
such  a  thing  is  impossible.  The  rock  in  the  quarries  is 
partly  kakouli,  but  chiefly.»Mc/c/.i;  while  all  the  original 
large  stones  in  the  wall  of  the  Temple  area  are  some 
variety  of  mianeh. 

Jerusalem  as  we  see  it  to-day  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant places  in  the  East  for  the  study  of  Stone-work. 
Although  the  present  walls  are  only  three  hundred  and 
fifty  years  old,  the  stones  in  their  composite  patchwork 
reprint  nearly  every  era  for  the  past  thirty  centuries. 
As  in  an  art  gallery  persons  who  are  masters  of  painting 
can  assign  every  picture  to  the  period  to  which  it 
belongs,  so  we  believe  that  the  different  historical  peri- 
ods represented  by  the  stones  in  these  old  founda- 
tions, walls,  and  castles  can  be  pointed  out  in  a  fairly 
satisfactory  manner.  It  is  asserting  what  is  not  true  to 
say  that  no  classification  is  possible. 

Stone-cutting  in  Palestine  dates  from  the  earliest 
period  of  which  we  have  any  knowledge.     Indeed,  we 
feel  justified  in  saying  that  it  can  be  traced  far  ba^k  into 
prehistoric  times.     In  studying  this  subject  the  early 
political  conditions  of  Palestine  are  first  to  be  consid- 
ered.   The  mutual  relaticms  between  this  country  and  its 
nearest  neighbors,  Pha>ni('ia  and  Egypt,  are  interesting 
and  important.    The  Egyptians  dominated  Palestine  for 
several  centuries  previous  to  the  Israelitish  occupation, 
and  after  the  establishment  of  the  Jewish  kingdom  from 
the  time  of  Solomon  on  through  the  reigns  of  many  of 
his   successors,   the   Nile  dwellers,   by   marriages,   by 
friendly,  political,  and  commercial  intercourse,  and  in 
still  otiier  ways,  impresstnl  themselves  upon  the  national 
life  of  the  Jews.    The  same  may  be  said  of  the  Phceni- 
cians.    This  fact  is  so  well  known  that  it  is  not  thought 
necessary  to  elaborate  it  here  in  detail.     It  is  not  as- 


KOCK  AND  yUAUUIES  ABOUT  JEKUSALEM  373 

serted  that  thiH  mutual  influence  can  be  detected  and 
differentiated  in  all  its  particulars,  but  what  concerns 
us  is  chiefly  this,  that  in  the  case  «)f  the  Hebrews  the 
Ijowerful  influence  exertetl  upon  them  from  two  direc- 
tions is  in  nothing  more  markeil  than  in  the  matter  of 
stone-work.  A  single  illustration  of  Egyptian  influence 
is  that  of  the  famous  palace  now  in  ruins  at  Arak  el 
Emir,  east  of  the  Jordan.  It  dates  from  200  B.C.  The 
long  sojourn  in  Egypt  of  its  builder,  Hyrcanus,  and  his 
consequent  familiarity  with  its  great  temples  and  other 
renowned  structures,  added  to  his  own  national  ideas  of 
stone-work  as  we  shall  see  later,  alone  account  for  these 
wonderful  blocks.  Two  measurements  will  illustrate 
what  is  meant ;  one  stone  is  17  feet  4  inches  long,  8  feet 
wide,  and  2  feet  8  inches  thick.  Another  is  25  feet  long, 
8  feet  wide,  and  2  feet  3  inches  thick.  Slcmes  very  long 
and  wide  and  comparatively  thin  are  characteristic  of 
Egyptian  work.  These  are  some  of  the  most  marked 
examples  of  Egyptian  influence  that  are  to  be  found  in 
Palestine. 

In  comparing  the  stone-work  of  the  Egyptians  and 
that  of  the  Hebrews  the  climate  of  Egypt  must  be  con- 
siderwl,  which  is  quite  different  from  that  of  Palestine; 
in  Egypt  stones  endure  forever,  in  Palestine  they  decay. 
Secondly,  the  kind  of  stone  is  an  important  element.  In 
Palestine  the  rock  is  all  limestone,  with  varying  grades 
of  hardness  and  consequent  utility;  in  Egypt  the  bulk 
of  the  building  material  is  sandstone,  which  is  like  clay 
in  the  hands  of  the  artist,  and  when  once  carved  pre- 
serves in  beauty  for  all  time  the  thought  of  the  sciilptor. 
The  Egyptians  and  Hebrews,  notwithstanding  the 
relations  existing  between  them,  remained  two  distinct 
races,  while  the  relations  betwwn  the  Hebrews  and 
Plxenicians  were  so  many  and  so  close  as  to  make  them 
pra«'tically  one  people.  The  same  forests  of  (cdar  fur- 
nishe«l  timber  fi)r  Tyre  and  for  .Jerusalem,  and  the  great 
stones  for  the  temples  of  both  came  from  the  same  lime- 
stone hills.    When  history  opens  on  these  shores  we  see 


i 


■-.    i 


I 


374 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


Phcenician  and  Hebrew  craftsmeu  working  harmoniously 
together  in  the  same  forest,  in  the  same  quarries,  laying 
the  same  massive  walls  and  rearing  the  same  public 
edifices.  Iliram  and  Solomon,  with  their  respective  peo- 
ples, had  a  single  purpose.  There  were  not  two  sets  of 
national  ideas  to  be  considered,  nor  two  different  or 
differing  styles  to  be  worked  out ;  they  were  controlled 
by  one  idea,  they  had  one  style,  and  aimed  at  one  result. 
Conse<iuently  in  the  early  jHTiods,  we  may  say  in  every 
period,  we  do  not  find  a  Plxpnician  style  a:.d  a  Hebrew 
style;  the  work  of  these  neighbors  was  practically 
identical. 

As  Egypt  is  full  of  examples  of  very  early  stone-work 
that  have  survhetl  to  the  present  time,  and  as  many 
examples  of  early  Plupnician  work  can  still  be  pointed 
out.  It  is  perfecth'  reasonable  to  assume  that  we  have 
still  existing  in  the  walls  of  Jerussilem  samples  of  the 
earliest  Hebrew  work.  This  is  all  the  more  plausible 
since  it  seems  to  be  confirmed  by  written  historical  tes- 
timony. From  beginning  to  end  both  the  Egyptians  and 
the  Phtt'nicians  preserved  their  national  character  and 
ideas,  and  we  believe  it  is  onlj'  just  to  allow  to  the 
Hebrews  the  same. 

AuKmg  these  thri*e  jieoples  there  was  a  taste,  or  it 
might  be  described  as  a  passion,  for  monolithic  work, 
columns,  statues,  and  blocks  of  st<me  in  Egypt,  columns 
and  blocks  of  stone  in  Palestine  and  Phamicia.  In 
the  two  latter  countries  this  uikmI  not  be  thought  of 
as  originating  with  any  king  whose  name  we  know,  as 
for  instance  iliram,  for  it  existed  among  the  prehis- 
toric inhabitants  of  this  part  of  the  East,  who  erected 
"high  places"  at  suitable  points  all  over  Palestine,  a 
good  example  of  which  has  been  brought  to  light  at 
Gezer.  This  taste  for  massive  work  now  mentioned 
renmined  a  peculiarity  of  building  in  the  country  bor- 
dering t!ie  east  shore  of  the  Mediterranean  down  to 
very  late  times.  Even  the  Romans  who  conquennl  this 
c<mntry  allowed  the  native  workmen  free  scope  in  cut- 


lib 


ROCK  AND  QUAR1UE8  ABOUT  JERUSALEM    375 

ting  stones  for  any  particular  structure.  As  the 
Romans  did  not  interfere  to  nialve  any  decided  cliange 
in  stone-work  eitlier  in  Epypt  or  Pliuenicia,  neither  did 
they  in  Palestine  until  after  the  time  of  lladrian. 


There  are  valuable  historical  details  illustrating  the  &te*^»nd 
intimate  connection  of  David  and  Solomon  with  lliram,  Tiwwarkor 
king  of  Tyre.    Soon  after  David  eHtalili«hed  himself  in  *»'<"»•» 
Jerusalem  steps  were  taken  to  erect  for  him  a  royal 
house,  and  for  this  pur[jose  his  friend  Hiram  sent  to  him 
"cedar  trees  «)r  timber,  cari)enters,  and  cutters  of  wall- 
stone"  (2  Sam.  v.  11).    In  1  Chron.  xiv.  1  it  is  said  that 
lliram  sent  to  David  "timber,  carpenters,  and  masons." 
The  word  "masons"  is  to  l>e  rendered  stone-cutters,  and 
the  idea  conveyed  in  both  passages  is  of  jK^rsons  skilled 
in  preparing  stones  for  buildings  and  for  the  walls 
of  a  city. 

The  workmen  of  these  two  neighboring  kings  labored 
together  harmoniously,  as  did  those  of  lliram  and  Solo- 
mon somewhat  later,  and  they  were  mutually  helpful 
( 1  Kings  v.  18 ;  2  Chron.  ii.  8 ) .  The  building  operations 
of  Solomon  assumed  gigantic  proportions.  It  is  said 
that  Solomon  did  not  comiM'l  his  own  people  to  engage 
in  this  hard  manual  labor;  they  constitutcnl  the  army 
and  filled  all  the  royal  or  higher  positions  in  the  king- 
dom. It  was  the  people  of  the  land,  tho^  '>at  remained 
after  the  conquest,  that  were  made  to  ser  practically 
as  slaves. 

In  2  Chron.  ii.  17  the  number  of  this  class  is  given  as 
153,600.  Solomon  made  a  levy  of  30,000  men  divided 
into  three  sections;  each  se<ti(»n  of  10,000  men  worketl 
one  month  and  were  at  home  two  months  ( 1  Kings  v. 
13 ) .  There  were  70,000  men  who  were  "burden  Ix'arers," 
and  80,000  who  "worked  in  the  mountains"  (1  Kings  v. 
15;  2  Chron.  ii.  2t,  and  tliere  were  also  3,(>00  who  were 
oversi-ers.  The  woi-kiiien  prepannl  both  timber  and 
stones. 

By  the  king's  order  great  stones  were  ([uarried  and 


•  -i 


Ii 


876 


ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


properly  (Ireaswl  for  the  foundations.  These  are  de- 
scribed as  "great  stones,  costly  stones,  hewed  stones." 
It  was  certainly  true  that  the  cost  of  such  massive  blocks 
was  enormous,  still  the  word  "costly"  seems  out  of  place, 
as  the  matter  of  expenw?  was  not  considered ;  the  word 
heavy  can  just  as  well  be  U8e«l,  thus  allowing  the  mind 
to  rest  on  the  idea  of  size.  Hebrews  and  Phceniciana 
worked  side  by  side  in  the  quarrying,  the  transporta- 
tion and  dressing,  and  in  the  placing  of  these  gigantic 
blo<>k8.  Above  the  foundations  were  "heavy  stones 
squareil  by  measure"  (1  Kings  vii.  11).  Verse  9  of 
this  chapter  is  noticeable  as  giving  a  concise  descrip- 
tion of  the  stones  used  and  the  wall  that  was  built: — 
"Heavy  stones  squaretl  by  measure,  sawed  with  saws 
both  inside  and  outside,  from  the  foundation  to  the  top." 
The  mention  of  "saws,"  and  of  the  "stones  being  cut 
on  the  inside  and  outside,"  introduces  two  interesting 
facts. 

First — The  practice  of  using  saws  for  cutting  stones 
is  of  great  antiquity,  and  there  is  no  reason  why  the 
words  "sawed  with  saws"  should  not  be  taken  as  they 
are  generally  understood.  Blocks  of  stone  might  be 
dressed  and  finished  in  the  quarry,  but  in  that  case  it 
would  not  be  easy  to  insure  the  smooth  surfaces  against 
defacement  in  the  process  of  transportation.  It  would 
be  the  practical  way  to  bring  them  in  the  rough  to  the 
place  where  they  were  to  be  used  and  there  trimmed 
with  saws,  after  which  they  could  receive  whatever 
polish  it  was  desired  to  give  them.  Mention  is  made  of 
stones  that  were  prepartnl  in  the  quarry  ready  for  use, 
and  this  would  include  all  stones  designed  for  exterior 
walls  and  for  all  ordinary  purposes  (1  Kings  vi.  7). 

The  second  point  is  this,  and  although  it  is  not  stated 
in  words  it  is  certainly  implied,  namely,  that  there  were 
stones  desijined  for  some  special  service  where  a  per- 
fectly stiuH)tli  face  was  essential.  If  this  nee«ls  justifi- 
cation we  finil  it  in  the  constru«tion  of  the  wall  of  the 
Inner  Temple.     It  is  not  reasonable  to  suppose  that 


* 


ROCK  AND  QUAHRIES  ABOUT  JERUSALEM  377 

this  was  made  (if  rough  stonwt.  The  greatest  care  and 
the  highest  Bkili  at  coiuuiaud  wouhl  be  usetl  to  make 
these  walls  attraetire.  This  enclosure  was  the  most 
sacred  spot  known  to  the  Hebrews,  and  here  their  holi- 
est service  was  offereil.  There  would  be  a  national  pride 
in  having  both  the  inside  and  outside  of  its  walls  pol- 
ished and  made  attractive  to  the  eye.  We  know  for  cer- 
tain that  these  walls  were  of  great  strength,  hardly  less 
strong  than  the  exterior  walls  of  the  Temple  area.  Even 
by  the  aid  of  battering  rams  it  was  difficult  for  the 
Romans  to  reduce  them.  If  the  walls  which  faced  the 
Romans  were  not  identical  with  those  in  the  early  Tem- 
ple, their  strength  illustrates  and  confirms  what  is  told 
us  of  the  strength  of  the  former.  In  the  present  wall 
of  the  city  there  are  a  few  large  stones  whose  surface  is 
lieautifuUy  polished.  These  are  out  of  place;  they  were 
never  designed  for  an  exterior  wall ;  but  both  their  size 
and  character  make  us  believe  that  they  belonged  to 
the  wall  of  the  Inner  Temple, 

The  records  of  the  building  period,  found  in  different 
parts  of  Second  Samuel,  First  and  Second  Kings,  and 
in  Chronicles,  give  us  a  number  of  valuable  details. 
Hiram  was  a  great  friend  of  David  and  Solomon ;  Phoeni- 
cians and  Hebrews  are  several  times  referred  to;  work- 
men of  different  classes  are  mentioned;  among  these 
masons  and  stone-dressers  or  cutters  of  wall  stones  are 
prominent;  we  have  stones  for  foundations  and  stones 
for  walls,  great  stones,  costly  or  heavy  stones,  hewn 
stones,  or  stones  squared  by  measure,  and  a  few  other 
interesting  items;  but  the  size  of  the  stones  is  only  once 
stated  in  a  special  instance,  as  "stones  of  eight  cubits 
and  stones  of  ten  cubits"  (1  Kings  vii.  10).  This  item 
is  in  connection  with  the  Palace  of  Solomon. 

A  practical  question  arises  in  connection  with  the 
great  number  of  laborers  eniployinl  by  Hiram  and  Solo- 
mon as  to  how  this  army  was  fed,  and  we  find  that  it 
was  no  small  matter;  it  was  thought  of  and  provided 
for.    "Solomon  gave  Hiram  enormous  quantities  of  anp- 


'■■•  i 


HI 


378 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


plies,  including  wheat,  barley,  oil,  and  wine"  (1  Kings 
V.  11;  2  Chron.  11.  10). 

We  find  Amos,  not  quite  800  years  before  Christ, 
speaking  of  houses  that  were  liullt  of  heavy,  mjuared, 
and  hewn  stones  (v.  11 ).  And  Ezra,  500-450  B.C.,  speaks 
of  the  house  of  God  as  built  of  "great  hewn  stones," 
that  the  foundations  were  strongly  laid,  and  that  "great 
hewn  stones"  were  in  the  wall  (v.  8;  vi.  3,  4). 

Ml  1  Kings  vi.  G  are  mentioned  rests  or  ledges,  per- 
haps what  we  call  rebatenients,  for  the  ends  of  beams, 
so  that  they  should  not  enter  the  wall  itself.  This  may 
have  no  connection  with  the  following  fact,  which,  how- 
ever, may  be  mentioned.  In  many  of  the  large  old 
stones  still  existing  there  are  square  holes  in  the  sides 
evidently  designed  for  some  special  purpose,  where  pos- 
sibly the  ends  of  beams  could  have  rested.  Another 
possibility  is  that  they  were  for  use  in  moving  the 
blocks.  The  smallest  blocks  weighing  ten  tons  and  the 
larger  ones  from  twen<^y  to  sixty  tons  each  would,  it  is 
only  natural  to  think,  lie  very  difficult  to  handle  in  a 
country  like  that  al)out  Jerusalem.  If  blocks  of  wood 
were  inserted  in  these  holes  on  each  side  of  the  stone 
and  firmly  bound  with  ropes  or  chains,  the  work  of 
transportation  or  of  moving  them  might  thus  have  lK*en 
greatly  facilitate*!.  Not  all  the  stones  have  these  holes, 
and  as  to  their  object  what  is  now  said  is  only  a 
suggestion. 


TMtimonj  of 
JoMphui 


In  passing  from  tlie  Bible  to  Josephus  we  find,  what 
it  was  perfectly  natural  to  expect,  a  great  deal  said 
ab«>ut  building  operations  in  wliich  the  dimensions  not 
only  of  the  walls  and  public  structures  are  given  but 
the  size  of  ilu-  stones  as  well. 

>VJien  Ilcrod  the  Great  resolved  to  enlarge  the  Tem- 
pb'  area,  to  reconstruct  its  supporting  wall  and  to 
rebuild  the  Temple,  be  "got  ready  a  thousand  wagons 
that  were  to  bring  the  stones  for  the  building."  "lie 
selected  10,000  of  the  most  skilful  workmen"  to  quarry 


HOCK  AND  QUARRIES  ABOUT  JERUSALEM    379 


and  dreas  the  8toneH.  He  ehoHe  alHo  1,000  prietitH,  who 
receive<l  Hpecial  iuHtrui-tiou  in  the  art  uf  Htono-cuttiDg 
that  they  nii);ht  act  an  overMeerH  of  the  work.  Rut  when 
his  plan  was  made  known  to  the  public,  oppoHitton  at 
once  arose,  since  it  was  thou};ht  that  he  iiiii^ht  interfere 
with  the  work  of  Solomon,  which,  iHH-auHe  of  its  antiq- 
uity and  magnificence,  was  a  matter  of  pride  to  the 
nation.  This  excitement  was,  however,  allayed  by  plwlges 
which  Ilerod  found  it  necessary  to  make,  after  which 
the  work  went  on  as  he  had  proposed,  lie  did  not 
destroy  the  work  of  Solomon,  and  there  is  no  evidence 
that  he  desired  to  do  so,  but  he  utilize<I  and  supple- 
mented it  in  his  grand  work  of  reconstruction  {Antiq., 
XV.  xi.  2,  3). 

The  size  of  some  of  the  stones  U8e<l  in  the  Temple  is 
given  as  25  cubits  long,  8  cubits  high,  and  12  cubits 
wide.  The  supporting  wall  of  the  Temple  area,  some  of 
which  was  the  work  of  Solomon,  on  the  top  of  which 
were  the  "cloisters"  or  porticm's,  is  si)oken  of  as 
marvellous  because  of  its  height  and  massive  char- 
acter. 

The  vastness  of  Herod's  undertaking  receives  illus- 
tration from  events  which  belong  to  the  time  of  Agrippa 
II.  The  work  of  completing  the  Temple  and  its  courts, 
and  of  making  certain  repairs  which  had  become  nwes- 
sary,  re<iuired  the  outlay  of  vast  sums  of  money  and  the 
employment  of  thousands  of  workmen,  of  whom  18.000 
were  discharged  at  one  time  {Aiitiq.,  XX.  ix.  7).  <'()U- 
siderable  work  was  re«iuire<l  on  the  east  side,  which  was 
skirted  by  a  deep  valley,  that  is,  the  Kedron,  and  it  was 
at  or  near  this  part  of  the  wall  that  the  work  of  Solo- 
mon existetl.  The  stones  are  spoken  of  as  being  20 
cubits  long  and  fi  cubits  high. 

In  his  description  of  the  Temple  and  Jerusalem  (V. 
iv.  1-4;  V.  1-8),  Josephus  has  fretjuent  occasion  to  give 
dimensions  of  buildings  and  masonry,  which  he  always 
does  in  cubits.  To  Biblical  archieologists  this  word  has 
never  ceased  to  be  a  sort  of  puzzle,  but  for  our  present 


I; 


i    ;S 


880 


ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


purpose  the  coiumouly  aceeptwl  length  of  18  inches  will 
Hufflt-e. 

Some  of  the  tttones  of  which  the  Temple  was  con- 
8truct«Hl  were  45  cuUitH  lonjf,  »  cuhitH  high,  and  6 
cubits  wide  (V.  v.  B).  In  the  supporting  wall  of  the 
Temple  there  were  stones  40  cubits  long.  In  the  three 
towers  Ilippicus,  Phusaelus,  and  Marianine,  the  stones 
employed  were  20  cubits  long,  10  cubits  wide,  and  5  cubits 
high  (V.  iv.  4).  In  Agrippa's  wall  some  of  the  stones 
were  20  cubits  long  and  10  cubits  wide  (V.  Iv.  2). 
These  stones  were  "in  no  respe<'t  inferior  to  those  in 
the  Temple,"  showing  that  the  massiveness  and  Iwauty 
of  the  dressing  of  the  stones  in  the  Temple  were  matters 
of  pride. 

These  dimensions  given  by  Josephus  seem  large,  and 
on  this  account  some  scholars  have  iM'en  inclined  to 
reject  them  as  incorrect.  They  reason  thus: — "The 
dimensions  are  too  large  for  belief,  therefore  they  can- 
not be  true  measurements." 

This  matter  may  be  examined  for  a  moment,  not  for 
the  sake  of  discussion  but  for  its  intrinsic  interest.  No 
two  nations  in  history  were  more  alike  in  their  stone- 
work than  the  Pluenicians  and  the  Hebrews.  The  style 
of  one  was  identical  with  that  <»f  the  other.  At  Baalbek 
in  one  wall  there  are  nine  stones  eacli  30  feet  long  and 
13  feet  high.  In  another  part  of  the  wall  there  are  three 
stones  (!2,  (iS,  and  fi4  feet  long  respectively,  and  each  is 
13  feet  high.  Besides,  there  is  one  stone  in  a  neighbor- 
ing quarry,  shaped  and  cut  but  not  releas»>d  from  its  bini 
rock,  which  is  71  feet  long,  14  feet  higli,  and  13  feet 
wide.  The  beholder  is  astonished  at  the  size  of  tliese 
gigantic  blocks,  still  lie  is  rcrfahi  that  they  cj-ixt.  The 
reader  is  astonished  at  the  dimensi«nis  given  by  Jose- 
phus of  some  of  the  stones  used  in  building  the  Temple 
and  its  supporting  wall  and — ilciiicx  their  tjixtrncc. 
The  wisdom  or  folly  of  excavating  and  placing  in  posi- 
tion such  wonderful  stones  does  not  affe<'t  the  question, 
which  is  that  the  dimensions  given  by  Josephus  are  no 


I.   :S 


ROCK  AND  QUARRIES  ABOUT  JERUSALEM  881 

more  HurpriHing  than  uw  the  Btoui'H  which  actually  exint 
at  Baalhek.  What  wan  true  «>f  the  Phtt'nklauH  minht 
be  true  of  the  UebrewH,  and  we  are  certain  that  had 
Buch  stones  as  Jusephus  describeH  Inn-n  wanted  they 
could  have  been  supplied  from  the  «|uarrle«  at  Xeby 
Bamwil,  from  those  at  Hireh,  or  from  those  at  the  Tombs 
of  the  Judges.  Herod  had  the  money,  the  men,  and  the 
means  to  cut,  remove,  and  place  such  stouew  had  it 
pleased  his  ambition  to  do  so.     The  same  is  true  of 

Bolomon. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  in  Josephus'  figures  the 
height  of  the  stones  varies  from  3  t»»  8  cubits,  3,  4,  3,  ti, 
and  8  being  mentioned,  and  thib  can  be  accounted  for  in 
part  at  least  by  the  different  thicknesses  of  the  natural 
layers  of  rock  in  the  (luarries,  as  for  example  the  eastern 
quarry  at  Xeby  Samwil,  and  others  elsewhere.  The 
rock  in  the  quarry  at  Bireh  has  no  horizontal  seams. 

It  is  not  intended  to  discuss  the  question  whether  the 
statements  of  Josephus  are  correct  or  not.  What  is 
essential  and  very  important  nmy  be  stated  as  foUows  :— 
We  have,  so  far  as  the  stones  in  the  old  wall  of  Jerusa- 
lem are  or  have  K-en  exposed,  nmny  stones  of  gigantic 
size;  and  the  presence  of  such  massive  stones  is  a  fact 
which  was  familiar  to  the  Jews  of  Herod's  time  and  had 
been  familiar  to  the  Jewish  people  from  the  time  of 
David  and  Solomon. 


I' 


In  the  one  thousand  years  from  David  to  Christ  cer- 


Jtwiih  atyla 

^u  lu.-  "—   .     -  fromSolomon 

tain  time  marks  can  1m'  iM»inted  out  which  are  imp«>rtant  toHwod 
in  connection  with  the  building  operations  of  the 
Hebrew  people.  The  first  is  tlie  peri.id  of  David  and 
Solomon ;  the  second  that  of  Uzzinli  and  his  son  Jotham, 
alwut  750  B.C. ;  tlie  third  that  of  Ilezekiah  and  Manasseh, 
650  B.C. ;  the  fourth  that  i»f  Neheuiiah.  AM  B.C. ;  the  fifth 
that  of  the  Maccalnn's,  lfi8  B.C.;  and  tlie  sixth  that  of 
llercMl  the  (Ireat.  The  dates  given  are  approximate  and 
are  to  serA-e  as  a  general  guide  only. 

Politically  the  kingdom  lastinl  about  four  centuries 


■Hi 


1*1 


882  ANCIENT  JERUHALEM 

and  a  quarter  from  David  to  the  Captivity,  586  b.c. 
From  tlilH  date  to  the  birth  «»f  Chrit»t,  UHually  lalled  the 
P«mt-Exiiii'  Period,  wan  one  long  wid  night  of  national 
depretudou.  The  Jew»  were  without  Hpecial  influence 
nH  a  iHHiple.  They  had  little  wealth  and  no  iMwitiou 
which  would  cauH(>  the  uatiouM  around  to  reKU*-'!  them  as 
rivalM.  Their  inHigniflcance  was  the  safeguard  of  many 
features  of  their  national  life.  After  the  death  of  Alex- 
amler  the  Oreat,  'i'Si  nx\,  (Irei-k  and  Egypthm  armies 
alternately  overran  the  country  and  Ureek  and  F^gyp- 
tian  rulers  alternately  dominattnl  and  opprt>Hsed  the 
IKHiple.  The  Jews  had  little  or  no  op|M)rtunity,  even  if 
they  had  had  the  desire,  for  development  or  change. 
Thj'ir  lot  was  a  hard  one,  a  constant  struggle  for  exist- 
ence. This  long  period  of  gUnim  was  broken  by  two 
epoc-h-making  events,  namely,  the  work  of  Nehemiah 
and  his  ctmipatriots,  B.C.  43«5,  and  the  rise  of  the  Macca- 
Itees  in  l»i8  n.c. 

It  is  fre«|uently  asserte*!  that  during  the  period  be- 
tween the  death  of  Alexunder  the  (treat,  B.C.  323,  and 
the  birth  of  Christ.  (Jrcck  influence  preilominateil  in 
Palestine.  But  thee  is  little  evidence  in  support  of 
this.  There  were  a  few  cities  inliabitcMl  by  Oreeks, 
as  we  know  was  the  case  in  Christ's  time;  but  to  say 
that  (Jn'ck  influence  was  general  is  a  mistake.  During 
this  pericN]  the  country  was  dominated  as  fnH|Hently  and 
as  long  by  the  Egyptians  as  it  was  by  the  (Snn'ks,  and 
still  we  do  not  hear  of  the  pwHloiiiinance  of  Egyptian 
influence. 

The  work  of  the  Maccaltees  shows  a  purely  Jewish 
character  and  style.  The  same  is  true  of  the  makers  of 
the  Second  Wall,  which,  although  it  may  have  bwu  built 
earlier  than  the  time  of  Hezekiah  and  Manasseh,  was, 
we  believe,  repaired  and  completed  by  those  two  kings. 
We  go  back  to  David  and  Solomon,  to  whom  I)elong8 
some  of  the  oldest  stone-work  found  in  connintion  with 
the  Temple.  At  that  jHTiod  HebrcAvs  and  Pli(eni<-iiius 
pr(Hluce<l  similar  work,  and  as  many  examples  of  Phieni- 


:-.    :1 


ROCK  AND  QrAIlHIEH  ABOIT  JERUSAI.FM    883 

rinu  work  Htill  cxiHt  we  know  what  the  wu.  the 

IIehn*WH  WON  like. 

We  ennie  down  Anally  to  the  InHt  |N>riod  niention«>«I, 
thtit  of  Ilerod  the  Ori'Ut.  It  in  a  fair  judKUieut  of  hiit 
work  to  Miy  that  in  buildiu);  he  followtil  out  uatioual 
idetiH,  the  Inteflt  example  iH'ing  that  of  the  MuecalHi'M 
hnrtlly  more  than  one  huudrtMl  yi>arH  iN'hind  him.  Ilerod 
had  n  patwiou  f«)r  muHHive  lilin-kH.  Tlu>  HtoneH  were  i)rt*- 
pared  HometimeH  with  and  HometinieM  without  the  In'vel 
or  marginal  «lraft.  There  are  Home  who  deny  what  is 
«-laime<l  an  the  eharacter  of  Macealtean  work,  almi  that 
of  the  builden*  of  the  HtMond  Wall,  and  even  that  of 
Holomon.  The  alternative  w  elear;  tht>tK>  perHons  muHt 
aHMert  that  HeriHl  diHre);arde4t  uatioual  ideaH  which 
iHtth  loyalty  and  {ndiey  would  have  iueline«l  him  to 
ailhere  to  and  develop;  that  he  i};nort><l  the  example 
of  the  earli«>»t  kingH  whom  the  nation  honored,  David 
and  Kolomon;  and  that  he  inventinl  an  entirely  new 
Htyle  of  liiH  own.  If  thene  {MiintH  Hhould  lie  admitted 
there  would  reuuiin  nnaecounted  for  the  indinputable 
fa«"t  that  the  Htone-wi»rk  of  IlenMl  in  preeiHely  Himilar  to 
the  early  examples  of  Pluenieiau  work.  We  eannot 
iK'lieve  that  theHe  HuppoHitiouH  relative  to  Ilerod  the 
Hreat  have  any  juHtifleation  whatstiever. 


li 


,i 


There  Ih  no  evidence  that  the  Romans  built  anythiu);  BnUding 
important  in  Palestine  iK'fori'  the  time  of  Hadrian,  A.n.  JJ^^.^mj* 
13(5.  They  entered  the  country  under  Pompey  in  (53  B.t"., 
ami  from  that  date  onward  till  Hadrian  whatever  intlu- 
ence  they  cxerttnl  was  chiefly  piditical.  Certainly  they 
did  not  check  or  dire«t  in  any  way  the  building  opera- 
tions of  Ilerod  the  <ireat,  and  (|uite  as  «'ertainly  before 
Hadrian  they  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  walls  and  pub- 
lic structures  of  Jerusalem.  In  the  first  century  of  our 
era,  therefore,  and  for  nearly  half  of  the  secoml,  Jewish 
influence  in  Jerusalem  was  larjiely  in  the  ascendant. 
It  was  a  Jewish  population  that  occupitnl  the  city.  The 
Christian  element  was  small,  the  little  church  was  com- 


[    1 


IS      ' 

i  »K  ':  '    ~    1 

Ifl     - 

91  ■: 

M. 


Fig.  1 


F'8-  2  Pig.  8 


Fig.  4 

i 


Fig  8 

D 


Fig.  6 


P,,,         -QLl 


d 


Fig.  10 


Fig.  U 


Pig.  12 


Pig.  18 


Fig.  U 


Fig.  15 


Fig.  10 

Fig.  17 

j 

Fig.  18 

Fig.  19 

PLATE  I.— VARIETIES  OF  STOXE-WORK 


ROCK  AND  QUARRIES  ABOUT  JERUSALEM  385 

posed  of  converts  from  Judaism,  and  its  overseers  or 
"bishops"  were  Jews.  Buildiuj^s,  walls,  pottery,  nearly 
everything  belonging  to  this  period  would  be  Jewish, 
since  Rome  did  not,  in  ordinary  att'airs,  except  perhaps 
in  the  coining  of  gold  and  silver  money,  force  rules  upon 
a  conquered  people.  In  the  destruction  of  Jerusalem 
by  Titus,  the  Jews  were  not  all  exterminated  nor  were 
they  all  driven  from  the  country.  Palestine  was  a  con- 
quered province  and  its  inhabitants  continued  to  culti- 
vate the  soil,  and  they  even  rebuilt  the  walls  of  its 
chief  city.  These  conditions  are  more  than  justified  by 
the  fact  of  the  powerful  resistame  which  Jerusalem  was 
able  to  offer  to  the  armies  of  Hadrian  and  by  the  terri- 
ble price  which  Home  had  to  pay  for  this  second  con- 
quest of  the  country.  In  -ipite  of  disasters  it  swms  cer- 
tain '"it  Jewish  influences  controlled  the  life  and 
thoug.  of  Palestine  for  many  generations  8ub8e<iuent 
to  the  birth  of  Christ.  Indeed  it  was  only  after  Hadrian, 
A.u.  13(5,  had  banislu-d  the  Jews  tliat  Hebrew  influence 
ceased  and  Christian-Roman  influence  became  domi- 
nant. From  Titus  to  Hadrian  all  stone-work  would 
therefore  be  Jewish  in  style  and  character,  although  we 
have  no  right  to  expect  to  find  in  this  period  the  massive 
blocks  which  were  conspicuous  in  the  jwriods  of  the 
nation's  greatest  prosperity. 

With  the  advent  of  Hadrian  there  came  in  a  marked 
change  in  the  stone-work  of  Jerusalem.  The  country 
was  conqueretl  and  thoroughly  subdued.  The  Jews  were 
banished,  it  was  sup[M)stHl  never  to  return.  For  two  cen- 
turies after  .\.d.  13(!  Jerusalem  was  practically  without 
Jewish  inhabitants.  The  Christian  Church  was  made  up 
entirely  of  Oentile  Christians,  exactly  the  op|K)site  of 
the  conditions  existinsj  previous  to  this  <late.  All  influ- 
ences, iM)litical  and  s»K'ial,  which  affected  sericmsly  the 
life  of  the  {K'ople  were  Christian-Roman.  Stones  of  the 
style  and  «liara<ti'r  of  Fig.  <»,  Plate  I.,  were  not  known 
in  Jerusalem  previous  to  Hadrian.  They  were  foreign 
to  the  ideas  which  had  prevaiKil  in  Palestine  previously. 


386 


ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


But  from  that  date  forward  they  are  extremely  common 
both  in  Jerusalem  aud  elsewhere.  In  some  ruins  they 
are  the  universal  type.  The  wealthy  Roman  titles,  the 
Ronmn  colonies,  the  Christian  and  Roman  work  east  of 
the  Jordan,  Beit  Jibrin,  the  Muristan,  and  many  other 
places  bear  witness  to  the  truth  of  what  is  now  said. 
Not  all  stones  usetl  in  building  were  of  this  character- 
no  such  absurd  statement  is  made;  but  this  style  which 
came  in  with  Hadrian  lasted  through  the  Christian- 
Koman  period  a.d.  13«»  to  a.d.  ('.36,  on  through  the  Chris- 
tian-Arab period  a.d.  036  to  a.d.  1,099,  aud  also  through 
the  Crusading  periml,  evidences  of  which  are  abundant 
throughout  Palestine. 

The  period  from  a.d.  136  to  a.d.  614  was,  for  Pales- 
tine, one  of  comparative  prosperity.     It  embraced  the 
era  and  the  buildings  of  Constantine,  which  will  be 
mentioned  later.     It  was  the  era,  to  say  nothing  of 
relics,  of  the  "invention"  of  holy  places,  till  the  land 
was  covered  with  them.    This  meant  the  introduction 
and  circulation  of  a  large  amount  of  money.     During 
this  i)eriod  pilgrims,  very  many  of  them  perscms  of  rank 
and  high  position,  flocke<l  to  Jerusalem  by  hundreds  and 
almost  by  multitudes.     It  was  the  era  when  Roman 
colonies  were  planted  throughout  Palestine,  which,  with 
other  Roman  towns,  became  prosperous,  some  of  them 
becoming  cities  of  wealth  and  luxury.    Commerce  with 
Europe  was  establishetl  by  which  the  revenue  of  the 
country  was  increased.    Churches,  some  of  them  ambi- 
tious and  costly  structures,  dotted  the  country  every- 
where.   When,  therefore,  the  Persian  and  Jewish  storm 
of  A.i>.  r»14  burst  in  fury  over  the  land  the  invaders  found 
prosperity  everywhere;  and  Jerusalem,  with  its  wealthy 
churches,  its  rich  religiims  establishments  and  dwell- 
ings of  luxury,  was  an  invaluable  prize  for  the  horde  of 
plunderers  that  robbinl  and  slaughtere<l  without  mercy. 
When  the  terrible  calamitv  of  a.d.  til4  overto»)k  Jeru- 
salem it  seems  to  have  been  chiefly  churches,  religious 


ROCK  AND  QUARRIES  ABOUT  JERUSALEM  387 

establiBbments,  and  the  residences  of  the  wealthy  that 
were  destroyed,  while  the  walls  themselves  did  not  suffer 
greatly.  The  wealth  of  the  eountry  at  this  time  is  shown 
by  the  fact  that  the  inhabitants  had  the  power  to  recu- 
perate quickly,  for  in  a.d.  (528  Jerusiilem  was  again  in 
the  hands  of  the  Christians.  But  their  supremacy  was 
to  be  of  short  duration;  the  Arab  c<m(iuest  of  a.i».  (530 
followed  soon  after,  which  ended  the  Christian-Roman 
rule. 

Standing  at  this  point  of  history  and  looking  back  to 

the  time  of  Hadrian,  or  forward  to  the  time  when  the 

'hristians  as  Crusaders  again  possesswl  Jerusalem,  the 

istance  either  way  represents  a  greater  number  of  years 

i  an  the  entire  duration  of  the  Ueltrew  kingdom  from 

1  ivid  to  the  Captivity  in  B.c.  58(5. 


It  was  long  after  the  Crusaders  had  established  them- 
selves in  Jerusalem  that  it  became  necessary  to  under- 
take the  rebuilding  of  the  walls.  This  was  in  a.d.  1178. 
The  work  seems  to  have  been  one  of  magnitude,  involv- 
ing great  expense  and  a  great  deal  of  time;  iuJeetl,  it 
was  not  completed  for  fourteen  years  and  not  then  by 
the  Crusaders  themselves.  Meantime  the  control  of  the 
city  passcnl  into  the  hands  of  tlie  Arabs  under  Saladin, 
who,  after  gaining  possession  of  it,  labored  many  months 
in  perfecting  the  work  of  strengthening  the  fortifica- 
tions which  had  bwn  begun  by  the  Christians.  This 
perioil  of  building,  a.d.  1178  to  a.d.  1192,  may  be  reck- 
onetl  as  one. 


I 


The  next  decided  change  that  the  walls  underwent 
was  in  a.d.  1219,  when  they  were  demolislKHl  by  the 
Arabs.  Twenty  years  later,  a.d.  1239,  they  were  rebuilt 
by  the  Christians.  The  next  year  they  were  again 
demolishiKl  by  the  Arabs,  and  three  y^'ars  later,  a.d. 
1243,  the  Christians  again  reltuilt  tiiem.  Tims  in  twenty- 
four  years,  not  a  long  jwriod  surely,  tlie  walls  of  Jerusa- 
lem were  twice  thrown  down,  botli  times  by  the  Arabs, 


t^iKt^k 


^^•m# 


388 


ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


and  twice  rebuilt,  both  times  by  tlie  Christians.  This 
periml  of  a  quarter  of  a  century  we  may  call  the  third 
building  period,  that  of  the  Christians  and  Haladin  we 
call  the  second,  and  that  of  Hadrian  the  first.  Seldom 
have  the  mr.  trials  of  a  city's  walls  had  such  opportu- 
nities of  being  mi.xed  up  as  have  those  of  Jerusalem. 

We  have  mentioned  that  the  Christians  in  a.d.  1178 
began  to  fortify  Jerusalem  upon  a  vast  scale,  l)ut  some 
time  later,  as  an  attack  was  expected,  they  had  to  hurry 
forward  their  work  in  order  lo  be  ready  for  the  enemy. 
The  city  made  a  good  resistance,  showing  that  the  walls 
were  strong.  Saladin  likewise,  when  the  city  had  come 
into  his  !>a.Kls,  made  very  strenuous  efforts  to  complete 
the  fortifications  in  a  substantial  manner.  lie  himself 
took  p<*rsonal  ov<'rsight  of  the  workmen;  but  after  a 
time,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Christians  before  him,  he 
e.;i)ected  an  attack  and  had  to  hasten  his  work.  These 
facts  show  that  while  both  the  Christians  and  Saladin 
planned  to  do  thorough  work  upon  the  walls  they  endwi 
by  doing  hasty  work.  Under  such  circumstances  stones 
cannot  In*  selected,  dressed,  and  laid  with  any  amount  of 
care,  hence  the  results  would  not  be  likely  to  be  of  the 
most  durable  oharacter.  There  is  little  doubt  that  the 
rebuilding  of  a.d.  11'39  and  that  of  a.o.  1243  were  both 
hurriedly  done  for  iinme<liate  defeme,  and  this  haste 
must  have  been  apiwirent  in  the  wall  constructed. 


The  two  centuries  and  upwards  that  elapseil  between 
A.i>.  1244  md  A.n.  1517,  when  Pah'stine  came  pernm- 
nently  under  Ottoman  rule,  was  a  iK'ri<Ml  of  obscurity  of 
which  little  is  known.  Jeruwilem  underwent  during 
this  time  no  six'tial  change;  but  this  remark  is  designed 
to  apply  ciiiefiy  to  the  stone-work  of  Ituildings  and  walls. 
Jenisjilem's  new  rulers  found  it  necessary  to  rebnilil  its 
walls,  and  this  was  done  under  the  direction  of  Suleiman 
the  Maj.'niflcent  in  A.l>.  1542.  This  building  i)eri<Ml  we 
call  tJte  fourth. 


m 


KOCK  AND  QUARRIES  ABOUT  JERUSALEM  389 

UudtT  tbiH  title  wo  class  a  cortain  style  of  stone-work  ByiMtiii* 
wliirli  iH  characteristio  of  the  era  of  Coustautiue.  Two  '" 
hundred  years  after  Hadrian, — say,  so  far  as  Jerusalem 
is  eoneerutHl,  A.u.  330  anil  later, — when  Christian  inUu- 
enee  had  beeonie  powerful  and  Payan  influence  had 
weakened  somewhat,  when  Christians  were  rejoicing  in 
what  they  regarded  as  great  political  comiuests,  includ- 
ing the  allegiHl  conversion  of  an  eniiK-ror,  there  was 
intnMlucwl  a  style  of  stone-w(»rk  which  is  represented  by 
Fig.  1,  Plate  I.  This  style  of  cutting  stone  was  more 
exi)ensive  than  some  others,  and  possibly  for  this  reason 
it  was  not  destined  to  become  popular  or  universal. 

These  stones  may  be  describe<l  as  stjuare;  tlmt  is  the 
first  impre8si«>n  made  uimn  one  who  .sees  them.  They  are 
noticeable  also  for  their  lu'culiar  size  and  smooth  faces. 
They  are  found  in  conuectiim  with  the  ruins  east  of  the 
Holy  Sepulchre,  in  the  bazaars  to  the  north,  in  a  blind 
alley  running  north  and  south  to  the  east  of  these  ruins, 
in  some  ruins  that  formerly  existed  on  Mount  Zion, 
and  in  the  city  wall  east  of  HertMl's  (Jate.  A  very  few 
examples  exist  here  and  there  in  the  modern  walls.  All 
the  evidence  we  have  shows  that  most  of  the  stones  of  the 
Byzantine  periinl  have  bwu  broken  up,  since  this  could 
be  done  with  little  labor  in  comparison  with  the  heavy 
task  of  breaking  up  the  great  blocks  of  Hebrew  origin. 
These  Byzantine  stones  must  not  be  taken,  (1)  for 
stones  that  were  originally  Hebrew  and  were  cut  over 
tty  the  Crusaders,  nor  (2)  for  very  much  larger  Hebrew- 
stones  which  were  scjuared  and  without  a  marginal 
draft,  a  gocnl  many  examples  of  which  have  been 
preserved. 

These  stones  are  too  uniform  in  size  to  have  been  cut 
over  from  Hebrew  stones.  Moreover,  the  stones  are 
almost  without  exception  of  a  diffeitiit  (|wality  from 
that  eini>loyed  by  the  Ilcl.icws.  There  are  very  few 
Hebrew  stones  of  exactly  this  shape;  tlu'v  are  longer, 
and  to  have  made  them  sipiare  would  have  involved 
to«»  great  an  expense.    The  chief  reason  for  calling  them 


fll 


i 


I''"lr   r, 


390 


ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


Byzantine  and  assigning  them  to  the  era  of  Conatantinc 
is  the  fact  that  they  exist  in  such  numbers  in  connection 
with  Constantine's  worlc  at  and  near  the  Holy  Sepul- 
chre. Those  in  the  bazaars  at  the  beginning  of  Khan  es 
Zeit  are  now  covered  with  shops  and  other  buildings,  so 
that  they  can  no  longer  be  stH?n.  But  thirty  or  forty 
years  ago  they  were  exposed  in  large  numbers  and  were 
a  marked  feature  of  that  region. 


jfwbhbtmi  The  statement  has  frequently  been  made  that  "(atones 
JJJ^''*"'*  with  the  bevel  or  marginal  draft  are  not  peculiar  to  the 
Hebrews,  since  this  feature  existed  in  other  periods,  and 
in  countries  outside  of  Palestine."  This  being  boldly 
asserted  has,  without  consideration,  been  accepted  as 
final,  with  the  conclusion  that  the  bevel  is  no  criterion 
in  the  work  of  classification. 

A  reply  to  this  assumption  may  be  made  as  follows: — 
The  Jews  had  human  faces ;  but  the  human  face  was  not 
peculiar  to  the  Hebrews,  since  it  existed  in  other  periods 
and  in  every  country  on  the  glolw.  This  is  parallel  to 
the  statement  about  the  bevel,  but  it  is  not  final,  nor 
is  it  all  that  should  be  said.  When 'we  begin  to  inquire 
into  particulars  we  discover  that  the  Jewish  type  of 
face  was  peculiar  to  that  nation.  Precisely  the  same  is 
true  of  the  Jewish  bevel.  Stones  found  in  other  parts 
of  the  East,  in  Italy  and  probably  in  other  countries  of 
Europe,  have  the  bevel ;  so  also  Crusading  stones,  Arab 
stones,  and  even  stones  that  are  cut  to-day  for  use  in 
building  modern  houses  have  a  marginal  draft  and  rough 
face,  sometimes  full  and  sometimes  partly  dressed.  But 
none  of  these  are  tlie  Jewish  lievel,  which  can  be  shown 
to  have  a  distinct  character  of  its  own  as  certainly  and 
clearly  as  a  Jewish  face  has.  We  believe  that  too  little 
attention  has  lHH?n  paid  to  this  fact. 

Daeayindi.  The  result  of  the  weathering  of  stones  is  to  be  taken 

tf^****'   into  account,  and  we  have  many  examples  in  tlie  present 

walls.    For  instance,  two  large  blocks  are  lying  in  the 


ROCK  AND  QUARRIES  ABOUT  JERUSALEM  391 

wall  side  by  side.  The  character  and  quality  of  the  rock 
are  the  same  iu  both.  They  may  have  In^eu  brought  from 
the  same  quarry,  at  least  from  quarries  where  the  rock 
was  identical  in  every  respect.  These  two  stones  have 
been  subject  to  the  same  conditions,  but  one  is  well 
preserved  and  the  other  is  considerably  or  iwrhaps  very 
much  decayed.  For  this  difference  there  is  no  apparent 
reason.  But  if  the  well-preserved  one  is  2,000  ycmrs  old 
and  the  other  is  3,000  years  old  we  have  a  satisfactory 
explanation  of  the  difference  observed.  The  best  rock 
of  this  country,  the  kind  now  contemplated,  when  ex- 
posed to  the  air  will  last  for  centuries,  but  it  does  not 
last  forever. 


It  is  astonishing  how  rapidly  the  stone  used  for  build-  »t(mMi 
ing  in  Jerusalem  wears  away  under  the  feet  of  men  and 
animals.  Several  interesting  examples  have  been  given 
in  Chapter  XXXVIII.  This  was  to  be  expected  of  the 
soft  varieties ;  but  when  the  hard  varieties  are  examined 
or  when  they  are  being  cut  and  hammered  one  could 
easily  believe  that  they  would  last  indefinitely.  The 
bearing  of  this  fact  on  certain  remains  that  have  been 
uncovered  needs  to  be  considered. 

Between  1885  and  1890  the  authorities  of  Jerusalem 
spent  a  considerable  sura  of  money  in  paving  the  streets. 
In  some  quarries  the  rock  is  in  horizontal  layers  which 
are  four  to  six  inches  thick.  These  are  easily  broken 
into  pieces  suitable,  when  placcnl  on  edge,  for  paving  the 
streets.  When  completed  the  streets  presented  a  fine 
appearance,  a  white  surface,  flat  and  pretty  even.  The 
edges  wore  away  faster  than  the  centres  of  the  blocks. 
Consequently  after  ten  or  twelve  years  the  streets  ap- 
peartHl  as  if  they  had  Iteen  paved  with  cobblestones.  No 
wagons  had  passed  along  them,  this  wear  being  entirely 
caused  by  the  feet  of  aninmls  and  men.  One  must  now 
exercise  great  care  in  walking  upon  these  stones,  espe- 
cially when  they  are  wet,  if  he  would  avoid  injuring  him- 
self by  slipping. 


M 


I 

'I 

-If 

M 

i 

n 


899 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


Boiiuwisy 


The  present  walls  of  JeruHuleni  were  rebuilt  in  a.d. 
1542.  Many  new  stones  were  prepared  for  the  purpose, 
but  the  number  of  old  ones  employed  is  simply  innumer- 
able. There  is  nowhere  else  on  earth  a  more  heterogene- 
ous collection  of  stones  than  is  found  here.  Whatever 
material  existed  within  reach  was  used.  These  com- 
posite walls  are  interesting  because  they  contain  so 
many  silent  witnesses  of  the  history  of  thirty  centuries 
past ;  and  they  serve  as  the  best  possible  illustration  of 
a  process  that  has  been  going  on  since  very  early  times. 
It  has  always  l)een  less  lalwrious  to  borrow  stones  than 
to  go  to  the  quarries  and  prepare  new  ones.  The  hills 
of  Judea  are  a  mass  of  rock,  and  the  land  is  everywhere 
strewn  with  stones  so  thickly  that  one  often  finds  it  next 
to  impossible  to  make  his  way  among  them.  In  such  a 
country  one  never  thinks  of  stones  having  any  particular 
value.  But  in  Palestine  even  now  it  is  common  for  the 
peasants  to  steal  stoni>8  from  each  other,  not  only  those 
that  are  being  prepared  for  building  but  those  that  have 
been  built  into  walls.  In  a  certain  place  near  Jerusa- 
lem there  is  a  perfect  wMdemess  of  rock.  A  man  bought 
a  portion  of  this  region,  and  to  make  his  boundary 
secure  had  stones  prepared  from  these  rocks  and  a  solid 
wall  built.  This  was  not  ten  years  ago,  and  to-day  there 
are  not  a  dozen  yards  of  this  wall  remaining.  It  has 
been  stolen  bodily. 

An  interesting  account  of  removing  stones  is  found  in 
very  early  Hebrew  records.  Baasha,  king  of  Israel, 
made  encroachments  ufmn  Judah  and  sought  to  cripple 
hi.s  rival  kino;  Asa  by  buildinj:  a  strong  castle  or  fortress 
on  his  l»order  towards  Jcrusitlein.  Asa,  B.c.  913-b.c.  873, 
defeate<l  the  plan  and  the  king  of  Israel  retiretl.  But 
Asa  gf)t  together  a  gn'at  number  of  men,  who  carried 
away  to  other  places  the  stones  which  Baasha  had  pre- 
pnn-d  for  building  Haiiiah  (1  Kings  xv.  22;  (Miron.  xvi. 
(!).  I'his  instance  would  not  come  under  the  head  of 
bomiwing,  nor  of  stealing,  but  in  modern  language 
iiii'tlit  be  termed  confiscation. 


ROCK  AND  QUARRIES  ABOUT  JERUSALEM  393 

The  practice  of  rt'-luyiug  wallt*,  the  i-oniKMiuent  utiliz- 
ing of  old  BtonoH,  the  borrowing  of  Btt>nt'n  from  Home 
neighboring  ruin,  and  et*pi>i-ially  the  breaking  up  of 
great  blocks  which  former  |>eople  at  rant  exiR'UHe  had 
brought  together  and  built  into  mnHuive  structureH,  Ih 
one  of  the  moHt  common  known  in  tliis  part  of  the  GaHt. 
During  the  two  yearH  that  the  writer  Hpent  in  explor- 
ing the  country  eant  of  the  Jordan  many  iuHtancen  of 
this  kind  were  bnmght  to  his  attention.  Not  only 
throughout  Palestine,  but  thr«)Hghout  Syria  and  Phueni- 
cia  as  well,  nearly  every  ruin  could  repeat  the  same 
story.  Particularly  have  all  the  ancient  coast  towns 
suffered  in  this  way;  they  have  been  the  quarries  for 
every  nuMlern  city  that  could  b»'  reachwl  by  lM)at.  Could 
the  history  of  8tone-lH>rrowing  in  this  country  be  traced 
and  written  out,  at  least  one  large  volume  would  be 
riHiuireil  to  contain  the  account. 

In  the  light  of  these  facts,  what  sort  of  comment  shall 
we  make  upon  the  character  of  those  buildings,  castles, 
walls,  and  fortifications  of  ancient  times  which  during 
the  past  twenty  centuries  more  or  less  have  proved  such 
a  boon  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  land? 


ill 


The  present  walls,  as  we  have  seen,  serve  as  an  exam- 
ple of  what  in  this  respect  has  taken  place  in  Jerusalem. 
The  moving  of  large  stont-s  was  always  foreign  to  the 
genius  of  the  Arab.  \>'hatever  stones  men  could  easily 
handle,  or  could  easily  be  transported  on  the  backs  of 
camels  or  other  l)easts  of  burden,  controlltHl  the  size  of 
their  building  material.  Consequently  a  multitude  of 
ancient  and  massive  blocks  of  stone  were  re«luced  by 
them  to  a  convenient  size.  When  Ilero<l  rebuilt  the 
Temple  it  meant,  as  is  stated,  the  utilizing  to  some 
extent  of  nmterial  that  had  bwn  prepared  and  placinl  in 
positi(m  by  Solomon.  When  the  .\iistrian  Hospice  was 
built  fifty  or  more  years  ago  the  nmterial  was  supplitnl 
by  breaking  up  the  heavy  stitnes  of  Agrippa's  Wall, 
which  then  existed  in  the  olive  gnive  north  of  the  city. 


•ddi 


ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


lu  Hplte  of  conBldiTuhli'  previous  building  and  tlii* 
vnndaliMm  with  reupett  to  ancieut  work  whith  always 
tooJi  placp,  Hebrew  Htomti  were  very  eumuion  when  the 
Crumders  took  p<m»e»wion  of  Jerusalem  in  a.d.  1099. 
In  the  present  walls  we  can  tount  by  hundreds  stones 
that  oritiinally  belonged  to  the  Hebrew  periml,  whi-  h 
were  eut  over  by  the  Crusaclers.  They  re«lured  the  heavy 
l)oss,  and  where  it  was  ])OMsible  they  re-«ut  the  margins, 
or  better  they  re-trimmed  them.  The  width  and  general 
shape  are  Hebrew  while  the  dressing  shows  the  I'ru- 
saders'  hand.  Considering  what  has  hapjM'ned  in  the 
past,  one  is  surprised  at  the  great  numlwr  of  Hebrew 
stones  that  have  been  preserved  to  our  time,  for  they  can 
still  be  counted  by  the  thousand. 

Repeated  examinations  of  the  remains  still  existing  in 
Jerusalem  justify  us  in  formulating  certain  simple  rules 
as  to  the  construction  of  walls  as  follows : 

Rule  1.— A  new  wall  is  to  l)e  built  on  virgin  soil.  If 
the  materials  are  all  new  no  question  will  arise  as  to 
the  order  in  which  they  are  to  Im«  used.  If  the  materials 
are  partly  new  and  partly  old  the  workmen  will  decide 
as  to  how  they  are  to  In?  useil ;  the  new  may  lie  used  in 
one  part  of  the  wall  and  the  old  in  another,  or  both  new 
and  old  may  l)e  mixed  iudlscriniinately.  If  the  new 
stones  are  all  small  and  the  old  ones  an*  conspicuously 
large  we  exinn-t  to  find  the  large  stones  at  the  l)ott«mi. 

Rile  2. — A  new  wall  is  to  Im'  built  on  the  foundations 
of  an  old  wall.  We  expect  to  ttnd  the  old  material  at  the 
bottom.  The  workmen  might  disturb  or  renew  it  in  case 
they  fountl  portioH><  of  it  de«aye«l  or  otluTwise  rendcretl 
unfit  for  use.  But  if  it  was  firm  and  composwl  of  large 
blo«ks  we  should  exiwHt  to  find  them  at  the  bottom  and 
file  new  stones  whether  large  or  small  at  the  top.  Th»' 
eastern  wall  of  the  Haram  or  Temple  area  is  a  case  in 
{Miint. 

Rule  3. — A  wall  has  late  and  small  stones  at  the  bot- 
tom and  the  same  for  many  or  nearly  all  of  the  courses 
upwards,  but  near  the  top  there  are  a  few  large  stones. 


PUESENT  WALLS  OF  JERUSALEM 

Th»  red  IIdm  Indicate  where  genuine  Hebrew  uonrr  •till  exirt  In  large  numbert.     Stones  of  the 
Hebrew  perlad  that  were  worked  oTer  by  the  Cmeadera  at  not  Included. 


T 


396 


ANCIENT   JEIU'BALEM 


Tkrittyef 
■toot-work 


Had  the  larjri'  Btonen  exintwl  on  or  near  the  line  of  the 
new  wall  to  Ik?  conBtrui  ted,  we  uhould  exiH-ct  them  to 
have  been  utilized  near  the  tmttoni  of  the  fouudutions. 
The  fait  of  their  jMrnition  leadn  to  the  conilUMiou  that 
they  were  hrt>U|;ht  from  a  dlHtanee.  But  the  labor  and 
loHt  of  niiHint?  them'  to  their  plaie  near  the  top  of  the 
wall  would  have  made  the  attempt  a  very  unwise  one. 
Tlietw  con«litionM,  or  mottt  of  them,  exi»t  in  the  wall  at 
the  northeant  i-orner  «»f  the  tity.  In  Chapter  IV.  it  has 
UfU  explaiuwl  hciw  the  trench  wan  t-ut  and  the  exea- 
vatHl  Htonen  built  into  towers  whieh  consist  almost 
entirely  of  new  work.  Inside  the  wall  there  is  a  high 
liank  nearly  as  high  as  the  wall  itself.  This  is  part  of 
the  ridge  that  originally  existe«l  here,  running  north 
and  south,  through  which  the  existing  moat  was  cut. 
This  ridge  slopes  towanls  the  interior  of  the  present 
city,  and  these  blocks  could  have  In-i-n  dragge<l  up  this 
incline  and  from  its  top  easily  moveil  to  their  present 
|)ositlon. 

Kile  4.— A  wall  is  composiHl  largely  from  top  to  l»ot- 
tom  of  Uebrew  stones.  We  conclude  that  although  the 
wall  as  we  now  see  it  has  been  re-laid,  Hebrew  stones 
were  abundant  on  or  nea  the  line  of  that  section  of 
wall.  Illustrations  are  found  at  the  northwest  corner 
of  the  city,  where  the  walls  extending  In  one  direction 
towards  the  Jaffa  Gate,  and  in  the  other  direction  for 
430  yards  towanls  the  Damascus  Gate,  are  composed 
largely  of  Hebrew  stones. 

In  order  to  arrive  at  reasonable  results  In  the  matter 
of  classification  the  walls  themselves  must  l»e  carefully 
examined.  The  writer  feels  that  he  has  been  conscien- 
tuius  In  this,  for,  In  connection  with  his  work,  hehaslnn-n 
around  the  walls  scores  of  times  and  Inspectini  every 
se<tion  of  them  in  the  most  painstaking  manner.  Stud- 
ied in  this  way  thew>  old  relics  are  a  revelation.  With 
every  few  yards  in  our  progress  a  different  and  sur- 
prising mix-up  attracts  our  attention.     The  only  per- 


if*- 


Irivf 


?il 


la 


NOUTII  WALL  OF  THE  CITY 

Where  the  rliancttr  of  the  wall  cb*Dip!(  to uuill  atone*  well  trlnunedud  laid. 


XOIITII  WAM.  OF  TIIK  lITY 

A   lillU'  til  till'  VBLft  of  llrnHl'ii  <i»U'. 


ffU 


I*   If 


ROCK  AND  gUARKIES  ABOUT  JERUSALEM  397 


feet  way  of  inakini;  a  ptrson  apprct-iate  the  variety  of 
styles  that  exixt  would  Ir"  to  take  hiiii  about  the  eity 
time  and  again  until  the  leHwin  waH  learne«l.  As  this  is 
impossible,  we  have  attemptinl  to  bring  the  subject 
before  the  reader  by  a  serit's  of  Illustrations,  which  cer- 
tainly show  that  different  sittionsof  the  wall  are  totally 
unlike  each  other  and  Indong  to  widely  different  periods. 

I.  We  will  commenee  with  the  northwest  corner  of 
Jerusalem.  Thence  to  the  Jaffa  (Jate  in  one  direction, 
and  for  thirteen  hundre<l  fwt  towards  the  Daumscus 
Gate  in  the  other  dinntion,  a  great  majority  of  the 
stones  belong  to  the  Hebrew  ix'riod.  The  Illustration 
covers  little  more  than  thirty  fwt  of  the  wall  in  length, 
and  the  Hebrew  stones  an*  easily  recognizi>d.  The  bot- 
tom layer  is  in  its  original  position.  One  stone  near 
the  right  is  upwards  of  ten  feet  long  and  was  broken  into 
four  pieces  for  removal,  which,  however,  was  not  done, 
the  block  being  left  in  its  place. 

II.  After  a  distance  of  1,300  ftrt  the  character  of  the 
wall  changes  entirely,  as  app<'ars  in  the  Illustration. 
The  stones  here  are  small,  they  are  well  trimmed  and 
laid,  and  with  hardly  an  j'xception  they  are  of  <Hie  style 
and  l>elong  to  the  period  since  a.d.  154:2.     (See  Plate 

I.,  FiK.  8.) 

III.  The  next  Illustration  takes  us  to  a  sintion  of  the 
wall  a  little  to  the  east  of  llercMl's  (late,  in  the  depres- 
sion whicli  repres«'nts,  as  explaimnl  elsewhere,  the 
western  branch  of  the  Ktnlron.  On  the  right  there  are 
two  or  thre<'  large  Hebrew  stones  whosi'  faces  have  been 
cut  smooth;  the  (itliers  are  tlie  s«iuare»l  smooth-faced 
stones  which  we  class  as  Ryzantine  or  as  belonging  to 
the  jM'riiMl  of  Constanfine  (Plate  1.,  Fig.  1).  In  tin" 
ui)iH'r  layer  there  are  stones  wliiih  «'vidently  hav»' 
l)ass«'d  under  the  (  rusaders  hand.  These  Hebrew  stones 
are  ti  feet  long  and  H  feet  4  inches  thick.  Altogether, 
there  are  at  this  iMtint  not  far  from  one  imndred  of  these 
]ie('uliar  stones,  some  of  wliich  arerertainly  of  tlieju-riod 
describiHl,  while  others  are  Hebrew  stones  cut  over  by 


f! 


398 


ANCIENT   JERUSALEM 


the  Crusaders.  Sample  measurements  of  the  Byzantine 
Htones  give  us  2  feet  '2  inehes  by  2  feet  10  inches,  and  2 
feet  9  inches  by  2  feet  10  inches.  Stones  of  the  same 
perio«l  in  tlie  Russian  church  near  the  Holy  Sepulchre 
measure  1  foot  2  inches  by  2  feet  3  inches;  1  foot  (J  inches 
by  1  foot  11  inches;  1  foot  9  inches  by  2  feet  5  inches. 
Between  this  iK)int  in  the  wall  and  Herod's  Gate  there 
are  many  of  the  miHlium-sized  Hebrew  stones,  some  of 
which  have  been  worketl  over,  while  others  are  in  their 
original  form.  Attention  i.s  asked  to  two  Hlustrations 
of  stones  in  the  Russian  church,  one  of  Byzantine  work 
and  the  other  of  genuine  Hebrew  work.  The  latter  may 
be  relics  of  the  Acra,  the  strong  citadel  of  Jerusalem  in 
the  Hebrew  periotl,  from  some  <»f  whose  stones  was  con- 
structed the  Monument  of  the  High  Priest  John,  which 
8tot)d  in  this  imiiuMliate  vicinity.  In  the  Byzantine 
|K'ri«Ml  such  l)l(M'kH  were  not  carved  out  new,  nor  were 
tiiose  that  existiKl  removed  from  place  to  place.  The 
great  contrast  iH'twwn  massive  Hebrew  blocks  and 
Byzantine  work  could  not  Ik'  more  strikingly  presented. 
IV.  For  the  next  style  the  reader  is  referred  to  two 
Illustrations  in  Chapter  IV.  As  was  explaiueil  in  that 
chapter,  the  st*»nes  obtained  when  the  trenches  were 
excavated  were  used  for  constructing  the  wall.  The 
HM-k  scarp  of  the  trench  appears  in  both  Illustrations. 
The  work  in  the  two  towers  is  almost  all  new.  Higher 
up  in  the  wall  there  were  usetl  so-..t>  miHliumsized 
Hebrew  stones.  The  new  work  in  both  wall  and  towers 
belongs  to  the  Christian-Arab  iwritMl,  i.e.  before  a.d. 
1243.  Arab  writers  ref<'r  to  it  as  an  act  worthy  of  his- 
titrical  mention  that  Saladiu  cut  a  trench  from  the  Jaffa 
(Jatc  round  to  the  Damascus  (Sate.  But  for  almost  that 
entire  distan«'e  no  trent-h  ever  exist«Hl.  At  the  extn-me 
northwest  corner,  for  a  short  distunci',  the  rock  was, 
at  some  time,  cut  through;  but  this  was  so  small  a  task 
that  it  could  scarcely  have  excited  note  or  comment. 
But  cnttiiifi  the  trench  south  and  west  from  the  north- 
cast  corner  of  the  city,  as  shown  in  tlie  Illustrations  in 


'■    11 

in 

ft*: 


HEBREW  AND  BYZANTINE  STONES 
In  rnioa  eaat  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre. 


. ^ —rrn "~~ 

-* 

.,          ^^^      . 

m  ■« 

"<•»«•>•.>;* 

80l  TII  WALL  OP  THE  CITY 


K 

! 

h 

1 

\ 

ROCK  AND  QIAURIES  ABOUT  JERUSALEM    399 

Chapter  IV.,  wjw  a  work  of  iiuiKuitude,  of  which  Saladin 
or  any  other  niU-r  niinht  Ih-  proml.  However,  this  mat- 
ter iH  not  for  uk  to  deeide;  we  simply  indieate  the  periiwl 
to  which,  in  our  jmlgmeut,  the  principal  stone-work  in 
thi8  section  Indonns. 

V.  For  our  fifth  Illustration  we  go  south  from  the 
northeast  corner  of  the  city  to  the  vicinity  of  St. 
Stephen's  (Jate.  For  the  Illustration  itself  we  refer 
u{;ain  to  Chapter  IV.,  and  the  massive  Uebrew  stones 
that  appear  in  it  tell  their  own  story. 

VI.  The  next  Illustration  takes  us  to  the  south  wall  of 
the  city.    It  (1<k's  not  repres<«nt  the  portitm  of  this  wall 
which  is  between  the  southeast  corner  and  the  Dung 
(Jate,  since  that  is  composinl  chiefly  of  Hebrew  stones; 
but  between  the  Dung  (Jate  and  Zion  Gate  very  much 
of  the  wall  is  of  this  character  ( Plate  I.,  Fig.  2 ).    Some 
of  the  stones  have  dreswd  faces,  but  there  are  thousands 
that  were  laid  as  they  were  broken  from  the  quarry.    It 
is  nu>re  than  probable  that  great  numbers  of  these  stones 
were  obtained  by  breaking  up  the  large  Hebrew  bUnks 
found  in  the  vicinity.     It  would  be  far  easier  to  break 
such   blcM-ks  into  small   stones  that  could  l)e  readily 
handle<l  than  it  would  be  to  attempt  to  move  the  bbn-ks 
themselves.     The  entire  wall   west  of  the  Dung  Gate 
app«'ars  weak.     Attacks  on  that  side  of  the  city  were 
never  anticipated.     In  all  the  history  of  Jerusalem  we 
do  not  read  of  an  attack  from  the  south.     Even  after 
the  wall  was  drawn  in  from  the  brow  of  Zion,  where  it 
originally  stood,  to  its  jiresent  position,  which  we  sup- 
pose was  in   the  first  instance  the  work  of  Hadrian, 
resulting  in  a  part  of  the  hill  being  left  as  open  ground, 
we  do  not  hear  of  any  attacks  being  nmde  in  this  part. 
Tlie  south  wall  presents  a  de<id(Hl  contrast  to  thn.xe  on 
the  east,  north,  an«l  west  of  the  city,  the  greatest  i-on- 
trast  being  between  it  and  the  wall  on  tli"  north.     It 

seems  to  have  1 n  built  with  little  care  and  witliout 

mucb  regard  to  strength. 

VII.  We  have  now  readied  the  west  wall,  and  the 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


>:ii\ 


M 

■ft 


400 

lUuRtration  showH  two  BtttionB  less  than  200  feet  north 
of  the  southwest  corner.  The  one  at  the  right  resembles 
in  tharatter  tlie  south  wall  ( No.  VI. ) .  The  other  shows 
better  work.  North  of  these  two  sections  the  rough  work 
ceases  and  the  stones  especially  in  the  towers  are  larger. 

EXPLANATION  OP  FIGURES  ON   PLATE  I. 

Fio.  1  repre»enu  the  general  form  of  wh»t.  for  good  reuoni,  we  hiive 
called  ByzaQtine  work.  For  ionie  account  of  the  lame  and  for  sample 
measuremenU  we  refer  to  Illustration  III.  In  •  Around  the  Walls."  Special 
attention  Is  called  to  the  difference  between  this  style  and  genuine  Hebrew 
stones  which  eiUt  side  by  side  In  the  ruins  east  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre. 

Fio.  2.  There  are  a  multitude  of  square  stones  in  different  sections,  of 
which  thoK  shown  in  the  lUustratloniof  the  south  wall  are  good  examples. 
Very  many,  however,  were  moi»  carefully  prepared  and  have  been  better 
preirved  than  these  ;  but  these  serve  to  Illustrate  the  slie,  of  which  14  by 
14  inches,  18  by  16  Inches,  and  30  by  28  Inches  are  samples.  Many  are  just 
the  size  that  would  result  were  the  Byzantine  stones,  a«  previously  de- 
scrilied,  broken  Into  four  pieces. 

Fio.  3.  Long  sections  of  the  wall  on  each  side  of  the  city  have  what 
may  be  called  a  top-dressing  of  three  to  five  layers  of  late  Arab  stones,  I.e. 
of  the  period  subsequent  to  a.d.  1542.  The  stones  are  well  squared  and 
well  dressed,  and  12  by  12  inches  is  a  common  size. 

Fio  4  We  find  a  few  stones  marked  with  curved  lines  pretty  deeply 
cut  as  here  represented.  One  large  Hebrew  stone  in  the  Castle  of  David, 
ard  one  massive  block  in  the  east  wall  of  the  Temple  area,  have  these  deep 
lines  but  most  of  this  class  correspond  to  Fig.  4,  and  are  of  the  same 
dimensions  as  those  n-presented  by  Fig.  2.  In  two  or  three  quarries  aimllar 
markings  have  Iwen  noticed.  The  lines  were  made  by  the  workman's  in- 
(.trument  while  the  stones  were  beiii)?  excavated,  and  as  trimming  was  not 
convenient  I  liey  were  left  as  we  Bnd  them.  There  are  probably  not  twenty 
stont-M  llius  marked  in  (he  entire  oily  wall. 

Ki<i  5  In  limited  sections  of  tlic  wall  stones  exUt  which  are  a  little 
larcertlinn  Fii;  2,  and  a  little  smiiller  than  Fig.  1.  In  this,  as  in  some 
other  cases,  we  must  l)enr  In  mind  the  differing  Ihickncsses  of  the  layers  of 
rock  .«  foun.l  in  the  different  quarries,  since  this  will  account  m  some 
nii-as.ire  for  the  varying  thicknesses  of  the  stones  in  the  walls.  Some  of 
tlii»  tlusi.  Iiiive  .1  smooth  fare,  while  a  (tooil  proportion  of  them  have  a  wide 
shallow  margin  and  a  very  slightly  rough  face.     Both  are  combined  in 

Fi"  a 

Fi.,  6  In  lliis  chapter,  under  "  Building  Periods,"  the  Christian- 
Rmimi.  «nrk  there  siH)ken  of  is  well  represented  by  this  figure.  Such 
MUM.-  are  found  in  (he  ruins  existing  in  many  purls  of  Palestine,  and  in  the 
M.irist:in  tl.cv  «er«  the  |.ie.l.>min.int  and  almost  the  universal  style.  They 
have  a  substantial  l.H.k  and  seem  K.  express  more  clmraeler  llian  the  slones 
of  some  otlier  elasses  Thev  are  extren.ely  well  cut  and  nialrhed,  thev  have 
no  n.arfc-ln  or  bevel,  and  the  faces  are  smooth.     The  time  between  Hadrian 


''  M 


m 


HOCK  AND  QCAUUIKS  ABOIT  JKIM  HALHM    401 

■nil  Ibe  Amb  coiiqiiMii,  iu  a  ii.  UM.  w«  Imve  de*  -ribed  lu  tha  ChtUtiMi- 
Romao  period,  since  iihjM  u(  Uie  work  of  this  cliua  belii'iKi  to  tb«<«e  Mn> 
turics ;  but  It  ia  uot  auerted  that  on*  ilyle  luddnol;  ttoppnl  aud  anotlMr 
befao.  Tbli  particular  ttylu  wntloued  through  tha  era  ot  the  Cruiaders. 
but  did  not  extend  beyond.  Another  caution  U  neteuary,  namely .  that 
thb  waa  not  the  only  method  of  cutting  •lorm  prevailing  during  the  long 
period  indlcalml.  General  meaiurementaof  the  Marialan  iitonei  ibow  them 
to  be  ao  Inches  thick  and  80  lo  :i8  incbca  long.  They  an  among  the  beat 
of  this  clait  of  work.  Aa  we  xbould  expect,  there  are  many  of  theie  itone* 
near  the  Jaffii  tiHie  and  in  cerlaiii  p<irtionH  of  the  C'aitle  of  David. 

Kki.  7.  In  •lie.  stone*  of  this  claM  are  between  those  represented  li.v 
Kigs.  6  and  H.  They  always  have  the  marginal  draft,  which  is  wide,  in 
some  iiistancea  very  wide,  and  frequently  so  sliglit  as  to  be  scarcely  per- 
ceptilile.  The  faces  are  in  all  cuxes  nearly  even  witli  tlie  margin,  but  were 
left  as  they  were  dressed  by  some  Hhiirppointed  instrument.  There  are 
very  many  such  stones  In  the  west  wall  of  the  city  between  the  Castle  of 
David  and  the  southwest  corner,  and  likewise  near  the  Damascus  Qatc. 
There  is  the  greatest  possible  contrast  between  these  stones  and  those  rep- 
resented by  Fig.  10  The  same  is  true  also  of  stones  represented  by  Pig.  5. 
Stones  represented  by  Figs.  S  and  7  are  seldom  found  together,  and 
the  same  can  be  said  of  those  repre*ente«l  by  Figs.  7  and  10.  In  the 
Damascus  Oate  there  are  two  styles ;  if  tlie  stones  are  drafted  tbey  corre- 
spond lo  Fig.  7  ;  If  not  drafted  they  are  smaller  anti  correspond  to  Fig. 
H.  At  the  top.  as  previously  described,  the  Arab  stones  correspond  to 
Fig  8.  The  great  stonea  in  the  foundations  on  each  side  of  this  Oate  are 
uot  considered  here.  Tlie  evidence  seems  to  be  gootl  that  tha  Damascus 
Gale  was  rebuilt  by  Suleiman  in  ad.  Ili42,  and  there  is  no  evidence  that  it 
has  since  been  again  rebuilt. 

Another  intervstiug  bit  of  stone-work  lo  hr  coiiKidered  is  llie  Uolden  Oate. 
Nearly  all  the  stoue*  with  which  It  Ih  walled  up  correH|nnd  to  Fig.  3. 
When  the  CniMiden  entered  Jerusalem,  in  a  d.  KNM).  tlie.v  found  litis  Oate 
I'losed.  No  doubt  the  Arabs  had  cloiml  it  for  wciirity.  esiiecially  as  it  was 
not  much  used  and  c«>uld  be  spared.  As  we  cannot  say  that  these  stones 
are  those  originally  use<l  for  lite  purpose  intlieated.  we  citnnot  determine 
their  age.  This  is  to  be  regretted.  This  wall,  being  vastly  weaker  than 
those  on  either  side  of  it,  would  be  a  tempting  |M>int  for  l)esiegers  to  attack. 
Some  of  the  stones  in  the  sides  of  this  pite  ret>enible  Byzantine  work, 
although  the  quality  of  the  stone  is  not  of  the  Itext.  In  this  gale  titerv  is 
no  trace  of  Jewish  or  of  Christinn-Homan  work. 

For  some  centuries  previous  to  ad  1348  it  Mepins  possible  to  true  two 
distinct  influences  in  the  stone-work  of  that  long  iieriod.  the  Arab  element 
and  Ihe  Christhiii  element.  We  have  Pigs.  ,'V,  7.  and  10  to  account  for.  We 
tlo  not  believe  that  Fig.  !0  was  developed  from  PIr.  5.  and  it  is  gener- 
ally aupposed  that  stones  represented  liv  Pit;  .t  lieloiig  to  the  Crusaden. 
But  if  so.  they  have  dropp<-<l  the  narrow  margin  and  Hmooili  faj-e  a»  in  Pig. 
16,  and  the  lievel  and  nuu-giii  ami  omtmlli  fiiceH  as  in  Figs  IH  and  19. 
It  is  to  be  remembered  that  there  were  many  varieties  of  (Crusaders  com- 
iuK  at  differeiil  iieriodH  and  from  ilitrcrenl  (mrls  of  Eiini|M-.  and  they 
may  have  brought  with  tbeui  vtrv  different  ideas  of  stoue-cuttini;.     I'ossl- 


IjbiiMlunl 


40S 


AXriEXT   JEHIHALEM 


My  the  CbriitiMi  coinn  of  the  lint  ten  ocniuiiea  of  our  em  furiii  »  no  illu*. 
inilloo  of  wiMt  look  place  in  tbr  •lone-work  of  thai  period  Ai  flt>{  lUtj 
men  lloa  anti  well  cieculed ;  M  last  they  were  cuanr,  nide,  ami  :  >ttlract- 
We.  A  iiniUar  proceia  of  decay  appear!  to  have  gone  oo  in  •!<  ue-work 
until  tlie  debated  and  ukIj  forma  reprewnteil  by  Fig.  10  were  iliu  mult. 

Km  8.  8tonea  belonging  to  the  period  lubaetiwnt  to  A.i>.  IMS  were 
largely  of  ihii  form.  They  ara  amallar  tlian  tlioie  ref>reaeBl«d  by  llg.  7, 
and  rery  muoli  imaller  than  Uiuaa  repreaeitlad  by  Fig.  6.  Haiuple  mcai- 
uramanu  are  U  by  iM  Incbaa,  ami  U  by  24  luclioi.  Tbry  an  well  made, 
with  smooth  facea. 

Ptoa  S  ami  10.  What  wa  have  cboaea  to  eall  "dafonaad  itoiiaa  "are 
rarely  found  in  the  walla  of  Jeniialem,  but  they  oecur  iometiilMa  in  lioutia 
within  tba  city  that  wrre  iMlIt  of  old  material.  In  the  interior  wall  uf  the 
Castle  of  David,  near  lU  south  eml,  there  are  axainpiea  of  the  better  riaa 
of  thia  work,  and  In  tlie  walla  of  the  Conrent  of  Mar  Saba  tliey  are  the  chief 
fnuurs,  and  are  of  suffleieat  inlereat  to  Justify  an  Illuatralion.  The  stones 
are  ai'Idom  wail  aquanti :  the  margin  la  Irreguhir.  Mmietimes  wide  and 
•ometimea  aarruw,  and  la  always  badly  cut :  the  bota  Is  smaH.  shapeless. 
very  prominent,  projecting  frnm  4  to  6  Inches,  and  the  effect  Is  anything 
but  agreeable.  In  marginal  draft  work  tJiese  stones  represent  the  most 
deg<-Derate  style.  The  commonest  form  is  represented  by  Pli;.  10,  although 
the  irregularities  are  not  shown.  Fig.  9  is  a  drawing  of  an  actual  form, 
but  the  boas  may  occur  anywhere  on  the  face  of  tlie  stone  and  be  of  any 
shupe.   These  stonot  are  geiicrnlly  largrr  than  those  represented  by  Fig.  2. 

FlU.  II.  Of  the  masoire  Hebrew  xtones  there  are  two  kinds,  square  and 
oblong.  The  square  stones  vary  In  length  from  6  to  8  feet  and  in  height 
from  4  to  0  feel. 

Fill.  12.  This  represents  the  general  form  of  Hebrew  stones.  The 
dimensions  vary  so  much  that  no  aTerage  can  be  given,  althougli  aeveriil 
hundred  have  been  meuaured.  In  a  rery  larKe  number  of  Instance*  lliey 
are  upwaniii  of  3  feet  In  length  and  from  9  feet  2  hichcx  to  3  feel  8  inches 
in  thickness.  Of  two  of  these  stones  Illustralions  are  givril  which  in  the 
wall  lie  side  by  side.  The  characteristics  are  pecillinr  and  marked;  no 
other  people  ever  micceedc<l  In  imitating  perfectly  tha  Jewish  bevel. 

Fki  18.  Here  an<i  there  strange  forma  appear  of  which  one  example 
it  given  This  has  a  miuidnl  very  full  face,  a  fair  margin,  is  well  pre- 
wrved,  ami  measures  8  feet  8  Incites  in  length  and  1  foot  3  inrlies  In  thick- 
iH-ss.  8uch  a  stouf  cniild  not  have  been  ma<le  by  a  Heliivw  and  cannot 
lielouK  til  the  Hebrew  (leriiMl  :  it  miulren  no  great  skill  to  discover  that  It 
was  fashioned  by  some  lulliin  hnnd.  Very  few  of  this  class  occur,  and 
this  Ih  xiven  to  show  that  such  stoties  are  not  of  .lewlsh  origin. 

Fill.  U.  Tlio  Inncest  Hebrew  stonex  take  this  form.  In  height  they 
art-  from  :i  feet  6  inches  In  4  fi-et  «  Inclies,  niiil  in  length  from  12  feet  m  98 
feel. 

Km    IS.    In   thi'ir    liesi    work   In   re-ciitling  old   slonet.  the  ('nismlcre 

niitili'  a  (lerfeclly  Hnionlli  fsce.  nx  Fig    III  in  section  wouM  show;  while  Ihe 

Heliri'WB  niiiile  ii  hroiiii  deep  innridn.  Ii-Hving  a  rmigli  full  fiice  us  Is  here 

repri-sented. 

FiUH.   16  anil   17.   Tlieae  are   consldere<i    togi'tlicr,  since   tliey   arc  de- 


^^^E^ 

MAK  8ABA 

DMcrilMd  ndn  PHtam  9  ud  W. 


HEBREW  STONES 
DMcriptlon  nnil«r  FlKiin'  IS. 


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(ANSI  ond  SO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


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«OCK  AND  QUARRIES  ABOUT  JERUSALEM    403 

«oLthTt  i".  '''•'  "'  ""  ^'""^«  '"'^-  -°«''J'''-«i  vary 
^"ze  In    t .     "VT"'"'  *"  ^'"••'  *'"^  ^-«^t  average 

oeen  measured  the  attempt  was  abandoned  as  hopeless. 

Mork'oT  r  '"T  ""•''*  P"'"^«  ^"""•^^^^J  ^vith  the  stone- 
orate    bu;7oT'  "'"""  *'"  ""^•^-  ^^-•"  ""^^  to  Xt 

one  Tuh'^r. '"•"'■"  "'"'•  *'"'  f"»n"ations  of  the  walls 

or  other  implements   i^tln^    ''.v  hammers,  iron  bars, 

walls  and  em  ^an^^nt  -.n"      i?''''  *"  ""''"•"'"""  ^'^'^ 
enemv  at  on,,  nf  fi     "t' •'"<«'•     It  is  easy  to  picture  an 

i^pt-nKKl  l„  ,1,0  i,i„„rv  „f  .I„„,-,r,.„      li„        """,  l«*n 


404 


ANCIENT  JERUSALEM 


How  much  battle  and  bloodshed  within  and  without  the 
walls.  Uow  many  armies  have  camped  on  these  ancient 
hills.  How  vast  the  number  of  men  that  have  perishetl  on 
the  soil  where  we  are  standing.  What  strange  pictures  of 
royal  grandeur,  of  military  display,  of  famine,  of  suffer- 
ing and  death,  are  presented  to  our  gaze  as  the  solemn 
pageant  of  thirty  centuries  moves  by.  Truly  this  is  the 
most  interesting  city  on  the  globe.  Its  tragic  and  thrill- 
ing history  is  now  ended;  its  glory  has  passed,  its 
millions  of  dead  are  silent  and  an^  remembered  no  more, 
and  its  old  walls  which  have  so  long  absorbed  our  atten- 
tion are  fast  crumbling  away.  But  Olivet,  from  the  east, 
noble,  stately,  beautiful  as  it  catches  the  morning  and 
evening  light,  tirelessly  watching  over  this  sacred  dust 
and  these  inspiring  ruins,  reminds  us  of  scenes  and 
events  which  once  took  place  on  its  summit,  and  which 
kindle  in  our  minds  the  uplifting  hope  that  at  last  war 
and  strife  will  cease,  righteousness  become  the  law  of 
nations  and  of  men,  and  the  earth  be  filled  with  the  glory 
of  its  King. 


INDEX 


Accuracy,  and  fairncsn.  efforts  to  insure,  7,  15 

Acra,  and  otlier  atrongboldx,  Greek  words  for,  212 

Acra,  one  of  the  hills  of  Jerusalem;  location;  the  Lower  City  also 
called,   75 

Acra,  the  citadel  of  Jerusalem,  220;  meaning  of  the  Greek  word,  225, 
230;  historical  notices  of,  225;  held  alternately  by  Greek  and 
Egyptian  garrison,  220,  220,  227;  .Jews  greatly  annoyed  by  its 
garrison,  226;  wall  built  to  shut  out  the  garrison,  228;  location, 
character,  and  importance,  2.'il;  name  not  applied  to  Antonia,  2.30; 
traced  back  to  B.C.  200  and  must  have  liad  a  predecessor,  229; 
destruction  of.  229;  cut  down  by  Jonathan  and  Simon,  229,  304; 
name  remained  and  applied  to  Lower  City,  2:11;  ()eculinr  use  of 
v;ord  in  ll'arg,  VL  viii.  4,  explained,  232;  illustrating  permanence 
of  names,  199;  rebuilt  instead  of  "built"  by  Antiochus  IV.,  206 

Adiabene,  home  of  Helena,   142 

Adonijah.  anointing  of,  did  not  take  place  in  same  valley  as  that  of 
Solomon,  286,  287 

Agora,  market-place,  same  as  Basilica,  308 

Agrippa,  wall  of,  impossible  that  present  wall  of  city  should  represent, 
189,   171.    See  Wall. 

Alexander,  King,  monuments  of:  a  prominent  landmark,  127 

Ananus,  monument  of,  131 

Antioch,  residence  of  Governors  of  Syria,   187 

Antonia,  description  of;  ample  apartments  for  soldiers,  officers,  and 
Procurators;  probable  residence  of  Procurators  during  their  tempo- 
rary visits  to  Jerusalem;  successor  of  Baris,  190,  212;  a  legion  of 
soldiers  left  there  by  Varus  o.c.  4.  99;  a  legion  always  quartered 
in,  182;  position  of;  TiUis  pliinned  to  takt  Temple  through; 
played  no  part  in  taking  of  First  or  Agrippa's  Wall;  New  City 
lay  between  it  and  First  Wall;  liefore  attacking  it  was  necessary 
to  take  Second  Wall,  208.  209;  captured  and  held  by  the  Jews 
A.D.  66-70;  mounds  used  against  were  of  great  size;  held  by  troops 
of  >Tohn,  208,  209;  Roman  legion  stationed  in;  rebuilt  instead  of 
"built"  by  Herod  B.C.  37-31,  205,  211;  commander  of  legion  re- 
sided in,  216 

Aqueduct,  south  of  city,  relation  to  Old  Wall.  63 

Arak  el  Emir,  east  of  the  Jordan,  illustrating  ancient  massive  stone- 
work, 203 

.Archelaus.  subject  to  Governor  of  Syria.  ISO 

.^rchiEological  discoveries  in  .lerusalem.  every  year  less  likely  to  be 
made  because  of  great  amount  of  building  ilone.  7 

Armory.  Tlie.  different  from  Hoiise  of  the  Mighty.  354 

Artisans,  different  classes  of.  occupying  separate  sections  of  the  city,  78 

Assyrian  generals,  conference  of.  with  Hezekiah's  messengers;  place  of 
its  occurrence;  range  of  voice  illustrated.  273.  275 

Authorities,  necessity  of  discriminiition  as  to;  multiplication  of  books 
does  not  imply  multiplication  «l.  15 

405 


406 


INDEX 


B«ri8,  the  predece«§or  of  Antonin,  190,  212;  residence  of  John  Hyrcaniis, 
213;  rebuilt  liy  Hyrcanus;  purpose  and  description  of,  214;  vest- 
ments of  the  priests  kept  in,  213 
Basilica,  a  market-pliiee;  of  Pagan  origin;  structure  described;  com- 
mon in  Itoman  cities;  '•agora,"  the  Greek,  and  "forum."  the  I-atin. 
word  for;  every  object  tluit  vis  bought  or  sold  to  be  found  in; 
lega'  business  transacted  in;  the  custom  of  bartering  in,  survived 
in  Christian  churches  and  in  English  Cathedrals;  Constantine 
presents  Jerusalem  with  a ;  with  his  Pagan  training  the  word  had 
but  one  meaning,  308,  309,  313;  wholly  unlike  a  prayer-house; 
long  period  before  word  came  to  mean  a  church,  338 

Beema.     See  Tribunal    (p.  191). 

Bethso,  Hebrew  word  meaning  Rock  Fortress;  Bethsura  of  the  Mac- 
cabees; described,  07;  Old  Wall  passed  througli;  site  at  School  of 
Bishop  Gobat,   61,  09 

Bevel,  .Icwish,  special  and  permanent  character  of,  390 

Bezetha,  a  ridge,  one  of  the  hills  of  Jerusalem,  75,  77;  described,  134, 
136,  136;  growth  about  now  as  in  former  times,  49,  54;  portion  of, 
burned  by  Cestius,  134 

.Bible,  testimony  of.  as  to  stone-work,  375 

Bibliography,  reason  for  omitting,  7 

Bireh,  fine  ancient  quarry  at,  388,  371 

Bir  Evub.    See  Wells  (p.  202). 

Books"  on  Jerusalem  and  Palestine,  multiply,  but  reliable  authorities 
are  few.  17 

Bridge,  and  causeway,  between  Temple  and  city,  not  used  by  John  and 
Simon  in  their  eiTorts  to  reach  each  other,  121,  353 

Broad  Wall,  in  some  way  connected  with  the  Gate  of  Ephraim:  impos- 
sible that  this  should  have  been  the  west  wall  of  Hezekiah's  Pool. 
.357 

brook,  through  the  midst  of  the  "land,"  meaning  city,  269 

Brixjk.  vallvv.  nnchal,  explained.  348 

BuiMinc  periods  in  Hebrew  history-,  381,  382;  Herod  the  Great  fol- 
lowed national  ideas  in,  383:  later  periods,  a.d.  1  to  a.o.  1542. 
Jcwisl).  Christian-Roman,  Christian-Arab,  and  Turkish.  383-388; 
thf  word  Imililing  always  used  where  rebuilding  is  meant;  ex- 
amples, 204,  206 

Burial-places,  royal,  in  Jerusalem;  were  not  imposing.  259,  200;  list 
of  kings  buried,  with  summary  of  conclusions,  2o3-2.^8 

Butter,  milk,  cheese,  whence  brought  to  the  city;  ancient  practice  illus- 
trated, 78.  7!) 

Byzantine,  Era  of  Constantine,  stone-work  of,  389 

Camp,  of  Titus,  his  second,  out  of  range  of  missiles  of  Jews.  104 
Camp--,  at  Gophna;  at  castle  three  and  a  half  miles  north  of  city;  at 

Sfipus.  2.1,  27;    two  formed  near  the  city,  33:   different  camps  of 

Titus.    59:    of    Assyrians,    50.    92;    of    Xth    Legion    on    Mount    of 

Olives.   31 
Castle,  "barls."  at  Arak  el  Emir.  215;  three  and  a  half  miles  north  of 

city.  Titus  camped  at,  25;   Betlilioron  and  Damascus  roads  divide 

at."  25 
Castor,  famous  episode  of.  in  sicgi'  of  Second  Wall.  107 
Cathedrals,  English,  relics  of  Basilica  customs  in.  311 


INDEX 


407 


Causowny.  Ix-twwn  Temple  and  city,  also  bridge,  not  used  by  John  and 

Simon  in  tlieir  etTorts  to  roarli  encli  other,  lin,  121 
Cave,  holy,  found  in  .IcruHnIeni  in  A.u.  ;l2tl;  deHcribed  a*  "holy,"  "mys- 
tic"; such  an  object  nothing  to  do  with  Christ.  XW,  .3.11;  repugnant 
to  the  spirit  of  Christianity,  331;  finding  of.  instead  of  a  tomb; 
Eusebins'  account  of.  very  strange,  .137;  or  grotto,  Pagan,  not 
Christian;  not  connecte<i  with  our  Lord's  burial.  W!i 
Cemeteries,   see   Royal    BiirinlPlaces.     Contrast   between   Oriental    and 

Occidental  ideas  of.  259,  2t!0 
Cesarea-on-the-sca,   sometimes   rendewous  of  Roman  army,   187;    resi- 
dence of  the  Procurators.   188 
Cestius.  burned  part  of  N'ew  Town,  134 

Chaldeans,  burning  of  Temple  and  King's  Palace  by  the,  B.C.  586,  249 
Cheese,  milk,  butter,  whence  brought  to  the  city,  ancient  practice  illus- 
trated. 78,  79 
Cheesemakers,  connection  with  valley  in  .Jerusalem,  77 
Christ,  had  no  tomb  of  his  own;   l)ody   remained  in  a  friend's  tomb 
thirty-six  hours;    friends  of,   returneil   to  Nazareth;    reappearance 
of,  in  Galilee,  would  divert  attention  from  temporary  burial-place 
outside  .Jerusalem;   ruin  of.  a.u.  70  and  a.d.  13.j,  would  obliterate 
all  traces  of  a  tomb,  333;  not  buried  in  Pagan  "cave"  or  "grotto," 
305 
Christianity,  special  features  of.  in  periml  of  Constnntine,  314;   spirit 
of.  losing  its  hold,  and  eiricncy  of  relics  usuroing  its  place,  322; 
tolerated  by  Constantine;  dilTicult  for  him  to  appreciate  its  spirit, 
320 
Christian-Roman  building  period,  a.d.    136— a.d.  636;    Christian- Arab, 

A.D.  636— A.D.  1243,  386,  387 
Christiana,  in  period  of  Constantine,  passion  of.  for  finding  and  wor- 
shipping relics,  322;  subjects  of  Constantine  horrified  at  his  deeds 
of  cruelty  and  bloodshed.  325 
Church  and  Stni'     union  of.  failure  of  hopes  based  upon.  318 
Church  of  St.  Jolm  on  Christian  street,  bottom  of,  25  feet  lielow  street, 
293;  Russian,  east  of  Holy  Sepulchre,  gate  in  the,  much  made  of; 
threshold  of,  compared  with  those  of  other  g:ites;   impossible  that 
this  was  a  city  gate.  298-.104 
Circumvallation,  Wall  of,  located,  purpose  of.   146-149 
Cistern,  under  Ilippicus.  of  great  depth.  lOfl.  110 
Cisterns,  many  excavated  by  I'zziah.  202.    See  also  Wells. 
Citadel,   of   Jerusalem.     See  Acra,   all   of   Chapter   XXXII.    (pp.  220- 

2.33). 
Cities,  three.  Upper.  Ix>wer,  and  Xew.  165 

City,  an  Cpper  and  Lower,  77:  Gates  of.  measured.  See  Gates; 
'  "inner,"  means  the  Ixiwcr;  Xew,  location  of;  partly  burned  by 
Cestius.  134:  burning  of  Lower.  172:  Lower,  called  Acrn;  origin 
of  name,  225,  230;  Marketplace  of.  its  site  now  the  Muristan, 
292;  New,  embraced  everything  north  of  Second  Wall,  167;  its 
timlH-r  and  other  markets.  IfiO.  167:  lay  U'tween  Antonia  and  First 
Wall.  20!»:  I'pper.  capture  of.  Chapter  XXVI.  (pp.  172-176); 
precipitous  on  all  sides;  towers  and  west  wall  not  destroyed,  174, 
176 
Coins.  Human,  illustrating  tribunals  anil  other  matters,  193;  of  Jeru- 
salem, show  no  Temple  of  \'enU8.  328 


408 


INDEX 


rombntantn.  Jews  and  Romans,  communication  lietween,  easy  and  oon- 
Htant,   33 

Conduit,  notices  of;  does  not  mean  tunnel;  connected  witli  Upper 
Pool.    26(1 

Conflaftrotions.  many  in  city  during  siege;  seldom  known  in  modern 
timcfl.  1S0-1S3 

Constantine,  great  market  nr  basilica  erected  by,  303;  special  features 
of  his  time,  314;  intrij^e.  war.  bloodsheil,  and  murder,  chief  char- 
acteristics of  the  school  in  which  he  was  trained;  influenced  by  his 
colleagues,  many  of  whom  were  monsters  of  wickedness,  31<l;  mas- 
sacres following  his  death.  317;  tolerated  both  Pagan  and  Chris- 
tian religions  as  a  matter  of  State  [wlicy;  sought  to  check  gross 
abuses  in  Paganism,  318;  an  a  shrewd  and  politic  ruler  is  de- 
servedly called  Orent.  3.0.  320;  an  important  witness  of  events  in 
Jerusalem  in  A.n.  320,  320.  32!);  "Life"  of,  by  Eusebius,  examined, 
321 ;  declaration  of,  that  the  discovery  in  Jerusalem  in  a.d.  32)1 
was  "a  miracle  beyond  all  human  reason,"  is  most  important  in 
considering  what  actually  took  place,  323;  dark  political  deeds  of, 
which  made  this  discovery  po^isible,  32.5;  his  letter  analysed.  32.>, 
326;  presents  .Terusalem  with  a  Basilica  or  market-place;  with 
his  Pagan  ideas  "basilica"  had  but  one  meaning.  313;  instructions 
of,  were  to  erect  a  Basilica  or  market  in  Jerusalem;  said  nothing 
about  church  or  prayer-house,  335;  stone-work  in  Jerusalem  in  era 
of,  389 

Consuls,  in  modem  times,  compared,  in  tenure  of  office,  with  Procura- 
tors, also  as  to  residences,  188 

Contour  o'  city,  aspect  of  the.  when  studied  from  minarets,  walls,  and 
other  elevations;  impossible  to  obtain  same  knowledge  from  study 
of  maps,  22 

Controversy,  effort  to  avoid;  something  lost  by  this,  but  much  gained, 
7,  23 

Crispus,  put  to  death  by  Constantine.  32.5 

Crucifixion,  place  of.  not  mentioned  by  Eusebius.  331 

Cruelties,  practised  by  the  dilTerent  factions.  111,  112 

Crusaders,  great  changes  made  by,  in  the  region  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre; 
vast  establishment  on  site  of  Muristan,  306;  working  over  Hebrew 
stones,  304 


Damascus  Gate,  importance  of,  in  modern  times;  illustrates  the  im- 
portance of  the  Gate  of  Ephraim  in  the  earliest  period,  356 

David,  selects,  site  and  prepares  to  builil  the  Temple.  248;  House  of. 
distinct  from  Palace  of  Solomon.  249;  reasons  why  his  name  in- 
creased and  that  of  Solomon  decreased  in  importance.  351; 
castle  of,  site  of  ancient  tower;  stands  on  a  bluff.  71.  73;  City  of; 
examination  of  Ophcl-ridge  theory  o.  its  site.  276;  same  as  Zion. 
242;  palace  of.  244;  use  of  this  phrase.  City  of  David;  number  of 
times  it  («-curs;  connection  with  King's  House  which  was  burned 
by  the  Chaldeans,  349,  S.'xl 

Defenders  of  .Terusalem,  position  of,  in  siege,   103,  105 

Discoveries,  liuestions  of  priority  of.  nniitted.  22.  23 

Discovery,  the  famous,  at  Jerusalcn  m  .\.u.  32(1,  place  of.  said  to  have 
been  covered  with  rubbish  by  i;ie  enemies  of  Christianity.  327; 
same  conditions  existed  at  Tyre.  328;  nature  of  the  object  found,  329 


INDEX 


409 


, 


Draft,  marginal,  Jewish  and  other,  3HA,  300 
Dragon  Well,  explained  ancl  loeatcd,  342,  343 

Dung  Gate,  clinngfd  to  Milk  Cute.  78;  in  Xehemiahs  night  ride,  340; 
and  Gate  of  the  Fountain,  rclotive  ponitiona,  345 

Egypt,  control  over  Palestine  after  .100  B.C.,  220;  Phomicia,  and  Judea 
influencing  each  other:    Kgyptian  influence  in   Palestine,  372,  373 
Egyptian  impostor,  loss  of  life  connected  with.   183 
Eleazar.  leader  of  a  faction;  merged  with  .John's  party.  113,  114 
Emperor   appointed   Governors   and    Procurators,    180 
Emperors    who  were  colleagues  of  ConsUntine  were  cruel  and  bloody 

men.  316 
"Encircled,"  Josephus'  word  descriptive  of  Second  Wall;  illustrated  by 

actual  remains,  107,  109 
Engines  of  war.  in  possession  of  .lews;  they  had  learned  how  to  use.  169 
Ensigns,  Roman,  Vitellius  at  request  of  Jews  did  not  bring  to  Jeru- 
salem, ISO 
Ephraim,  Gate  of,  historical  notices  of;   date  from  period  soon  after 
Solomon,    355;    relation    to    Corner    Gate;    location;    ample    space 
about;    a   marketplace;    a    sort   of    public  squan-;    main   gate   on 
north  of  city  as  the  Damascus  Gate  is  at  present;  illustrated  and 
confirmed  by  conditions  in  A.D.  70.  356.  365 
Erebinths.  place"  passed  by  Wall  of  Circumvallation.  148 
Essenes,  Gate  of  the,  one  of  two  gates  mentioned  by  Josephus.  162 
Eusebius.    principal    Christian    historian    of    period    of    Constantino; 
strangely  elated  by  political  events.  314;    inflated  style   and  ex- 
travagant language  of.  314;   makes  Constantine  a  divine  person; 
his  vanity;  examination  of  his  Life  of  Constantine;  in  describing 
certain  public  works  in  Palestine  betrays  his  motive  of  flattery, 
321.  322;  the  most  important  witness  of  events  in  Jerusalem  in  a.d. 
326.  321 ;  curious  treatment  of  the  Letter  of  Constantine,  320,  .327 ; 
does  not   mention   Tomb  or  Golgotha,  331;    strange  attitude  of  a 
Christian  historian.  332;  in  his  mind  "caves"  and  Pagan  grottoes 
have  the  place  of  honor  in  all  that  pertains  to  the  passion  of  our 
I/)rd.  331;   place  of  Crucifixion  crowded  out  of  his  mind  by  these 
things.  305,  306;  savs  nothing  about  Basilica  which  Constantine  had 
ordered  to  be  built  "in  Jerusalem;  substitutes  'prayer-house"  which 
Constantine  had  not  mentioned,  336,  337 
Exile,  period  subsequent  to.  one  of  national  depression.  382 
Experiments,  as  to  what  can  be  seen  in  the  night,  in  connection  with 
Xehemiah's  night  ride.  341 

Factions,  three  large,  in  Jerusalem;  later  reduced  to  two;  leaders  of, 
cruel  and  wicked  men.  111.  114;  positions  held  by  each,  117 

Facts,  established,  are  always  welcome,  19 

Fairness,  and  accuracy,  efforts  to   insure,  7.  22 

Fausta.  wife  of  Constantine.  put  to  death  by  him.  323 

Florus.  great  cruelties  of.  nuiiinst  the  ,Tcw9.  97.  98,  182;  treachery  of; 
attacks  the  .Tews  and  drives  them  into  the  city,  134 

Forum,  a  market,  same  as  Basilica.  308,  309 

Fountain,  at  the  Valley  Gate,  lalled  Dragon  Well;  figure  of  some  ani- 
mal, as  is  common  in  Eufoik'.  may  have  given  the  name,  342;  Gate 
of  the,  and  Dung  Gate,  relative  positions,  345;  large,  near  a  city. 


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410 


INDEX 


the  gT*«t  mwting  place;  platform  about  called  maitabeb,  289;  of 
the  VirKin.  wat«r  supply  from,  very  meagre,  2(17 

Fuller,  monument  of,   13:! 

Fuller'!  field;  word  for  "fuller"  nearly  always  meana  waah  or  wash- 
ing, 267 ;  highway  of  the,  288,  289 

Oames,  public,  in  the  Xystus;  Arabic  word  "meidan"  applied  to  » 
part  of  Jerusalem,  a  relic  of,  8.1,  88 

Garden,  of  licrod,  about  his  palace;  fountains,  trees,  and  walks;  pleasure 
resort  of  the  city,  93;  "Garden  Gate"  named  from;  deacription  of 
Illustration,  102;  very  attractive,  164;  the  Kings,  below  Siloam, 
268 

Garrison,  in  Acra,  alternately  Greek  and  Egyptian;  annoyed  and 
plundereil  the  Jews,  226:  especially  in  Lower  Market;  means  to 
prevent,  294,  295;  in  Antonia,  compared  with  the  modem,  216, 
217;  in  Jerusalem  in  modem  times  compared  with  Roman,  191 

Gate,  between  the  two  walls,  in  connection  with  the  flight  of  Zedekiah 
B.C.  S86,  365;  Garden,  see  Garden;  of  Kphraim,  see  Kphraim; 
Comer,  location  of,  356.  356;  Gennath,  one  of  two  gates  men- 
tioned by  Joaephus;  named  from  Herod's  garden  about  bis  palace; 
Second  Wall  commenced  at,  102;  Valley,  Dung,  and  of  the  Foun- 
tain, in  Nehemiah's  night  ride,  340 

Gates,  and  other  avenues  to  city  not  well  guarded,  33.  146;  details  of 
location  of.  in  Nehemiah's  account  of  rebuilding  the  walls,  360  j 
large  numlwr  mentioned  by  Nehemiah,  when  .losephus  mention* 
but  two,  340;  of  city  examined;  compared  with  threshold  in  Rua- 
sinn  Church  at  Holy  Sepulchre,  208.  304;  Upper  to  right  and  left 
of  Titus'  point  of  attack  of  Second  Wall,  166 

Gennath.    See  Gate  (p.  162). 

Gezer,  monolithic  work  at,  374;  rebuilt  instead  of  "built"  by  Solomon, 
204 

Gihon,  and  the  Ophelridge  theory  of  the  City  of  David,  examined,  276; 
historical  notices  of;  connection  with  the  anointing  of  Solomon; 
situated  at  some  distance  from  the  city;  word  "pool"  not  used 
in  connection  with;  was  an  "L'pper"  in  time  of  Hezekiah,  263; 
overflow  of.  ran  through  the  valley,— nachal,  271;  overflow  illus- 
trated in  December.  1905,  272;  Upper  Pool  of,  Titus  formed  a  camp 
near,  33 

Gobat.  school  of  Bishop,  site  of  Bethsura;  Old  Wall  ran  past,  67,  6» 

Golgotha,  not  mentioned  by  Eusebius,  331,  332;  question  of  site  of,  298, 
302,  303.  305 

Gophna,  the  modem  Jifna,  Titus  camped  at,  on  his  way  to  Jerusalem, 
25 

Governors  of  Syria,  appointed  by  Emperor:  power  of,  limited,  180; 
resided  at  Antioch;  li»t  of  places  mentionml  in  connection  with, 
and  with  Procurators.  184- 186 

Grapte.  Paliice  of;  in  revolution  before  siege  was  the  headquarter*  of 
John,  144,  145 

Hnmlct.  or  village,  n  certain.  Wall  of  Circumvnilntion  passed.  148 
Helena,  queen  of  Adiabenc;  her  family  and  Palace;   Palaces  of  Mono- 
liaziia  and  Gnipte;   influpntial  position  of.  in  .Icrusaleni;   massacre 
in  Palace  of.  108.  142.  144,  172;  monuments  of,  127,  128,  131 


INDEX 


411 


f) 


^■» 


ri 


Hebrew,  nnd  Phrmlciiin  rr«ft«m<'n.  S7rt;  worked  harmonlouily  together 
and  fi>r  one  piir|>ow,  number  of  men  employed,  .ITB:  iitone*,  Rrent 
niimberi  ittill  remaining  in  wnlU  «t  Jerunulero,  302.  ;«»3i  wry  many 
cut  over  l>y  the  Cruitaaerii.  304 ;  style  continuous  from  Solomon  to 
Herod,    3H1 
Hebrew*  and  Phirricinnii,  mutual  influei.ce  upon  earh  other,  375,  370; 
and  Phenicianit  elowly  allied,  376;   familiar  with  maanive  atone* 
from  Solomon  to  HenMl.  3m 
Hebron,  illuntrating  permanence  of  name*.  19S.  lOfl 
Herod  the  Oreat,  aubject  to  Governor  of  Syria.  180;  account  oi  Palace 
of,  B.C.  4  to  A.D.  70;  no  evidence  that  it  was  the  reaidence  of  the 
Proeuratom,     I«0;     hi*     Palace    always    spoken    of    a»    "Royttl." 
354;    ample   space   atout.    170;    followed   national    Mea»   in   build- 
ing.   3S3;    monument   of.    132;    Wall    of    Circumvallation    pansed. 
J48  , 

Hetekiah,  connection  with  water  supply  of  city,  262-269;  messengers  of, 
conference  with  Assyrian  generals;  place  of  its  occurrence ;   mnge 
of  voice  illustrated.  2r.7.  273;  special  honors  paid  to,  in  his  burial, 
258;  Pool  of.  accepted  as  genuine  sile.  .349 
High  Priest.  Monument  of  the,  John.  123.  124.  130 
Highway  of  Fuller's  Field,  explained,  285,  289 
Hippicus,   Tower,   location,   71;    stood  on   a    rocky   bluff;    poaltton   aa 

related  to  Herod's  Palace.  99;  water  led  to.  107,  109 
Hyrcanus,  son  of  .Joseph  Tobias,  Palace  of,  at  Arak  el  Emir,  East  a( 

the  Jordan,  373 
Hyrcanus,  John,  rebuilt  Barls  and  resided  in  it,  213, 

Idumeans,  called   to  Jerusalem;    cruel   and  bloody  character;    at   la»t 

retire,  112 
Hlustrations  of  different  varieties  of  stonework  in  walls,  395-399 
Insurgents,  buildings  destroyed  by,  in  a.d.  IHI  98 
Investigation,  Jerusalem  problems  need  patient  and  careful,  15 
Izates,  son  of  Helena,  142 

Jehoiada.  High  Priest,  because  of  his  great  services  was  buried  with  the 
kings.  257  ,       ,       j. 

Jerusalem,  and  Palestine,  suffer  at  the  hands  of  ordinary  writers, 
10;  ane.ent,  period  at  which  the  study  of,  may  begin;  four 
points  of  time,  2i;  a  mountain  fortress,  several  names  for,  242, 
247-  fortified  by  Solomon,  248,  247;  hills  of.  75-77;  burial- 
places  of  kings"  in,  with  list  of  names.  2.M-258;  population 
of  ancient;  absurd  to  compare  city  with  Siloam.  Sihran,  282;  si«e 
of,  if  Ophelridge  theory  is  correct;  number  of  men  required  to 
subdue,  283;  Temple  and  Palace  burned  by  the  Chaldeans  B.C.  588, 
249;  garrison  of.  in  mo<lprn  times,  compared  with  Roninn,  101; 
Procurators  did  not  rcniilc  at;  no  apeciul  palace  for  them,  187, 
188;  three  Inrgi-  factions  in;  later  reduced  to  two.  111,  ll'i; 
position  of  defenders  of.  in  siege.  103,  105;  crowded  with  people 
at  time  of  siege;  destruction  of  inhabitants  not  complete,  177; 
streets  of,  difficult  for  soldiers  to  pass  through,  134.  135;  suburbs 
of.  orniimented  and  attractive.  130;  water  supply  of;  jmioIs  in 
connection  with.  283;  needed  a  market-place;  Tonstantinc  pre- 
aented  a  Baailica-markct  to  the  city ;  in  this  public  building   Tews, 


rmnmm^"' 


412 


INDEX 


rhrintian*  and  Pa||>iii  could  ihurr,  313;  dlMOT*i7  in  a.d.  32A.  ft 
"miraclp,"  323;  allenpd  Temple  of  Venu«  in;  very  doubtful  tradi- 
tion; not  iihown  on  itii  Roman  roinn,  327,  32M;  ronqueat  of,  by  Per- 
•ian*  and  Jewa  A.D.  014;  by  Arab*  A.D.  0.16;  Crunailcra  A.D.,  I0S9; 
TurlcK.  A.D.  tSIT,  .3HS-3H7;  A.D.  1244  tn  A.D.  LMT  a  perioti  of 
oharurtty  for,  3H7;  confla|prationii  in,  iieldom  Icnown  in  modem 
time*.  1.10-1.13;  compared  with  Daalhek  a*  to  niie  of  maaiive  stonvD, 
3H0,  381 :  dinooreriea  in,  every  year  leaa  likely  to  be  made  becauae 
of  great  amount  of  building  done,  7 

Jewiah,  tower,  north  of  Temple  are",  poini  of  termination  jf  Agrippa'a 
Wnll,  Hfl;  building  period,  ad.  1  to  A.D.  133,  the  time  of  Hadrian 
rerkoned   an,   3M3 

Jews,  captured  and  held  Antunia  from  a.d  66-70,  210;  could  eacapc 
from  city  by  many  pauMgeii  before  Wall  of  Circumvallation  wan 
built,  146;  "retired  from  Kir»t  Wall,  3S:  in  Ipper  City  fled  to 
ravine  near  Siloam  but  rould  not  ewape.  174;  made  Huburba  of 
city  attractive  by  monuments  and  garden*,   1,10,   131 

John  of  niiichala,  leader  <if  a  faction;  liiH  career;  fled  from  nalilee  to 
.Terunnlem,  HI,  114;  held  the  Temple;  UM>d  sacred  timber;  built 
towers,  117;  burned  storehouses,  121;  cuiiteway  and  bridge  nut 
used  by,  when  going  to  attack  Simon,  11:  aigniflcanee  of  thii 
fact,  353,  334;  position  of,  during  siege;  number  of  soldiers  under; 
took  no  part  in  defence  of  First  Wall.  103,  108;  held  Antonia;  had 
only  small  share  in  defence  of  Second  Wall,  208 

John,  High  Priest,  Monument  of;  a  landmark;  location  of,  123,  123. 
130 

Joaephus,  writings  of,  invaluable  for  understanding  Jerusalem  at  the 
beginning  of  our  era;  unfair  treatment  he  has  received  from  many 
writers,  20;  lament  of.  o%-er  destruction  caused  by  siege,  130; 
testimony  of,  as  to  stones;  their  size;  buildinf.  Temple  walls,  379- 
381 


"Kata,"  Greek  word,  meaning  of,  33,  123,  124 

Kedron,  two  branches  of;  northeast  comer  of  Temple  area  built  over 

west  branch;  Agrippa's  Wall  terminated  at.  80;  relation  to  Wall 

<if  Circumvulltttiun,  148 
King's  IIouw,  c-onneoted  with  City  of  David;  burned  by  the  Chaldeans, 

3.50 
Kings,  list  nf  burial-places  of,  from  David  to  Zedekiah,  233-258 
Kokim.  or  .Tewish  toii.bs,  descrilK-d,  260 


'•Land,"  in  2  Chron.  xxxii.  3,  4,  corrected  to  city,  260 
Lebanon.  House  of  tlie  Forest  nf,  part  of  Solomon's  Palace,  250 
Legion,  Xth.  came  from  .Jericho  and  cain|ied  on  Mount  of  (Hives,  31 ; 
two.   with   Titus.   25;    Vtli   cnmo    from    Knimaus  by    way   of   B<-th 
Horon.  2'':  one  left  in  Antonia  l)y  Varus  in  D.c.  4,  90;  always  one 
in  Antnniii.  1H2.  210:  commander  of.  residfil  in  Antonia,  21(1 
Letter  of  Constantinc  annlyseil;   surprising  eharnctcr  of,  325,  326 
Levels  iif  .TiTUsalcni  cannot   !«■  thoroughly   studied  or  ap)>reciated  ex- 

ci'pt  by  a  |wrsi)ti  on  the  ground,  22 
Lii'lniiis  I.  and  II.  put  to  death  by  Constantinc.  32."> 
Literature  on  subje<-t  of  this  volume,  verj"  limited,  7;  Ixraks  multiply  but 
authorities  are  few,  17 


INDEX 


413 


Maeeabean.  famllv,  hUlorinil  »ketch  and  charartir  of.  222,  22Si  »trii8 
glen  a(piin»t  (onign  Rarriaon  in  Acra.  22«-2in»;  Inttre.t  in  national 
monumenU,   223,   224 
Marhinr*.  varioiw,  u«p<l  in  iii«-K<'«i  ram,  utonf-throwing,  ISH-Ul 
Maktf«h,  Hebn-w  word,  meaning  of;  Marltet  place   of  l»w»r  City,   291. 

202 
Mana««h,  Wall  of,  impo«il)l.>  that  it  .liniild  have  hwn  on  the  Ophel 

ridge.  27B,  2H0i  looiitml;  oourne  dewrilied.  .14H.  340,  3.W 
Mariamne,  Tower,  location  of.  71;  stood  on  a  rmWy  hlulT;  position  a« 

related  to  Hero.!'*  Palaee.  00 
>Urket  pliice.  two  nere»»ary  in  the  oity,  Ipper  and  I^wer;   the  I^wer 

where    Muriatan    now    i»;    utorehouse*   of.    burned    l.y    Simon    and 

•John;  wan  rniwded  north  an  original  »ite  wa«  lllled,  201.  202.  .10.5; 

called    Basilica,   30.'5-3O7;    timber,   wool,   and  others,   north   of   the 

city.    130;     I'pper.    05,    97;     compared    with    modem    conditions. 

Markets,  timber  and  othem,  in  rear  of  Titus  when  he  attacke.1  Second 
Wall,  186,  107  „,      .  .       , 

Masonry,  massive,  both  Solomon  and  fzziah  fond  of;  Phoenician  in- 
fluence in  respect  to.  on  the  Hebrews.  201.  BOS 

Massacre  of  .fews  under  Klorus.  182 

"Meidan."  a  trace  of  the  Xystus.     See  Games   (pp.  S3.  «S). 

Memorial,  of  an  event,  early  Christians  not  Hnti-flrd  with:  must  have 
the  exact  spot  where  it  occurre<l;  controversies  and  confusion  to 
which  this  spirit  has  le«l.  l*.  10  ,  ,     ,    , 

Mighty,  House  of  the.  explained;  refers  to  Acra,  the  ciUdel  of  Jeru- 
salem. 354,  355 

Migration  of  names,  curious  fact  in  omnection  with  Jerusalem;  this 
had  already  occurred  in  time  of  Xeliemiah,  350,  351 

Milk,  butter,  cheese,  whenc  brought  to  the  city;  ancient  practice  illus- 
trated. 78-81  . 

Millo,  notices  of;  name  appears  and  disappears  suddenly;  used  as  it 
well  known;  fortified  bv  Solomon;  "building  of,"  means  rebuild- 
ing, 244,  245;  possibly  the  name  is  not  Hebrc-v,  240:  rebuilt  in- 
stead of  "built"  bv  Solomon.  204;   was  not  Ophel.  238 

Miracle,  discovery  made  in  Jerusalem  in  A.D.  320  declared  to  be  one 
of  great  magnitude.  323 

Moats,  north  and  east  of  the  city.  mo<lem.  53,  54 

Modin,  monuments  of  Maeeabean  family  at.  127;  erected  by  Simon  at, 
223,  224  ,.  ,^ 

Mommsen.  his  work  and  study,  compared  with  the  ordinary  writer  on 

Palestine.  17 
Monobazus,  Palace  of.  144 
Monolithic  work.  .374:  stones  at  r.ezer.  374 
Monument,  of  the  High  Priest  .Tohn.  located.  123.  124:  of  >faccal*es  at 

Modin;    of   Ananus.   The    Fuller,    Helena.    Herod    the   Great,    King 

Alexander.  127.  132 
Monuments,  as   landmarks,   with   examples.    109:    family  and   national. 

interest  of  Macralican  family  in.  223.  224 :  of  Kintt  Alexander.  Io.a- 

tion  north  of  city.  127.  128,  132;  Royal,  instead  of  "caverns,"  49,  50 
Moriah.  one  of  the  hills  of  .lerusalcni.  7.'> 
Mounds,    how    cimstructcd.    pnr|><)si-   of.    138.    139;    in    siege    of    I  ppor 

(.ity.    174;    position   of   the   one  on  the   west   located,    174;    none 


414 


INDEX 


erected  ngiinst  Sewnd  Wall.  164;  points  where  they  were  erected 
during  the  siege,  105;  agninxt  Antonia,  of  great  size,  210 

Muristan,  basin  of  the,  now  filled;  formerly  the  Lower  Market,  292,  293 

Museum,  Solomon's  vast,  2S0 

NachnI,  brook,  valley,  explained.  348,  349 

Names,  migration  of,  a  fact  of  importance,  350;  had  already  occurred 
in  time  of  Xehcmiah,  351;  native,  for  different  kinds  of  rock  about 
.lerusalem.  367,  368;   permanence  of,  with  examples.   198 

Nehemiah.  a  noble  patriot;  obligation  of  the  Jewish  nation  to,  338; 
night  ride  of,  examined,  340;  experiments  made  in  connection  with 
night  ride  of.  as  to  what  can  be  seen  at  night,  341,  342;  compared 
with  Josephus  in  account  of  stairs  leading  between  Temple  and 
l^wer  City  or  Acra.  353;  his  account  of  rebuilding  the  walls  ex- 
amined in  detail.  360-365;  Book  of.  of  great  interest;  a  composite 
work;  topography  of  chapters  iii.  and  xii.,  difficult  to  under- 
stand;  these  accepted  as  historical,  339 

Nethlnim,  or  Temple  ser\'ant8,  lived  in  Ophel    236 

Olives,  Mount  of,  permanent  camp  of  Xth  T^gion,  31 
Ophel.  ridge,  not  site  of  "stronghold"  of  early  times.  247;  meaning  and 
use  of  word;  both  "wall"  and  "tower";  built  by  different  kings; 
location  of;  limited  area  of;  purpose;  was  not  Millo;  residence  of 
Temple  ser\ant8;  adjunct  of  Palace;  i>l  '  i-d  no  part  in  the  siege, 
234-241;  compared  with  Paephinus,  240;  not  the  site  of  City  of 
Davi<l.  351;  jrea  not  sufficient  for  necessary  public  buildings  and 
dwellings,  363 
Opposite,  Greek  word  thus  translated,  explained,  35;  singular  use  of 
word  by  Orientals,  200 

Paganism,  tolerated  by  Constantine;  hard  for  him  to  break  away  from 
entirely;  most  flagrant  abuses  of,  he  sought  to  correct.  318-320 

Palace,  of  Helena,  massacre  in,  172:  of  Herod,  ample  space  about,  176; 
always  called  "Royal";  of  other  palaces  only  palace  used.  354; 
Chapter  XIIl.;  location,  importance,  relation  to  I'pper  Market,  to 
Asmonean  Palace,  to  the  three  towers.  93.  95.  97;  the  Asmonean, 
05;  of  Helena.  108;  of  Solomon,  called  "King's  House";  time  spent 
in  building;  burned,  248.  249;  Tlirone  Room  a  part  of  the,  250; 
location  of;   reason  for  choosing  the  site.  251,  252 

Palaces,  in  .Jerusalem,  187;  account  of  Herod's  from  B.C.  4  to  A.D.  70; 
no  evidence  that  it  was  lesidence  of  Procurators.  188 

Palestine,  and  .lerusalem.  suffer  by  the  treatment  they  receive  from 
ordinar>-  writers.  17;  historical  survey  of.  sul)sef|Uent  to  B.C.  300; 
suffered  terribly  by  the  wars  lietwt-en  Kgv-pt  and  Syria,  220,  221 

Peace  party,  and  revolutionists,  struggles  lietween.  112 

Phasaelus.  Tower,  location,  71;  stoo<l  on  a  rocky  bluff;  position  as  re- 
lated to  Herod's  Palaiv,  !)!);  xignalling  from,  to  Antonia,  182 

Phtfnicia.  influence  on  the  Hebrews  in  regard  to  massive  masonry; 
famous  temple  in  the  licbanon.  203 

Phicnician  and  Hebrew  cruftsnien.    Si*  Hebrew  (p.  .375). 

Phcenicians,  Hebrews,  and  Egyijtians,  mutiinl  influence  upon  each  other, 
372-:i"4 ;  special  relations  Is'tween.  and  Hebrews,  374.  375 

I'ilate,  connection  with  the  water  supply  of  Jerusalem,  192 


INDEX 


415 


Pool,  words  for.  340,  347;  three  mentioned  here,  Silonm,  the  King's, 
and  "that  was  made";  "Ipper,"  "I^wer."  and  "OM."  mentioned; 
a  time  when  but  one  existed,  2t!3,  271;  conduit  of  Upper.  207; 
Serpents',  explained,  located,  342,  343;  of  Hezekiah.  site  of  the 
one  made  by  that  king.  34«;  King's,  in  Xcliemiah's  night  ride,  340, 
342;  called  Solomon's  reservoir  by  .Josephus,  348 

Prayer-House,  wholly  unlike  a  Basilica,  330 

Priests,  High,  vestments  of,  kept  in  Baria  and  closely  guarded,  215,  210 

Procurators,  appointed  by  Emperor;  under  direction  of  Governors; 
honors  paid  to,  on  arrival  at  .Jerusalem,  IHO;  general  character  of, 
182-184;  civil  authority  of,  181;  military  authority  of,  182,  184; 
resided  at  Cesarca-on-l'.e-sea.  184;  tenure  of  office  of,  compared 
with  modern  Consuls,  188;  no  evidence  that  Herod's  Palace  was 
their  residence,  189;  during  temporarj'  visits  to  Jerusalem  prob- 
ably resided  in  Antonia,  190;  places  mentioned  in  connection  with. 
184-180;  list    of.  18.5.   186 

Providence,  in  history  and  mission  of  Palestine.  18 

Provisions,  for  the  siege,  burned  by  .John  and  Simon  in  their  factional 
fights.  121 ;  large  amounts  of,  destroyed,  152.  153 

Psephinus.  Tower,  27.  31.  3.3.  35,  41;  described,  and  purpose,  55,  57,  59; 
an  object  of  pride,   131;   and  Opiicl  compared,  240 

Ptolemais,  a  rendezvous  of  Roman  army  in  Syria,  186 

Quarries,  about  .Jerusalem;  in  strange  localities,  300-371;  rock  in  the 
so-called  Solomon's,  not  good  for  building  the  Temple,  372 

Ram.  the.  use  in  sieges;  how  constructed  and  worked,  139.  140 

Rebuild,  word  not  found  in  English  Bible;  "build"  always  used  in- 
stead, 204-200 

Relics,  worship  of.  rapidly  increased  in  period  of  Constantine.  322 

Remains,  massive,  north"  of  Damascus  Oate,  site  of  monuments  of 
King  Alexander.  127;  wall  found  north  of  Castle  of  David,  in  188.5. 
137:  on  Christian  street,  illustrating  amount  of  filling  at  that 
point,  293 

Reservoir,  old,  below  Pool  of  Siloam;  contained  drainage  or  sewage 
water  fit  onlv  for  irrigation,  268 

Res  denoe.  of  Governor  of  Syria  was  at  Antioch,  187;  of  Procurators 
of  Judea   at  Ccsarea-on-the-sea.    187 

Road,  main,  from  north  to  city.  25 ;  military,  from  Scopus  to  city  con- 
structed. 31 

Rock.  al)OUt  .Jerusalem,  many  varieties  of:  names  of.  307,  369 

Rogel,  En.  of  very  early  date;  relation  to  city  and  Gate  of  the  Foun- 
tain. 345:  word  doi-a  not  mean  to  wash  or  tread.  340 

Ruins,  ancient,  always  heen  quarries  for  later  builders;  recent  ex- 
amples in  Jerusalem,  392,  393 

Samwil.  Xebv.  fine  ancient  quarries  at,  308.  360 

Scopus,  located;  no  omnection  with  Mount  of  Olives;  Titus  camps  at. 
28;    ri'movps   tlience  to  ne:ir  the   city.  31 

Second   Wall.     See  Wall    (p.    1.5.) ). 

Sepulihre,  Hoi  v.  evidence  for  its  claims  is  wanting.  20;  as  related 
to  three  ditTorent  theories  of  Second  Wall.  1.55;  evidence  exam- 
ined as   to   kind  of  building  erected   in   a.u.   320   by  Constantine. 


416 


INDEX 


3.14,  335;  great  chRiiges  in  ground  at,  in  deatniction  of  Aera,  siege 
under  Romang,  erecting  Constantine's  basilica  or  market,  and  in 
Crusading  period,  303-306;  great  natural  basin  to  south  of,  292; 
kolcim  or  Jewish  tombs  in,  200 

Serpent  Pool,  so  called,  origin  of  name,  342,  343 

Shiloh,  mentioned  but  twice,  265 

Siege,  methods  of  conducting,  138-141 

Signalling,  soUlierx,  from  Phasaelus  to  Antonia,  182 

Siloam,  a  landmark;  its  wall,  63,  64;  impossible  that  it  could  hare 
been  within  the  Old  (or  First)  Wall,  176;  meagre  supply  of  water 
from  Pool  of;  old  resen-oir  below;  tunnel  to  Virgin's  Fountain; 
compared  with  tunnel  at  Dog  River,  Beirut,  268,  269;  relation  to 
Fountain  Gate,  345;  one  of  three  mentioned,  347 

Simon,  leader  of  a  faction.  112114;  held  entire  city  outside  the  Temple; 
built  a  tower,  117;  burned  storehouses;  causeway  and  bridge  not 
used  by,  in  going  to  make  his  attacks  on  John  in  the  Temple,  121; 
significance  of  this  fact,  353;  position  of,  during  siege;  head- 
quarters of;  soldiers  under;  wall  guarded  by,  103,  108;  troops  of, 
held  all  of  Agrippa's  Wall,  208 

Simon,  the  Maccabee,  builds  'amily  monuments  at  Modin,  223 

Sites,  permanence  of,  with  examples,  195 

Solomon,  anointing  of;  did  not  take  place  in  same  valley  with  that  of 
Adonijah,  286,  287;  marriage  of,  and  residence,  244;  great  public 
works  of,  245-247;  seven  years  in  building  the  Temple;  before  that 
he  sacrificed  in  Gibeon;  building  of  his  Palace,  248-251;  and  Uzziah 
compared  as  builders;  both  influenced  by  the  Phcenicians,  201,  203; 
reservoir  of,  in  Josephus  the  successor  of  the  King's  Pool  in 
Nehemiah,  348;  stone-work  of,  375-377;  so-called  quarries  of,  rock 
of,  not  suitable  for  Temple  walls,  371,  372 

Spring,  words  for,  346,  347 

Stairs,  from  Lower  City  to  Temple,  145;  in  Nehemiah,  location  of, 
351,  354;  Josephus'  description  of,  353,  354;  commodious  and  an 
ornament  to  the  city,  353,  362 

State  and  Church,  union  of,  failure  of  hopes  based  upon,  318 

Stone-cutting,  in  Palestine  a  very  ancient  industry;  climate  affecting, 
diff'erent  from  Egypt,  372.  373;  work  in  time  of  Solomon,  375-377; 
size  of,  in  Temple;  massive,  Hebrews  familiar  with,  from  Solomon 
to  Herod,  377,  379,  380;  in  Byzantine  period,  388,  389;  machines 
for  throwing,  terrible  execution  of,  138.  140;  in  stairs  and 
thresholds  worn  down  in  a  few  years;  examples,  303;  of  different 
periods  described,  .195-400 

Stones,  age  of,  indicated  by  decay;  wear  out  rapidly,  390,  391;  borrow- 
ing, universal  practice  of,  392;  cutting  and  re-laying.  393 

Storehouses,   full  of  provisions  burned  by  John  and  Simon,   121 

Streets,  narrow,  of  city,  difficult  for  soldiers  to  pass  through,  134, 
135 

Stronpliold,  Jerusalem  a,  in  eorliest  times;  "stronghold,"  "fort." 
"ciiHtlp,"  "Zlon."  "City  of  David"  all  refer  to  one  and  the  same 
place.  242,  245,  247 ;  predecessor  of  Aera ;  was  not  on  the  Ophel 
ridge.  247 

Stronpliolds.  (ireek  words   for,  212 

Study  of  .leruHrtlem  on  the  ground,  great  advantage  of,  17 

Syria,  control  over  Palestine  after  300  B.C.,  220 


INDEX 


417 


I 


Temple,  choice  of  site;  seven  years  in  building,  248,  246;  walls  of 
Inner,  special  character  of  stones,  377 

Theatre,  city  appearing  like,  when  viewed  from  Temple,  75 

Theories,  preconceived,  harmful,  IH,  19 

Timber  market,  location  of,  importance;  burned  by  Cestius,  134,  135, 
136 

Titus,  arrival  at  Jerusalem  a.d.  70  the  point  of  time  with  which 
the  study  of  Jerusalem  in  this  work  begins,  21;  came  from 
Samaria;  camps  at  Gophna,  Jifna;  at  castle  three  and  a  half 
miles  north  of  the  city;  approaches  Jerusalem  and  is  driven  back, 
25;  camps  at  Scopus.  25,  28;  constructs  military  road  and  moves 
near  the  city;  forms  two  camps.  31;  attacks  North,  that  is  the 
First  or  Agrippa's  Wall;  reason  for  so  doing.  35,  3B-.'J9;  camps  of, 
59;  attacks  central  tower  of  Second  Wall.  107;  in  attack  on  First 
Wall  was  met  only  by  troops  of  Simon.  108;  plan  of  attack  from  the 
beginning  did  not  change,  125;  connection  with  Bezetha.  135;  at- 
tacked Second  Wall  at  point  Avherc  it  "was  low";  to  right  and  left 
were  "upper  gates";  had  New  City  and  markets  in  his  rear;  met 
opposition  in  narrow  streets  inside  his  point  of  attack,  which  ran 
obliquely  to  the  wall,  164.  1(17;  second  camp  of,  out  of  range  of 
missiles' of  Jews,  164.  167;  planned  to  take  Temple  through  An- 
tonia;  must  take  Second  Wall  before  attacking  Antonia;  from 
ruins  of  this  castle  watched  his  troops  in  the  Temple  »  ?a.  208,  210; 
operations  of  his  army  near  site  of  Holy  Sepulchre,   304 

Tomb,  Evangelists  say  that  Christ's  body  was  laid  in  a;  none  found  in 
Jerusalem  in  A.D.  326;   not  even  mentioned  by  Eusebius,  329,  331 

Tombs,  Jewish,  in  the  Holy  Sepulchre,  258-280 

Tower,  central  of  Second  Wall  on  the  north,  point  attacked  by  Titus, 
107 

Towers,  erected  at  points  best  suited  for  defence,  195;  those  of  I'r- 
ziah,  201;  of  Upper  City  left  standing  by  Titus,  176;  use  of,  in 
siege;  how  made;  purpose  of,  139;  those  built  by  Simon  and  John, 
117;  the  Women's,  27,  28 

Tradition,  not  infallible;  to  regard  it  as  infallible  a  common  fault; 
example,   18 

Travellers,  pernicious  habit  of  accepting,  as  authorities,  15,  16 

Tribunal,  or  beema,  description  of:  carried  with  camp  about  the  coun- 
try; examples  of  its  use;  illustrations  from  Roman  coins;  no 
permanent  beema  in  •Jerusalem.  191,  193 

Troops.  Jewish,  under  John  and  Simon  respectively,   103 

Tunnel,  no  word  for.  in  Hel)rew.     See  Conduit  and  Siloam. 

Tyropean,  valley  separating  the  hills  of  .Terusalem;  name  explained, 
77,  78;   probably  the  Nachal  in  2  Chron.  xxxii.  3,  4,  348 

Uzziah,  erected  towers  at  points  best  suited  for  defence,  195;  dug  cis- 
terns and  built  towers  in  the  desert;  his  public  works.  201;  com- 
pared with  Solomon  as  a  builder;  both  influenced  by  the  Phoenicians, 
202.  203 

Valley.  Gate,  connected  with  t\ie  Dragon's  Well  in  Nehemiah's  night 
ride;  location,  340.  342.  344;  brook.  Xachal.  explained.  348,  349 

Venus,  alleged  temple  of,  at  Jerusalem,  not  shown  on  its  Roman  coins, 
328 


418 


INDEX 


Vestments,  of  High  Prieits,  kept  in  BarU,  215 

Vitelliua,  at  request  of  Jews  did  not  bring  Roman  ensigns  to  Jeru- 
salem,  186 

Wall,  of   Manasaeh.  located;   course  d-«cribc<l,   35!>;   of  .lonathnn   and 
Simon  to  prevent  depredations  of  wildiers  in  Acra,  227,  228,  294; 
remains  of,  located,  295;   no  city  wall  near  Holy  Sepulchre,  298; 
of   Circumvallation.   described,    l.wated,    140,    148;    course   in   rela- 
tion to  Bezetha,  13fi;  three  on  north  of  city;  two  ways  of  num- 
berini?;  Agrippa's  the  "First"  to  Titus,  but  the  Tliird  in  order  of 
building,  36;   First  or  Old  described  on  south  of  city;   relation  to 
aqueduct,  01,  63;  relation  to  Siloam,  64;  Old,  north  of  Zion,  passed 
Xvstus,  83;   north  of  city  called  First,  Third,  and  Agrippa's;  was 
the   first   attacked;   reasons   for  this,   35,   36,   39;    terminated  at 
Jewish  Tower  north  of  Temple  area.  89;   portions  of,  guarded  by 
John  and  Simon  respectively;   Agrippa's   held  entirely  by   Simon, 
103.  105;  thrown  down  by  Titus,  135;  description  of.  41;  mounds 
before,  38:   gates  of,  130;   course  and  remains  of;   Robinson's  ac- 
count,  1837;   English  engineers,   1841;   building  Austrian   Hospice, 
1854;  existing  at  various  points  in   1809,  1872,   1903;   relation  to 
Fuller's  and  to  Helena's  monuments,  41-47;   Second,  location  and 
description;    commenced   at   Gate  Oennath;    Greek   word   describes 
its  ascent   from   Damascus  Gate   to  Tower  of  Antonia,   159,    162; 
details  of  its  capture;  no  mounds  used  against,   164;   words  "not 
joined"  explained:  illustrated  by  remains  in  present  wall;  to  right 
and  left  of  Titus'  point  of  attack  were  "upper"  gates;  everything 
north  of,  Udongi'd   to  New   City;   streets  on   inside  ran   obliquely 
to  it,  165;  "encircled"  exactly  describes  its  course;   illustrated  by 
actual   remains,   167;  completely  covered   Antonia;   must  be  taken 
liefore  attack  could  be  made  on  Antonia ;  no  regular  siege  of,  208- 
210;    thrw   plans  of  alleged   course  examined;    course   shown   cor- 
rectly by  third  Plan   ( Chapter  XXV. )  ;  central  tower  of,  attacked 
by  'Titus.    I(V4,   170.   171;    thret-   theories   examined   and  objections 
stated;    remains    of.    found    north    of  Castle    of    David    in    1885, 
155,   157;    west  of   Ipper   City   not  all   destroyed   when  captured, 
170  .,     ,„ 

Walls,  rebuilding  of,  as  described  by  Xchemiah.  examined  in  detail,  360, 
364;  south  of  city  at  time  of  flight  of  Zedekiah  B.C.  586,  365; 
three  on  north  of  "city,  30:  great  variety  of  materials  in,  393,396; 
rules  for  laying,  394,  ,395;  walk  around  the,  with  illustrations 
showing  varied  character  of  stone-work,  395-400 
Washing,  for  city,  done  at  some  well-kno»-n  place  outside  as  in  Europe, 

289 
Water,  supply  of,  for  .lerusalcm;   pools  in  connection  with;   not  much 
said  alwilt;  was  brought  to  the  city.  264.  206;  supply  from  Virgin's 
Fountain  and   Pool  nf  Siloam  very  meagre.  207,  208;   natural   to 
iH'licve  that  the   large  watersheds  southwest  of  ciiV  were  utilized 
anil   the   vast   amount  of   water   was   led   into   the   L'piier   Pool   of 
(lihon.   271 
Well,  Dragon,  explained,  342 
Wells.   Bir   Kyub.   near  Jerusalem,  example  of   ancient,   in   solid   rock, 

•202.     Sec  Cisterns. 
Wood,  largely  used  in  building  in  former  times,  150,  152 


^Bi 


iiHI 


INDEX 


419 


Writers  on  Jerusalem,  works  of,  show  in  general  too  much  haste  and 
too  little  study,  10 

Xystus,  located;  Old  Wall  passed  the;  historical  notices  of;  traces  of 
the  name,  8,1,  85,  88 

Zedekiah,  flight  of  B.C.  STB,  .365 

SSion,  one  of  the  hills  of  •lerusalem,  75;  same  as  City  of  David,  242 

245;  western  half  of  modern,  not  ot'ciipipd  by  streets  and  dwellings; 

was  the  residential  portion  of  .lerusalem,  U3 


I 


